Rephabliki ea Mordovia e ka bochabela ho Phula ea Europe Bochabela. Phomolo e batla e bataletse, empa ho na le maralla le libaka tse phahameng boroa-bochabela. Ka bophirima ke thota ea Oka-Don, 'me bohareng ke Volga Upland. Tikoloho ea leholimo ea Mordovia ke naha e futhumetseng. Mariha, lithemparetjha tse tloaelehileng ke li-degrees Celsius tse 12, le lehlabula ka li-degrees + 19. Hoo e ka bang limilimithara tse 500 tsa boemo ba leholimo ba leholimo bo theoha selemo le selemo.

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Bonyane ka repaboliki

Rephaboliki ea Mordovia ke ea sebaka sa Volga sa Russian Federation mme e kenyelelitsoe tikolohong ea moruo ea Volga-Vyatka. E fumaneha lik'hilomithara tse 330 ho tloha Moscow. Ka Mordovia, ho na le lipalangoang tse hokahanyang motse-moholo oa naha le Siberia, Urals le Volga. Baahelani ba eona ka leboea le bochabela ke sebaka sa Nizhny Novgorod, Chuvashia le sebaka sa Ulyanovsk, ka bophirima bo moeling le Ryazan, le ka boroa - sebakeng sa Penza.

Rephabliki e ahile batho ba ka bang likete tse 800, bao ba fetang 62% ba lulang metseng. Ntle le Serussia, lipuo tsa semmuso tsa Mordovia ke Erzya le Moksha. Li buuoa ke baemeli ba merabe e 'meli eo pele e neng e lula seterekeng sa Oksko-Sur.

Hona joale batho ba Mordovian ke bona sehlopha sa bobeli se seholo sa baahi. Kahoo, Marussia a nka karolo ea 53%, ba-Mordvinians - ba ka bang 40% ea baahi. Hoo e ka bang 5% ke palo ea Matatare.

Motsemoholo oa republic ke Saransk e nang le baahi ba 300,000. Ka 2013, motšoantšisi oa Fora Gerard Depardieu o ile a fumana ngoliso motseng ona hang hoba a be moahi oa Russia. Ka selemo sa 2018, lipapali tse ling tsa Mohope oa Lefatše li tla tšoareloa Saransk.

Litšobotsi tsa maemo a leholimo

Rephabliki e sebakeng se futhumetseng se chesang, ka hona linako tsohle tsa selemo li boletsoe 'me ka ho hlakileng li nkela tse ling sebaka. Ho ba hole le maoatle le maoatle ho boetse hoa thusa, ho theha mofuta o mongata oa boemo ba leholimo ba Mordovia, bo nang le litheko tse kholo tsa mocheso oa selemo le selemo.

Rephabliki e na le lehlabula le chesang haholo, le lulang hantle ho latela almanaka: ho qala ka Pherekhong ho fihlela matsatsing a ho qetela a Phato. Phupu ke khoeli e chesang haholo ha mocheso o fihla ho + 26-27 ° C. Nakong ena, ho ba le moea o mongata o ka bophirima le o ka leboea. Lehlabula, ho na le lifefo tsa sefefo, lifefo tse omileng, likhohola le komello.

Khoeling e batang haholo ea selemo ke Pherekhong, ka mocheso o pakeng tsa -11 ° C. Mariha a Mordovia a maru ebile a lehloa. Empa serame se seholo haholo ha se tšoarelle nako e telele ebile mocheso ha o theohe ka tlase ho 15- C. Bonyane tlase bo kileng ba ngolisoa Rephabliking e ne e le -47 ° C. Mariha, mongobo o phahame haholo ho feta hlabula. Lintho tse tloaelehileng nakong ea mariha ke makhopho, leqhoa, serame, sefefo sa lehloa le meea e matla.

Metsi a ka holim'a metsi

Karolo ea bohlokoa molemong oa Mordovia e bapaloa ke linoka. Ho na le ba ka bang 1525 ba bona repabliking, 'me kaofela ke litho tsa bethe ea Volga. Linōka tsa Mordovia li iphepa ka metsi a lefatše le seretse. Li foka ebile ha li sutumetse, li na le liphula le melapo e phoroselang ea metsi.

Linoka tse kholo ke Moksha le Sura, tseo likamore tsa eona li koahelang karolo eohle ea repaboliki. Metsoako e setseng ea Mordovia ke lekhetho la bona. Noka ea Sura e hokahana ka kotloloho le Volga mme ke lekhetho la eona le letona, Moksha e qala ho phallela ho Oka, ka eona ho kena Volga.

Matša a repaboliking a manyane haholo. Haele hantle ke basali ba tsofetseng, ba thehiloeng ka lebaka la phetoho ea noka. E kholo ho tsona ke Letša la Inerka. Kaha e ne e le karolo ea Sura nakong e fetileng, e ne e sa bolelele ba 4 km le bolelele ba limithara tse 200 feela.

Jala lefats'e

Sebopeho sa sejoale-joale sa Mordovia se ile sa thehoa kamora nako ea leqhoa.O ile a qobelloa ho ikamahanya le maemo a leholimo a ntseng a fetoha ka ho fetesisa, 'me ka nako e ts'oanang ho tloaela maemo a ntlafatso a moruo ke monna. Moru oa tlhaho le libaka tse nang le meru ea lijalo tsa repaboliki ha li sireletsehe ka botlalo. Ho feta makholo a mararo a lilemo a fetileng ba sutumelletsoa morao ke libaka tse lemiloeng.

Limela tsa lehae li emeloa ke makala 'ohle a teng. Ho na le mohloaare o mofubelu le o sootho mona. Mefuta ea limela tse thunyang (1120), mosses (77), lichens (83) le li-mushroom (186) li atile haholo ka sebopeho sa Mordovia.

Hoo e ka bang 27% ea sebaka sa repaboliki e na le meru e kopaneng le e kopanetsoeng e kopaneng. Li fumaneha ka ho khetheha ka har'a eike, phaenapole, lindens, aspen, birch, Willow, molora. Hape merung ho na le hazel, rosehip, euonymus.

Mohlaka oa sehlahla le sehlahla sa Mordovia se ne se lula sebakeng se seholoanyane. Hona joale li bolokiloe feela moo ho leng thata ho fana ka libaka tse fumanehang, ke hore, liphuleng, litsikitlatsong, ka ntle ho meru le libakeng tsa linoka. Litlama le lipalesa li mela mona, ka mohlala, joang ba masiba, chamomile, pikulnik, metelica ea masimong, clover, sage. Sedges, mosses, moluoane le marang-rang a lipere li fumanoa mabopong a mekhoabo.

Liphoofolo tsa Mordovia

Ka lebaka la ho kopanngoa ha libaka tse 'maloa tsa tlhaho, hammoho le khokahano ea noka e teteaneng, lefatše la liphoofolo tsa riphaboliki le fapane haholo. Quail, hoopoe, kestrel, badger le partridge li lula merung ea phaene. Merung ea meru ea oak le libakeng tse fetotsoeng mapolanka, li-blackbird, capercaillie, li-warblers, li-warblers, moru le litoeba tse 'mala o moputsoa, ​​dormouse le marabe li fumanoa.

Ka har'a meru ea lehae ho lula likhama, meroalo, squirrel, meroalo, masale, li-voles tsa masimong, ermines, hammoho le libere, lynxes, liphokojoe le liphiri. Litepising ho na le jerboas, li-shrews, squirrels tsa fatše. Li-beavers, muskrats, otter li lula linōkeng le matšeng, catfish, Pike, bream, ides lia sesa. Ka kakaretso, har'a liphoofolo tsa Mordovia ho na le mefuta e 50 ea liphoofolo tse anyesang, mefuta e 170 ea linonyana, mefuta e 30 ea litlhapi le likokoanyana tse fetang sekete.

Libono tsa Mordovia: Lintho tsa tlhaho le tsa setso tsa repaboliki

Lipono tse khahlisang ka ho fetisisa tsa Mordovia li toropong ea Saransk: limusiamo, lirapa tsa boikhathollo, likereke, ntlo ea baitlami le tse ling tse ngata. Bakeng sa botle ba tlhaho ba Mordovia, bo khahlehang haholo ke Letša le letle la Inerka, Smidovich Nature Reserve le Smolny National Park.

Riphaboliki ea Mordovia e bohilomithara tse 330 ho tloha Moscow (MKAD). E khahla ka eng? Le hoja e le haufi le Moscow, ba bangata ba e ferekanya le Moldova kapa ba utloile hanyane ka eona.

Setsi sa bophelo ba Mordovian ke toropo ea Saransk - motse-moholo oa Rephabliki ea Mordovia. Mona ke ntlha ea motheo ea setso, boithabiso le tsohle tse ling. Saransk ke motse oa bohlokoa ba republican. Baahi ba mona ba tsoa hohle ho Mordovia bakeng sa bothata bo bonyenyane: liteko tsa bongaka, lits'ebeletso tsa sechaba, jj.

Ho na le batho ba ka bang likete tse 315 ba lulang Saransk. Sebakeng sa bobeli ho latela palo le boleng ke toropo ea Ruzayevka - e nang le baahi ba ka bang likete tse 46. Sebakeng sa boraro ke toropo ea Kovylkino e nang le baahi ba likete tse 20. Tse latelang ke tsa ho lula litoropong tsa mofuta oa litoropo Komsomolsky - batho ba likete tse 13 le motse o sebetsang oa Zubova Polyana - batho ba likete tse 10.

Ho na le litoropo tse 7 ho Mordovia: ntle le Saransk, Ruzayevka le Kovylkino, tsena ke Krasnoslobodsk, Ardatov, Insar le Temnikov. Ea khale ebile e nyane ke toropo ea Temnikov. Baahi ba eona ke batho ba likete tse 6,3 feela, letsatsi la motheo ke 1536.

Palo eohle ea baahi ba repaboliki e ka tlase ho milione e le 'ngoe - batho ba ka bang likete tse 800. Kua Morovia go phela maRussia, maMordovia le maTatar. Ba-Mordovian ba arotsoe ka linaha tse tharo: Moksha, Erzya le Shoksha.

Matša a maholo ka ho fetisisa Mordovia ke:

• Inerka - letša le leholo ka ho fetisisa Rephaboliking. E fetoletsoe ho tloha ho Mordovian "Inerka" e bolela "Letša le Leholo". Bolelele ba eona ke lik'hilomithara tse 3,35, bophara ba eona ke limithara tse 80-150, 'me bophahamo ba eona ke limithara tse 11,5.
• Imerka - Letša le tebileng la Mordovia, le sebakeng sa setereke sa Zubovo-Polyansky.

Linoka tsa Mordovia li bataletse, li khutsitse. Linoka tse kholo ke Moksha le Sura.

Mordovia e tsamaea ka 'mila o moholo oa federa oa M5 Moscow-Chelyabinsk.Ho khanna tseleng e kholo kamora libaka tsa Moscow le Ryazan, Mordovia e qala. Sebaka se feteletseng ka ho fetisisa ho la Moscow le sebaka se seholo sa Mordovia ke Zubovo-Polyansky.

Kamora ho kena sebakeng sa Mordovia, motsana o tummeng oa Umet o tla ba tseleng e kholo. O tsejoa ka bongata ba li-cafe tse nyane tse tseleng e kholo (likotoana tse fetang 200) le mosi o matla le monko oa li-kebabs. Mabitso a lireschorente a fapane, ea tummeng ka ho fetisisa ho bona ke "Mordonalds".

Bareki ba ka sehloohong ba lijong tsa lehae ke literaka, empa ho boetse ho na le batho ba lapileng feela ba fetang. Ha u lula ka cafe ea Umet, hopola hore ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e bonolo bakeng sa moreki ea lemohang: ntloana ea lehong seterateng, lijana tse bonolo ebile ha ho na lijo tse entsoeng ka lapeng tse majabajaba.

Motse kaofela oa Umet o nang le baahi ba likete tse 2,7 o sebetsa ho phehelleng sechaba.

Mordovia e tsebahala ka lichankana, mona qetellong ea lilemo tsa bo-20 tsa Dubravlag kapa ZhH-385, e leng karolo ea Sisteme ea Gulag, e hahiloe. Motho a ke ke a ikhohomosa ka sena, empa ke 'nete e bohloko. Likampo li fumaneha har'a meru e karolong e ka bophirima ea Mordovia seterekeng sa Zubovo-Polyansky, hona joale ho na le tse fetang 30 tsa tsona.

Setsi sa naha ena e kholo. Setsi ke motsana oa Yavas, oo pele o neng o e-na le mabitso a kilometer ea 36 le Zavodskaya. Ka hona, sebaka sa Mordovian hangata se bitsoa Java.

Linakong tsa Soviet, ho ne ho e-na le kampo e khethehileng bakeng sa batšoaruoa ba nosetsoang. Joale har'a libaka tsa tokiso (IK) ke sona feela sebaka sa Russia bakeng sa basele. Ho boetse ho na le sebaka sa chankana bakeng sa basali le likampo tsa bophelo. Ha ba le tseleng, batšoaruoa ba lipolotiki ba sejoale-joale ba ne ba lutse mona hape: ramolao oa Yukos Svetlana Bakhmina, setho sa Pussy Riot Nadezhda Tolokonnikova.

Boholo ba pono ea Mordovia li tsepame ho Saransk. Lipono tsa Saransk ke limusiamo le liemahale, libaka tsa boithabiso le libaesekopo, lirapa tsa boiketlo, zoo, lithahasello, lihlopha tsa bosiu, lireschorente, libaka tsa mabenkele le menyaka e meng. Haeba u Mordovia, e le hore u se ke ua sithabetsoa 'me u reke litefiso tsa Mordovian, etsa bonnete ba hore u tla Saransk.

Seliba sa Starovia Star se Millenium Square

Motse o ba le maikutlo a matle. Ho na le mabala a mangata, liliba tse ntle tsa sejoale-joale le embankment. Ho sa tsotelehe palo e kholo ea lifeme, ha e hlahise maikutlo a sithabetsang a toropo ea liindasteri. Saransk ke sebaka se tsoetseng pele sa bophelo bo botle har'a meru e sa feleng, masimo, mokhoabo le metsana e nyane ea Mordovia.

Ntle le moo, Saransk ke motse oa khale o etselitsoeng qhobosheane, o thehiloe ka 1641. Mabotho a Stepan Razin le Emelyan Pugachev ka boeena ba ile ba e etela. Kamehla hoa thabisa ha toropo e na le pale.

Saransk ke toropo e nyane ka ho fetisisa ea Russia moo ho ileng ha tšoareloa Mohope oa Lefatše oa 2018. Bakeng sa ketsahalo ena, lebala la lipapali la Mordovia Arena le hahiloe ka mokhoa oa letsatsi, ka palo e phahameng ea batho ba ka bang likete tse 44.

Seteishini sa terene Ruzayevka

Ruzayevka ke toropo ea bobeli ka mor'a Saransk mabapi le palo ea baahi ba Mordovia. Kamora Mohope oa Lefatše oa ho qetela oa 2018, Ruzayevka o ile a fetoha sebopeho. Seteishene sa terene se ile sa lokisoa, mesebetsi ea ntlafatso ea seterateng ea etsoa, ​​litsela tse kholo tsa lokisoa. Mme hape, qetellong, seteishene sa libese se hlophisitsoe hantle mme ka ho fetisisa: borokho ba literene bo hahiloe bocha.

Se khahlisang bapalami ba seteishene sa Ruzayevka ke hore seteishene sa terene le seteishene sa libese li sebakeng se le seng. 'Nete e arolelana borokho ba bona ba maoto ho feta litselana tsa terene. Ha joale e se e koahetse ebile e ntle ho e-na le borokho bo bocha ka ho felletseng, empa ke borashe bo bokhutšoaane le bo phuntsoeng.

Hona joale borokho bo na le litepisi ka lehlakoreng le leng. Ha u sa tlameha ho jara mekotla e boima ho ea borokhong, ebe u ea tlase. Ha ke ntse ke tsamaea borokhong bona bo bocha bo khanyang, ke batla ho re: kea leboha, Mohope oa Lefatše. Ha ho se joalo bakeng sa hau, bapalami ba ka be ba ile ba hlokofatsoa ka ho hula thoto ea bona holim'a borokho.

Ka 2011, sefika sa seterata sa basebetsi ba seporo sa Ruzayevka, e leng enjene ea thepa e tsamaisang thepa ea "Lebedyanka", se ile sa beoa Railway Station Square.The turam locomotive e hahiloe ka 1954 mme e sebelisitsoe boholo ba bophelo libakeng tsa Penza-Ruzayevka le Ruzayevka-Krasny Uz. Haufi le moo ho na le lipalo tsa boronse tsa mosebeletsi oa seporo le mora oa hae.

Ho tloha seemelong sa libese sa Ruzayevka ho ea seteisheneng sa libese sa Saransk - 27 km.

Musiamo oa polokelo ea polokelo ea thepa e majabajaba

Ruzayevka ha e na libaka tse khahlehang kapa tse ntle. Motse oa basebetsi ba seporo o ka fana ka boithabiso ba setso - musiamo oa polokelo ea thepa e kholo. E fumaneha ho: st. Phetohelo ea 1905, ntlo ea 7.

Kereke ea Boraro-bo-bong

Cathedral of the Holy Trinity Cathedral ea Ruzayevka e nang le li-domes tsa khauta tse 16 e thehiloe ka 2009. E hahiloe ka 2012 ka chelete ho tsoa Ruzaevsky Glass Factory le menehelo e tsoang ho balumeli atereseng e latelang: ul. Karl Marx, ntlo 61. Ho hahuoa ha tempele ho ne ho neheloa molemong oa ho keteka lilemo tse 1000 tsa bonngoe ba batho ba Mordovian le batho ba Russia.

Tempele e kholo, e bophahamo ba limithara tse 40, ho na le laebrari le sekolo sa Sontaha, sebaka sa boikhathollo le holo ea kopano, 'me ke mona ho na le diocese ea Ruzaev. E arotsoe ka litempele tse holimo le tse tlase. E sebakeng sa monyako oa toropo ho tloha lehlakoreng la Saransk sebakeng se phahameng ka ho fetisisa.

Paraskevo Ascension Monastery

Haufi le Ruzayevka ho na le motse oa Paygarma, o lulang ntlong ea baitlami ea khale ea Paraskevo-Ascension. Monastery ea sebetsa.

Toropo ea Temnikov e nokeng ea Moksha, e pota-potiloe ke meru ea phaene. Mona ke setšoantšo sa phaene sa Emashevskaya se mabopong a Letša la Vyakchisheva.

Toropo ea Temnikov e tumme ka ho khetheha ntlong ea baitlami ea khale ea Sanaksar, moo mabitla le liemahale tsa Admiral Fedor Ushakov li leng teng. Setsi sa pokello ea nalane ea Temnikovsky ea nalane ea lehae le setsi sa pokello ea moqapi oa lipapatso tsa L. I Voinov le tsona li teng mona.

Mokhabiso oa Temnikov ke kereke ea khale ea Assidence ea Moroetsana ea Hlohonolofalitsoeng (1827). E ne e hahiloe ho tlotla masole a Memnikovsky a 1812.

Lik'hilomithara tse 'maloa ho tloha toropong ea Temnikov ke Nativity ea khale ka ho fetisisa e ntle ea Monastery ea Theotokos Sanaksarsky. E teng mabopong a Noka ea Moksha, e thehiloe ka 1659.

Lebitso la ntlo ea baitlami e hokahane le botho ba Admiral Ushakov, molaoli oa sesole ea tummeng oa Russia. O qetile bophelo bohle ba hae a le leruong la hae motsaneng oa Alekseevka, haufi le toropo ea Temnikov. Hona joale ha ho na letho le setseng la lefa.

Moemeli ea tummeng o ile a patoa ntlong ea baitlami ea Sanaksar. Ka 2001, kereke e ile ea mo hlakola e le mohalaleli sefahlehong sa ba lokileng. 'Me hona joale monasteryara ha a na lebitla la molaoli e moholo oa sesole, empa o na le litšoantšo tsa mohalaleli.

Masalla a Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov nako le nako a haola le Russia nako le nako e le lipapiso tse halalelang tsa mekete ea likereke ka ho nka karolo, ho ba bang, basebetsi ba sesole le basesisi ba sekepe.

Hoa hlokomeleha hore rakhali oa Admiral Ivan Ignatovich Ushakov, kamora ho ts'oenyeha - Feodor Sanaksarsky e ne e le 'musisi oa ntlo ea baitlami ea Sanaksarsky (1764-1774), a hlokahala mme a patoa mona. Ka 1999, kereke e ile ea mo beha joalo ka mohalaleli, empa e hlomphuoa feela ke moetapele oa Saransk.

Lebitla la Fedor Ushakov

Ha u feta toropong ea Krasnoslobodsk, u ke ke ua e ferekanya le letho. Ntho e khahlehang ea Krasnoslobodsk ke Kereke ea Tsoho ea Kreste. E fumaneha mateanong a litsela tse kholo mme e nyoloha ka limithara tse 35 kaholimo ho matlo.

Pono ea tempele e telele joalo e ntlehali e nang le mekhabiso e metle e metle e tobaneng le matlo a matala a tloaelehileng e baka nyatso. Ha e tšoane hantle le sebopeho sa lehae mme e boetse e hatisa mekhoa le botle ba Kereke ea Orthodox ea Russia.

Setereke sa Chamzinsky sa Rephabliki ea Mordovia se ke ke sa ithorisa ka botle ba leha e le bofe, leha e le hore ho na le metsana ea Komsomolsky le Chamzinka. Ke libaka tse kholo tsa Rephabliki. Komsomolsky ho na le limela tse kholo "Mordovtage" le "Lato".

Ha ho na matša kapa linōka tse kholo tikolohong ea Chamzinsky, tšusumetso e le 'ngoe ea tlhaho ke Thaba e bald, hasana haufi le Alekseevka.

U ka boela oa hlokomela kereke e ntle ea Khale ea Kazan ea 'Me oa Molimo e motseng oa batsoalivo.

Kereke ea Kazan Icon ea 'Me oa Molimo Makolovo

Fauna

Liphoofolo tse hlaha tsa Mordovia li na le mefuta e mengata ebile li fapane. Sena se bakoa haholo ke boemo bo ikhethang ba sebopeho sa rephabliki, se pheletsong ea meru le li-steppe. Ka lebaka leo, mefuta ea liphoofolo tsa taiga hangata e fumaneha mona, ho na le bajaki ba tsoang Siberia, Bochabela bo Hare, ba Mediterranean le libakeng tse ka boroa.

Ea baemeli ba li-cyclostomes tsa sehlopha ka nokeng. Surah pele o ne a hlokometse Caspian lamprey. Ka nokeng Moksha le lekhetho la eona la maqhubu leq. Urkat ho fihlela ka bo-1970 palo e nyane ea molatsoana oa brook o ne o tsejoa, empa lilemong tsa morao tjena ha e so ka e fumanoa moo. Mefuta ka bobeli e thathamisitsoe ho Buka e Khubelu ea Rephabliki ea Mordovia.

Ho na le mefuta e 40 ea litlhapi metsing a metsi a repaboliki. Lelapa la Karpov ke lona le emeloang haholo ka mefuta ea mefuta, ho kenyeletsoa mefuta e 24. Ho tsena, roach, blak, Verkhovka, dace, ide, bream, tloaelehileng crucian carp le silevera ke tsona tse atileng haholo. Vyunovye ea lelapa e emeloa ke mefuta e mene, eo ho eona e leng tloaelo e ratoang ka ho fetisisa e amanang le loto le meroalo. Ho li-perchs, perch, ruff, perch le bersh ka seoelo ha li fumanoe. Baemeli ba malapa a mang ba emeloa ke mefuta ea 1-2. Ho thoe ka li-sturgeon ho Mordovia, sturgeon le sterlet tsa Russia, tse kenyellelitsoeng ho Buka e Khubelu. Bukeng e khubelu ea Rephabliki ea Russia ho kenyelletsoe litaba tse potlakileng tsa Russia le seemahale se tloaelehileng. Ho tloha ka bo-1970 mefuta ena e ne e sa tlalehoa linokeng tsa Mordovia. Ke feela lilemong tsa morao tjena nokeng. Moksha le makgotla a yona a mmalwa a tshwailwe ke sethoto, mme bastard e ile ya qala ho ntshetsa pele Sura, Moksha, le makgotla a bona. Buka e khubelu ea tikoloho e kenyelletsa mefuta e 15 ea litlhapi. Mefuta e khabisitsoeng ka bongata ke mefuta ea Bochabela bo Hare - rotan-firebrand. Carp, li-carp tsa silevera, carp ea joang, li-trout le li-hybron tsa sturgeon li lengoa mapolasing a matangoana. Lintho tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi ke roach, perch, bream, Pike, ide, crucian Carp.

Sehlopha sa amphibian se Mordovia se na le mefuta e 11. Ho li-amphibians tsa caudate, li-newts tse tloaelehileng le tse kholo li phela. Mefuta ka bobeli e tloaelehile 'me e fumaneha hohle ka li-biotopes tse ikhethang. Mefuta e tloaelehileng ea li-amphibians tse se nang mohloa ke senhoane se sefahleho se bohale, khalase, mohloa o motala. Metsoako e nyalisitsoeng ea lihoete tse tala tsa Europe Bohareng e kenyelletsa mefuta e meraro: letša, letangoana, le tsejoalo. Mefuta e 'meli ea pele e lula kae kapa kae' me e mengata, 'me ea bobeli e tsejoa feela libakeng tse' maloa tsa Mordovia. Bukeng e Khubelu ea Rephabliki ea Mordovia, ho na le lethathamo la lipalesa tsa joang bo botala le lihohoane.

Makhoaba a reptilese a na le mefuta e 7. Tse tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa le tse ngata ke mokholutsoane o tsamaeang ka potlako le o tloaelehileng, mekholutsoane e lulang e phela le sefate se tetemang se bobebe ha se sa tloaelehang. Mpa e tloaelehileng e kenyellelitsoe ho Red Book ea tikoloho, empa palo ea eona e eketsehile haholo lilemong tsa morao tjena. Noha e sa tloaelehang ho feta ea Mordovia ke bakopitsi. E hlokomeloa Sebakeng sa Naha sa Smolny, Setsi sa Tikoloho ea Naha ea Mordovian se bitsoang P. G. Smidovich, libaka tsa Zubovo-Polyansky le Tengushevsky. Maikutlo ana a kenyellelitsoe ho Buka e Khubelu ea Rephabliki ea Moldova. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, koena e mokhoabong e 'nile ea bonoa libakeng tse ngata, leha ho le joalo, ho kenyelletsoa ha eona ka liphofu tsa repaboliki ka lebaka la liphumano tse ikhethileng, ho bonahala e ntse e le pele ho nako.

Sebakeng sa Mordovia, ho ngolisitsoe mefuta e 258 ea linonyana, eo mefuta ea tsona e 192 e leng sehlaha, tse 39 li fallang, tse 19 ka linako tse ling li fofa sebakeng sa rona le mefuta e 8 ea mariha.

Linonyana tsa Sparrow ke tsona tse ngata ka ho fetisisa merung - li-Finch, pere ea moru, jay, mockingbreen e motala, lihlooho tse ntšo le li-warblers tsa serapeng, scythe, flycatcher, mooki ea tšehang, nightingale, nightingale, thrush, great tit, oak. Motley Woodpecker, hazel grouse, capercaillie, le vakhir li batla li sa tloaeleha. Ho linonyana tse jang nama le sephooko ho lula mokoko o motšo, kokoane e tloaelehileng, goshawk, sparrowhawk, buzzard tloaelehileng, owred, owl. Nakoana ka har'a moru u ka fumana ntsu e sa bonahaleng, sephooko, borikhoe ba maoto le likatse tse tšetseng mapheoana a mapheoana, makhopho a mapheo a mararo, mokolokotoane o moputsoa, ​​ntsu ea khauta, sebaka sa lepato, ntsu e ntle e boneng, senotsi se jang noha, osprey, splyuska. Mefuta ena kaofela e thathamisitsoe ho Buka e Khubelu ea Mordovia.

Linokeng tse nang le likhohola tsa noka, mehlareng, le lihlaheng, hangata ho na le likariki tsa likamore tse khubelu, tse 'mala o mosehla le o mosehla, meadow mint, reed oatmeal, reise warbler, ka seoelo - oatmeal-dubrovnik, curlew tloaelehileng, turukhtan, Woodpecker, buckworm, cricket tloaelehileng , mefuta eohle ho tsoa Bukeng e Khubelu ea Mordovia. Linonyana tse jang nama li fumana maemo a matle mona: meroalo ea khoeli, mokholutsoane, e leng palo eo lilemo tse "panya" e eketsang makhetlo a 'maloa. Nakong ea selemo, makhulo a nang le likhohola a koaheloa ke metsi a nang le metsi a mangata, 'me ke libaka tse fallang tsa ho bokella likhantsi, matata, makhoaba, maruarua. Bongata bo boholo, ka metsing a sa tebang lipula tsa likhohola, likhantsi tse nang le mahlo a bosoeu bo marang-rang, li-batsho, li-black chest li ile tsa emisa, 'me ka lilemo tse itseng, likhantsi tse sefubelu.

Matangoana a fapaneng a mangata a koahetsoeng ke limela tsa tlhaho ke libaka tse ikhethang tsa matlo. Chomga, 'mala o moputsoa o moputsoa, ​​makhoaba a maholo le a manyane, mallard, teal e khubelu, e soeufalitsoeng le' mala o mofubelu oa 'mala o moholo, marsh, meadow le steppe moles, molisa, li-carnivores, letata le leputsoa, ​​nonyana e nang le mapheo a maputsoa. Ka methokong e teteaneng ea limela tse haufi le lebopo la ntoa lebotho la ntoa, li-bluethroat, warbler, jj. Nest nest.

Libaka tsa naha li na le sebaka se hlaheletseng ho repaboliki ka libaka. Masimong a maholo, baahi ba tloaelo nakong ea linonyana ke lark, kariki e tšehla, likoekoe le karoloana e putsoa. Ka linako tse ling, sephooko sa makhooa a marang-rang, lithunya tse koahelang limela le mabenyane a tsona lia hlophiseha. Ha e le biotope ea phepelo li sebelisoa ke kestrel e tloaelehileng, mehend harrier, buzzard, owred owl, marl owl, terns tse tšoeu tse nang le mapheoana. Qalong ea selemo, mehlape e fofang ea likhantsi le likere tse bohlooho li ema mona ho phomola le ho fepa.

Linonyana tse tloaetsenghileng tsa bolulo ke maeba a maputsoa, ​​tšimo le lirobele tsa ntlo, mokholutsoane, jackdaw, lebelo le nchocho, metsana ea litoropo le litoropo, e nang le linaleli, karolo e kholo ea semmuso, mokotla o mosoeu. Nako le nako eseng kae kapa kae, leebana le nang le 'mete le sehlaha sa owred.

• 1. Li-biotope tsa libaka tse kholo tsa meru e khabisang le e kopanetsoeng - li-brown bere, elk, makhoaba a likhama tse tšehali, boar ea hlaha, moloi, fox, makhoaba, squirrel, tšoele e tšoeu, lynx, marten, mink, polecat ea moru, dormouse, mole, sesepa, vole e khubelu, capercaillie, hazel grouse, grouse e sootho, seretse se putsoa, ​​patsi e tala, patsi e nang le menoana e meraro, makhopho a bosiu, bosiu, sefapano se sefubelu, mosehla, kinglet, setlisi se ratoang, linoha, mekholutsoane.
• 2. Li-biopope tsa meru e bulehileng sehlekehleke, libaka tsa temo, makhulo le methapo ea methapo - mmala o moputsoa, ​​panya ea masimong, sebaka se tloaelehileng, likoekoe, karolo e bohlooho ea jareteng, meadow mint, floorhog, squirrel e tloaelehileng ea lebala, jerboa e kholo, rat e tloaelehileng lark, steppe harriers, oatmeal ea serapeng, liketsahalo tse sa tloaelehang tsa baemeli ba biotope tsa mofuta oa pele le oa bobeli.
• 3. Li-biotope tsa metsi a haufi le metsi tse haufi le metsi - beaver, muskrat, ntja ea raccoon, otter, muskrat, sandpiper, magpie, tern e nyane, mallard, kite e ntšo, snipe, ntsu-tailed e tšoeu, letšoele la leoatle, newt.
• > 4. Li-biotope tsa libaka tsa litoropo - panya ea ntlo, litoeba tse bohlooho, leeba le putsoa, ​​serobele sa ntlo, metsero ea litoropo, moriri o motšo.

Kua Morovia, ho fumanoe mefuta e 73 ea liphoofolo tse anyesang tse tsoang malapeng a 20 le litaelo tse 6. Bongata ba tsona li fumanoa mona khafetsa, 'me tse ling lia ananeloa. Tse ling, haholoholo, li kenyelletsa likhama tsa lintja le ntja ea rrocon, e tlisoang ho tsoa Bochabela bo Hare, litsie - tsa Siberia. Muskrat, eo naha ea habo eona e leng Amerika Leboea, e fihlile ho Mordovia ho tsoa Scandinavia.

Lintho tse ngata tse fumanehang ho liphoofolo tse anyesang ke mefuta ea lihlahisoa tsa "Rodents" - "27". Ho tsena, mefuta e meng ea litoeba (tšimo, moru, brownie), li-voles tsa masimong (tse tloaelehileng, tse khubelu), litoeba tse putsoa li fumaneha ho pholletsa le sebaka seo. Ka morung, hangata squirrel e tloaelehileng e fumanoa - ntho ea bohlokoa ea ho tsoma le baemeli ba lelapa la Sonev - hazel, jarete, dormouse ea moru le polchok. Ka ntle, li tšoana le litoeba tse nyane tse nang le fluffy, joalo ka squirrel, mohatla.Mefuta e sa tloaelehang ea litoeba e kentsoeng Bukeng e Khubelu ea Mordovia e kenyelletsa jerboa e kholo, rat le tloaelehileng, marmot-bobak le beaver ea noka.

Lelapa la li-carnivores le na le mefuta e 15. Tsena ke mefuta e tloaelehileng le e batlang e le hohle hohle - bo-fox, weasel, ermine, ferret meru, le "ncha" bakeng sa sebaka - ntja ea raccoon, mink ea Amerika, e lutseng mona ka thuso ea batho. Mefuta e sa tloaelehang e tsoang ho liphoofolo tse jang nama ke libere tse sootho, lynx, otter river, badger.

Bonyane hanyane - mefuta e 11 e kenyelletsa taelo ea Batwing. Har'a bona, mokete oa mantsiboea o sa tloaelehang oa maikutlo ke pono e tsoang ho Red Book of Russia. Khafetsa ho feta ba bang ho na le lebone la metsi bosiu, lekhoakhoa la moru, likhalase tsa tsebe tse sootho.

Mefuteng e 11 ea li-safetivores, tse tsebahalang haholo ke hedgehog le mole ea Europe. Baemeli ba li-shrews - li-shrews le li-shrews (tse nyane, tse mahareng, tse nyane, tse tloaelehileng) li iphepa ka likokoanyana tse nyane le liboko. Russian desman e boetse e bua ka li-safetivores - mofuta o tsoang ho International Red Book. E bolokiloe linokeng tsa linoka tse kholo.

Li-Artiodactyls ho mefuta ea 7 ea Mordovia. Tsena ke mefuta ea tlhaho e neng e ahelloa libakeng tse ling (makhooa a hlaha, makhoaba a litlou tsa Siberia) kapa eo motho a a tlisitseng libakeng tse ling. Moahi oa pele oa meru ea Mordovian ke elk. Sebakeng sa Tikoloho ea Tlhaho ea Morero oa Mordovian, ho ne ho kile ha e-ba le batho ba lithunya tsa mahala.

Mefuta ea Zaitsev 2 - hare e tšoeu (e lulang libakeng tsa moru) le e sootho (e rata li-biotopes tse bulehileng).

Mefuta e tsomang, e tsomiloeng libakeng tsa libaka tsa ho tsoma, e kenyelletsa mefuta e ka bang 20 ea liphoofolo tse anyesang, tseo lintho tsa mantlha tsa ho tsoma ke hare le hare, fox, boar ea hlaha, elk, squirrel e tloaelehileng, le marten.

Litaba tsa bohlokoa tsa Ornithological tsa Russia (COTR)

Lenaneo la KOTR ke karolo ea Lenaneo la Machabeng la Bohlokoa ba Linonyana (IBA), le inehetseng ho tsoma le ho sirelletsa libaka tsa linonyana tsa bohlokoa ho machaba ho pota lefatše. KOTR e kenyelletsa: libaka tsa mefuta e tlasa ts'okelo ea lefats'e ea ho fela, libaka tse nang le palo e phahameng haholo ea mefuta e fumanehang le e sokotsoang, ho kenyelletsa le tse thathamisitsoeng lenaneng le Lefubelu la IUCN le Buka e Khubelu ea Russia. Rephaboliking, ho abiloe li-KOTR tse 9 tsa bohlokoa ba machaba.

Mahlo a Mordovia - setšoantšo le libaka tsa libaka tse khahlang

Mordovia ke rephabliki kahare ho Rephabliki ea Russia, e leng sebaka sa Volga mme se karolong e ka bophirima ea sebaka sena. Motsemoholo oa rephabliki ena ea Volga ke toropo ea Saransk. Nalane ea eona e le sebaka se ikemetseng e qalile ka 1930, ha ho thehoa Setereke sa Autovous sa Autovous sa Autovous. Lilemo tse nne hamorao, sebaka se ikemetseng se ile sa amohela maemo a Rephaboliki ka har'a RSFSR.

Ka mofuta oa liphallelo, repaboliki e ka aroloa likarolo tse peli: karolo ea eona e ka bophirima e le thoteng ea Oka-Don, 'me bochabela bo pharaletseng bo feta le Volga Upland. Libaka tsa tlhaho li boetse li fetoha ho tloha leboea-bophirima ho ea ka boroa-bochabela ho sebaka seo - sebaka se nang le meru e nang le mapheo a kopaneng se fetela sebakeng sa moru.

Kua Mordovia ho na le lithahasello tse ngata tsa setso, nalane le lipapali, le liemahale tse ikhethang tsa tlhaho tse khahlang baeti ba repabliki.

Setsi sena sa pokello ea nalane, se toropong e kholo ea Mordovia, se nkuoa e le setsi sa khale ka ho fetisisa sa setso tikolohong ea sona. E thehiloe ka 1918 ka boiteko ba bo-rahistori ba lehae ba ka bang lekholo, ba neng ba ntse ba bokella lipontšo bakeng sa eona ka lilemo. Ka 2001, setsi sa pokello ea nalane se ile sa fetoha se seng sa litsi tse nang le boleng bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa sechabeng. Kamora lilemo tse ling tse 4, o ile a rehoa lebitso la Ivan Dmitrievich Voronov, rahistori oa lehae ea ileng a ngola nalane ea lehae e le rasaense ea ikemetseng, sengoli sa bongoli le sengoli.

Setsi sa pokello ea nalane se na le litaba tsa nalane, lefapha la nalane ea sejoale-joale ebile le bonts'a mofuta oa sebaka seo. Palo eohle ea lipontšo e feta 200 000. Ho eona u ka tloaelana le libuka tsa bohlokoa, pokello ea lichelete tsa tšepe, libetsa tsa khale, esita le ho bona liphoofolo tse khabisitsoeng ka mefuta e fapaneng.

Setsi sena sa pokello ea nalane e ntle se Saransk.E bonts'a pokello ea mesebetsi e meholo ka ho fetisisa lefats'eng ke mosomi ea tummeng Erzi. Hape setsing sa pokello ea nalane u ka nahanisisa ka mosebetsi oa litaki tsa Sychkov le Makarov. Lipalo tsena tse tharo tsa setso ke matsoalloa a Mordovia.

Ho na le salon ea bonono setsing sa pokello ea nalane moo u sa boneng feela, empa hape u reke mesebetsi eo u e ratang ea ho taka le ho taka litšoantšo ke bangoli ba mehleng ena.

Setsi sa pokello ea nalane se sebakeng sa Victory Square ho la Saransk. E ile ea e bula hore e be lilemo tse 50 tsa Tlhōlo e Kholo. Sebaka seo e lutseng ho sona ke sebaka sa sehopotso. Li-slan tsa Granite ka lehlakoreng la setsi sa pokello ea nalane li khabisitsoe ka sebato sa St. George, 'me marulelo a eona a entsoe ka mokhoa oa kholnnik oa Russia.

Musiamo oa Locomotive Depot o Ruzayevka, terekere e kholo ea terene ebile e le e 'ngoe ea litsi tsa mantlha bakeng sa kaho ea seporo sa terene Russia. Monyako oa musiamo ke masole a mabeli a nang le lithunya, joalo ka mehleng ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli la lilemo. Baeti ba museum ba fuoa monyetla o motle oa ho ithuta nalane ea enjine ea mouoane oa Kukushka, e nkoang e le lets'oao la Ruzayevka, le mabapi le sepetlele sa lehae sa liporo le seporo sa ho qala sa lekholo le fetileng la lilemo.

Sebaka sa Theatre sa Naha sa Mordovian State National Theatre se toropong e kholo ea repaboliki. Ntle le litšoantšiso tsa khale, mona u ka bona lihlahisoa tsa lipapali tsa ho bapala tsa Mordovian, tse lipuong tsa Mordovian (Erzya le Moksha) le liphetolelo tse tšoanang ka Serussia. Batšoantšisi ba liketsahalo tsa boithabiso ba ntse ba le mafolofolo ho etela karolo ea repaboliki le libaka tse haufi tsa moo ba lulang teng ke baetsi ba Merokotso.

Sebaka sa liketsahalo se bile teng ho tloha ka 1889. Ebe e hlophisitsoe ke baithuti ba Sekolo sa Shchepkinsky Theatre ba khutletseng naheng ea bona e nyane, moo ba ileng ba fuoa ntlo ea khale. Ho tloha 2007, theatre e ntse e le mohahong o mocha.

E 'ngoe ea lintho tse khahlang tsa Saransk ke lebala la liketsahalo la' mino. E na le likonsarete tsa 'mino oa khale, li-opera, li-operettas, libini tsa' mino oa metlae le oa ballet. Ho buloa ha lebala la liketsahalo ho etsahetse ka 1935. Mathoasong a selemo sa 75, lebala la liketsahalo le ile la abeloa mohaho o mocha. Holong ea hae e ile ea qala ho amohela batho ba fetang 700. Ho latela sebopeho sa eona sa kameho, holo ena ke e 'ngoe ea tse ntle ka ho fetisisa Russia. Ebe ka selemo sa 2011, o ile a rehoa lebitso ka sebini sa Mordovian I.M. Yausheva.

Kathedrale ena e hahiloe Saransk ka 2006. O ne a halalelitsoe ke Patriarch Alexy II. Katse e hahiloe ka setaele sa 'Muso,' me "daome" e entsoe ka setaele sa Neo-Byzantine. Tempele e nyolohela ho limithara tse 62 ho tloha boemong ba lefatše. E na le mabanta a 4, 'me e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea eona e na le mabili a 3 a entsoeng Tutaev a sebelisa mahlale a khale. Katse e ka eteloa ke batho ba fetang 3000 ka nako.

Kereke ea Mohalaleli oa Mohalaleli ea Moholo oa Kereke ea St. John e Saransk e thehiloe ka 1693 setšeng moo pele ho moo ho neng ho e-na le kereke ea khale ea lehong.

Hoo e ka bang ka 30s, tempele e ne e koetsoe, polokelong ea NKVD e behiloe mona. Ka 1944, kereke e ile ea buleloa hape ke litho tsa kereke. Ka nako e telele, e ne e le kereke feela e mafolofolo toropong. Ho tloha ka 1960, tempele e kenyelelitsoe lipalo tsa liemahale tsa meralo ea bohlokoa ea koporasi.

Ntlo ea baitlami e sebakeng sa setereke sa Ruzaevsky seterekeng sa Paygarma. Ka 1865, ho ile ha fumanoa setšoantšo sa "martyr Paraskeva" seterekeng sa kereke ea mahaeng, mme mabapi le ketsahalo ena ea bohlokoa, ho ile ha etsoa qeto ea ho aha ntlo ea baitlami mona, e tla reoa lebitso ka mor'a mohalaleli. Sebaka sa baitlami se akaretsa sebaka se ka bang 11 ha. Litempele tsa eona, likamore tsa thapelo le litora tsa tšepe li ne li kengoe ka mekhoa e fapaneng ea kaho, empa ka kakaretso sebopeho sa mohaho oa baitlami se shebahala se lumellana. Moetlo oa baitlami o eteloa khafetsa ke baeti ba bangata ba batlang ho hola moeeng le ba batlang tsela ea 'nete.

Monako oa Sanaksar o haufi le toropo ea Temnikov mabopong a Noka ea Moksha, o pota-potiloe ke moru oa phaene. Pale ea hae e qalile ka 1659. Libaka tse hlomphuoang ka ho fetisisang tsa baitlami ke litšoantšo tsa bahalaleli e leng Monk Theodore, mohale ea lokileng Theodore (Ushakov), Monk Alexander the Confessor, le setšoantšo sa 'M'e oa Molimo. Bahahlauli ba tsoang Russia ho tla ho litempelana tsa teng.

Ena ke laebrari ea naha ea bohlokoa ea Mordovia.E qalile ho ba teng ka 1899, ha, ka boiteko bo kopaneng ba bohlale ba Saransk, laebrari ea ho bala e thehiloe. Maeto a hae e ne e le a mahala.

Pele, ho ne ho e-na le libuka tse fokolang ho eona, empa ka lebaka la menehelo, letlole la eona le ile la eketseha butle-butle. Ka 1939, laeborari e ile ea fetoha ea republican; ea abeloa mohaho o arohaneng. Ka 1970, o ile a fallisetsoa mohahong o mocha moo a ntseng a le hona teng.

Haufinyane, moaho oa mekato e 9 o kenyellelitsoe ho ona, o ileng oa lumella makhetlo a mangata ho eketsa boholo ba laebrari. Har'a likarohano tsa eona tse ngata, ho na le lefapha le ikemiselitseng ka botlalo mesebetsing ea lipalo tsa bongoli ho Mordovia. Setsi sena se thehile maqhama a haufi le lilaebrari tse ling tsa batho ba Finno-Ugric, ho kenyelletsa le tse fumanehang linaheng lisele.

Sebaka sena se fumaneha lebopong le letona la Noka ea Moksha. Hoo e ka bang sebaka sohle sa eona se koahetsoe haholo ke meru ea phaene. Lilemo tsa lifate tsa phaene tse holang mona li hakangoa ho Lilemo tse 300-350. Ho boetse ho na le meru e tsoakiloeng moo liphaena, lilakane, lilakane le likhohlo li holang. Ka liphuleng tsa noka u ka fumana lifate tsa spruce.

Letša la Inerka le haufi le setsi sa setereke sa Big Berezniki phuleng ea Noka ea Sura. Ena ke e 'ngoe ea letša le letle le leholo ka ho fetisisa ho Mordovia (lik'hilomithara tse 56). Mabōpo a eona a koahetse ka meru ea coniferous-deciduous le birch.

Mabopong a letša, bahahlauli ba rata ho hloma litente tsa bona. Ho na le libaka tse ntle tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi, 'me merung ea lebopong u ka khetha li-mushroom le monokotsoai. Ntle le moo, lipokano tse tsoang tseleng li tšoaroa selemo le selemo haufi le letša.

Phaka ena e hlollang e setereke sa Leninsky sa Saransk. Ha u le serapeng sa boikhathollo u ka tsamaea litsing tse ntle tse ntle, u tšela linōka tse phallang sebakeng sa eona, u hloelle marokho a mapolanka ka lithapo tse entsoeng ke litsebi tsa mesebetsi ea matsoho bakeng sa ho thea, 'me u phomole libakeng tse marang-rang tse koahetsoeng ke ivy e tala. Litšoantšo tsa bahale ba lipale tse monate ke A.S. Pushkin. Sebaka sa boikhathollo se na le mefuta e fapaneng ea bohahlauli le zoo e kholo ka ho fetisisa naheng. Sebaka sena sa phomolo seo u se ratang haholo ho baahi ba Saransk, ba baholo le bana ba rata ho e etela.

Mothehi oa semolao oa moroetsana ea tummeng o ile a etela Saransk lehlabuleng la 1774. O qetile matsatsi a fokolang feela libakeng tsena, tseo ka nako eo a ileng a khona ho bolaea baemeli ba bangata ba phahameng le baruti ba neng ba sa mo rate le ho phatlalatsa tsebiso e mabapi le tokoloho bakeng sa serfs.

Ho hopola liketsahalo tseo, seemahale se eang Pugachev se ile sa emisoa Saransk. Tente ea moetapele oa ntoa ea batho ba maemo a tlaase, eo e leng ntlo ea khale ea majoe, le eona e ile ea bolokoa.

Ena ke setsi sa lipapali se seholo ka ho fetisisa Mordovia, se koetlisang baatlelete ba maemong ohle lipapaling tse ngata. Setsi sa lipapali se buloe ho tloha ka 2004.

Ka lebaleng la lipapali la lipapali la Saransk, mekete ea lipapali e ts'oaroa ho tloha toropong ho ea boemong bohle ba Russia. Litlholisano lipapaling tsa metsi, mefuta e fapaneng ea li-wrestling, boikoetliso ba 'mele, boikoetliso ba' mino oa morethetho oa maoto, basketball le volleyball li tšoareloa mona.

Ho buloa ha lebala lena ho etsahetse ka Saraansk ka 2004. E na le litlholisano lipapaling tsa papali ea lipapali, lipapali tsa metsi, liatleletiki, ho matha ka lebelo le ho thellisa lehloeng. Mebala ea lipapali e kenyelletsa likarolo tse 4 tsa bolo ea maoto tse ntle, tse peli li na le mechini ea tlhaho.

Ena ke lebala la lipapali lecha moo ka selemo sa 2018 ho tla ba le lipapali tse ling tsa Mohope oa Lefatše ka 2018. E fumaneha phuleng ea Noka ea Insar haufi le bohareng ba Saransk.

Bokaholimo ba eona bo ka sehloohong bo shebane le setsi sa toropo le toropo. E kanna ea ba teng ka nako e le 'ngoe ke ba bang Bashebelli ba 44,000. Lebala la lipapali le fana ka likarolo tse arohaneng tsa balateli ba lihlopha tsa baeti, karolo ea malapa le libaka tsa batho ba nang le bokooa.

Kathedrale ea Mohlabani ea Kgethehileng ea Ts'oarelo Theodore Ushakov e ile ea buloa Saransk ka 2006. E hlahisoa ke Alexe II. lintlha tse ling

Embellment ea Saransk e bohareng ba toropo. E tšoloha noka ea Saranka. lintlha tse ling

Setsi sa pokello ea nalane ea Mordovian Republican of Fine Arts se reheletsoeng ka mor'a S. D. Erzi se ile sa buloa Saransk ka 1960.lintlha tse ling

Park ea Setso le Phomolo e reheletsoeng ka A.S. Pushkin ke serapa sa mantlha sa Saransk. Sebaka sa 40 ha. lintlha tse ling

Makarovsky St. John the Theological Monastery e sebakeng se haufi le toropo ea Saransk motseng oa Makarovka. E thehiloe ka 1994. Ke. lintlha tse ling

Setsi sa pokello ea lintho tsa khale tsa sesole le tsa basebetsi ka 1941-1945 e buloe Saransk ka 1995. Ke karolo ea mochini oa sehopotso seterateng. lintlha tse ling

Tempele ea Kazan Icon ea 'Mè oa Molimo e ile ea halaletsoa ho Saransk ka 2011. lintlha tse ling

Seemahale ho Yemelyan Pugachev (moetapele oa bofetoheli ba batho ba 1773-1775) se ile sa buloa Saransk ka 1985. E le 'ngoe feela Russia. lintlha tse ling

The Musical Theatre ea Naha e reheletsoeng ka mor'a I.M. Yaushev ho Saransk esale a etella pele nalane ho tloha ka 1935. lintlha tse ling

Lebala la lipapali la Mordovia Arena ke lebala la bolo ea maoto le leholo ho la Saransk bakeng sa Mohope oa Lefatše oa 2018. Bokhoni ba batho ba 45 015. lintlha tse ling

Seemahale ho Admiral F.F. Ushakov e fumaneha Saransk on Cathedra Square. E thehiloe ka 2006. Ho bula ho ne ho e-ba teng ke V.V. Putin. lintlha tse ling

Kereke ea Mohalaleli Johanne Moevangeli e hahiloe Saransk ka 1693. Moaho oa khale ka ho fetisisa oa Mordovia. lintlha tse ling

Seemahale ho lelapa - seemahale se Katoling ea Cathedral ea Saransk. E butsoe ka 2008. Ho buloa ho lokiselitsoe selemo sa lelapa. lintlha tse ling

Setsi sa pokello ea nalane ea nalane ea mochaba oa Mordovian Folk se ile sa buloa Saransk ka 1999. Ke lekala la setsi sa pokello ea nalane ea bonono. S. D. Erzy. lintlha tse ling

Mileniamo e ile ea buloa Saransk ka 2012. lintlha tse ling

Setsi sa pokello ea nalane ea Mordovian Republican United ea Local Lore e reheletsoeng ka I. D. Voronin ke setsi sa pokello ea naha ea Mordovia e Saransk. lintlha tse ling

Kereke ea St. Nicholas the Wonderworker e hahiloe Saransk ka 1906 ka setaele sa Russia-Byzantine. lintlha tse ling

Cathedral Square e hlahile Saransk ka 2006. lintlha tse ling

The Russian Russian Drama Theatre ea Rephabliki ea Mordovia e thehiloe Saransk ka 1932. lintlha tse ling

Seemahale ho A.S. Pushkin se ile sa buloa Saransk ka 2001. lintlha tse ling

Kathedrale of the Holy Rightible Warrior Fedor Ushakov

Kathedrale ea Holy Rightible Warrior Fedor Ushakov e sebakeng se bohareng ba Saransk. Katolike e ne e halalelitsoe ke Holiness Patriarch ea hae ea Moscow le All Russia Alexy II ka la 6 Phato 2006. Tempele e lula batho ba ka bang likete tse tharo, bophahamo ba tempele e le limithara tse 73, ke e 'ngoe ea tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tikolohong ea Volga. Ka ponahalo le boqapi ba eona, e tšoana hantle le Kathedrale ea Kreste Mopholosi oa Moscow. Joalo ka oa hoqetela, Kereke ea Feodorovsky Cathedral e na le likereke tse peli: holimo le Mabato a mararo le e ka tlase (Kereke ea Baptism), ho boetse ho na le deseke ea bonohe, eo bophahamo ba eona e fetang limithara tse 30. Aletare ea mantlha ea kereke e kaholimo e halalelitsoe ho tlotla mohopolo oa mohlabani ea Halalelang ea Lephepheng la Theodore Ushakov, sebaka sa bobeli - ho tlotla bashoela-tumelo ba bacha ba Mordovian, oa boraro - ho tlotla Seraphim oa Sarov. Morekisi ke Moarekabishopo oa Saransk le Mordovia Barsanuphius. Kerekeng e ncha hape ho na le: sehlopha sa likhomphutha, kamore ea liboka, sekolo sa Sontaha, ho hlahloba hape le tse ling tse ngata.

Morero oa nalane ea 'mino oa botle oa Morero oa Mordovian Republican o reheletsoe ka S. D. Erzi

Setsi sa pokello ea nalane ea Mordovian Republican of Fine Arts se rehelletsoeng ka S. S. Erzi ha se feela setsi se seholo sa setso sa repaboliki, empa hape ke setsi sa pokello ea nalane ea nalane ea Volga, polokelo ea matlotlo ea naha ea Rephabliki ea Mordovia. Pokello ea setsi sa pokello ea nalane e na le litsi tsa polokelo tse fetang likete tse 14, 'me karolo ea leshome ea eona e bontšoa lihoteleng tsa eona. Motheo le karolo e bohareng ea pokello ke mesebetsi ea bo-ralitaba ba babeli ba tikoloho ea Mordovian - S. D. Erzy le F. V. Sychkov.
Pokello ea bonono ba pele ho phetohelo ea Russia e na le mesebetsi e ka bang 500.
Sebaka se ikhethileng se nkuoa ke mosebetsi oa setsebi sa ho penta I.K. Makarov (1822-1897), eo bophelo ba hae bo amanang le sebaka sa Mordovian.
Mehlala e metle ea bonono le khabiso e sebelisitsoeng ea Mordovia e hlahisoa lefapheng le ikhethang. Mona u ka bona liaparo tse ntle ka mokhoa o hlollang oa liaparo tsa Mordovian, mabenyane, lisebelisoa tsa ntlo tse mebala-bala. Khalase ea bonono le porcelain le tsona li emeloa hantle.

Tsoalo ea Mofumahatsana oa Sanaksar

Mohaho oa baitlami o thehiloe ka 1659 mme qalong ea lekholo la XIX o fetohile ntlo e kholo ea baitlami. Kajeno, ho buloa panorama ho tsoa toropong ea Temnikov le Noka ea Moksha, mabopong a moo ho nang le ntlo ea baitlami. Monyako o moholo ke kereke ea liheke tsa litsoe tse 52 (1776). Sebopeho sa sebaka ke sebopeho se rarahaneng sa meaho e nang le silika e boits'oaro le setsi - kereke e kholo ea mebuso e mehlano.
Kopano ea Monastery ea Sanaksar ke e 'ngoe ea liemahale tse' maloa tse bolokehileng hantle tsa litoropong tsa halofo ea bobeli ea bo 18 - pele ho lekholo la bo 19 la lilemo, e leng moaho oa Baroque oo e leng oa bohlokoa haholo ho tsa bonono. Libaka tse ka sehloohong tsa baitlami ke litšoantšo tsa bahalaleli Theodore, mohale ea lokileng Theodore (Ushakov), Tšen. Alexander the Confessor.

Sebaka sa Tikoloho ea Naha ea Mordovian se rehelletsoeng ka P. G. Smidovich

Ka leboea-bophirima ho repaboliki, seterekeng sa Temnikovsky, Setereke sa Naha sa Mordovian se rehiloe ka mor'a moo P.G.Smidovich. Sebaka seo se entsoe ka 1935. Hoo e ka bang karolo eohle ea sebaka sa polokelo e koahetsoe ke meru, hoo e ka bang halofo ea eona ke phaene. Likarolong tse ka bophirima le tse ka bochabela, meru ea birch ea ata, bohareng - moru oa linden. Sebakeng sa likhohola tsa Moksha, meru ea oak e lilemo li 140-150 e ea hola; ka linako tse ling ho fumanoa le linatla tse fetang 300 tse fetileng. Har'a mefuta ea limela e sa tloaelehang setsing sa polokelo, ho na le mofuta oa 'nete oa venus, "pollen cap" e khubelu, e nchafatsang khoeli, e seng e sa fumanehe kae kapa kae naheng ea Mordovia. Ho ile ha tlisoa mefuta ea 6 ea liphoofolo sebakeng sa polokelo: beaver, desy Russian, dees, debian Asbandan, deer Siberan roe and bison. Ka polokelong ho na le linonyana tse thathamisitsoeng ho Red Book of Russia, ho kenyelletsa Saker Falcon, Golden Eagle, Black Stork le ba bang.

John Theoloji Makarov Monastery

Monastery ea St. John ea Theologian Makarov ke ntlo ea baitlami ea banna ba Orthodox e sebetsang e fumanehang Mordovia, motseng oa Makarovka, o bohōle ba lik'hilomithara tse hlano feela ho tloha toropong ea Saransk. Moaho o ikhethang oa meralo ea St. John the Theologyian Monastery e setereke sa Makarovsky Pogost. Kereke ea St. John ea Theologian e na le lethathamo le hlakileng la setšoantšo sa mohlolo sa 'M'e oa Molimo "The Inexhaustible Chalice", e folisang bakuli ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi le bokhoba ba joala. Sebakeng sa Makarovsky Pogost ho na le mehloli e 'meli ea mohlolo.

Khokahano le papiso e jarollotsoeng

Setsi sa Tlhahisoleseling ea Setsi sa Naha sa Lipatlisiso tsa Naha Mordovian State

430005, Russian Federation, Rephabliki ea Mordovia, Saransk, ul. Bolshevik, d. 68
Mohala: 8 (8342) 24-37-32

Lumela. Lebitso la ka ke Julia. Ke qetile lilemo tse ka tlase ho 9 ke sebetsa khoebong ea bohahlauli. Ke lumela hore ke setsebi lebaleng la ka mme ke batla ho thusa baeti bohle ba sebakeng sa marang-rang ho rarolla mathata a fapaneng. Lintlha tsohle tsa sebaka sena sa marang-rang li bokelloa 'me li sebetsanoe ka hloko e le ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling eohle e hlokahalang ka foromo. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa ho sebelisa ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e hlalositsoeng sebakeng sa marang-rang, ho buisana le litsebi hoa hlokahala.

[edit] Sebopeho sa Geological

Sebopeho sa geoloji sa sebaka sa Rephabliki ea Mordovia se amana le sebaka sa eona kahare ho sethala sa Russia kaholimo ho khomo ea Tokmovsky. Karolo e kaholimo ea bokaholimo ba lefatše ke tatellano ea lintho tse etsahalang. E ka mokatong o ka tlase oa kristale, e kenyelletsang mabele a Archean, amphibolites, migmatites, granites, le Lower Proterozoic crystalline. shales - biotite, quartz, kharenate, joalo-joalo majoe a motheo a Mordovia ha a fihle holimo (tlasa mobu). Majoe a khale ka ho fetisisa a sekoahelo se thellang ke Upper Proterozoic. Li-amana tsa nako ena li thehiloe feela sejelong sa Ryazan-Saratov (RP Zubova Polyana). Li kenyelletsa li-siltstones, li-mudstones, li-sandstones tse sa atisang ho hlaha, li-limestone le li-dolomite.

Li-amana tsa Paleozoic.Devon - karohano ea masela, lehlabathe, le siltstones (mokokotlo oa Old Oskol oa Zhivsky letheba, bophara ba 90-180 m), bophahamo ba siltstones le 6 limestone bophara (Sekethara sa French, botenya ba 450 m), li-dolomites (Famennian layer, boima ba limithara tse 150) li atile. Likarolo tse tlase tsa li-carbonaceous le li-limestone li kaholimo ka holimo (tiers: tour, visa, namur, botenya ba 45 m). Li na le mafika a Middle Carboniferous (li-tiers tsa Bashkir le Moscow): mabala a 'mala o mofubelu, marokho, majoe a lehlabathe le lihlabathe, li-limestone le li-dolomite tse nang le boima bo felletseng ba limilimithara tse 154. Ha li fumanehe hangata lefatšeng. Li-limestone tse holimo le li-dolomite tse holimo (li-tiers tsa Gzhel le Orenburg) li ngata haholo. Matla a bona ka s. Sivin 40-45 m, haufi le moeli le sebaka sa Nizhny Novgorod 100-110, sebakeng sa Ryazan-Saratov li 250-20 m. Karolong e ka leboea-bophirima ea repaboliki, ba tla ka holim'a beisine ea Urkat, Moksha, Satis, Sivini. Li-dolomites, li-clays, siltstones, anhydrites tsa nako ea Permian (Assel, Sakmara le Kazan layers) li tsejoa feela leboea: phuleng ea libaka tse bohareng tsa Satis, libaka tse holimo tsa Alatyr le lebopong le letona la libaka tse bohareng tsa Urkat, bophara ba 30-60 m. Li-Deposits tsa sehlopha sa Mesozoic Li-depositi tsa Mesozoic, li-Cretaceous deposits) li kenyelletsa lits'ebetso tsa Triassic, Jurassic le Cretaceous (linako). Mafika a Triassic a ho Mordovia ha a ka a fumanoa. Sebopeho sa Jurassic se bonoa ho 20-30% ea sebaka seo. Tsena ke makolokoti, lehlabathe, marang, siltstones, li-rock tsa phosphate rock, lilense tsa shale ea oli - Bajo, Bati, Kelovo, Oxford-Kimmeridge, li-Volga layers tse nang le bophara ba limithara tse 50-80. Li-depositi tsa "cretaceous" li tla ka holimo libakeng tsohle tsa Rephabliki ea Moldova mme li emeloa ke karolo e felletseng (kaofela tiers). Sebopeho sa Lower Cretaceous (ho tloha tlase ho ea holimo): phosphorite conglomerate, greyuconite le li-black layered clown, loams, glauconite le lehlabathe tsa quartz, marokho, li-sandstones, boholo ba tsona ho fihlela ho 175 m. Ho etsoa ha Upper Cretaceous deposits: lehlabathe le nang le marang-rang a mmala o mosoeu le o mosoeu, bohlooho-putsoa, ​​bohlooho E ts'oaroa ka marang-rang a marokho, e bophara ba limilimithara tse 90. Li-depoits tsa Cenozoic (Paleogene, Neogene le Quaternary) li holimo haholo. Sebopeho sa Paleogene (ho tloha tlase ho ea holimo): mochini o nang le lilense tsa diatomites le tripoli, lejoe la glauconite le lehlabathe la quartz, le kenelletsoeng ke li-sandstones, ho fihla ho 90 m cm, li tloaelehile libakeng tse ka boroa, bochabela le boroa-bochabela. Li-sediments tsa Neogene li fumanoe karolong e ka bophirima: lehlabathe tse mosehla le tse putsoa (Miocene, Lamkinskaya suite), letsopa le nang le mafura (Miocene, Gorelkinskaya Suite), lehlabathe la quartz le letsopa (Pliocene, Krivoborsk suite), bophara ba 32-170 m. Quaternary formations are ubiquitous, haholo-holo liphuleng tsa noka. Ho na le libaka tse 2 - glacial (bophirima) le extra-glacial (bochabela). Ho latela lilemo ke tsa khale, tse bohareng, tse holimo tsa Quaternary le tsa sejoale-joale ka genesis (tlhaho) - li-complexes: glacial, moraine, glacial, lake-alluvial, alluvial, eluvial-deluvial, sekoaelo sa loams, letša la marsh le mokhoabo. Litefiso tsa peat, thepa e tala ea lisebelisoa tsa moaho, jj., E amana le amana le Cenozoic.

Tectonics Bokaholimo ba lefatše ba sebaka sa Rephabliki ea Moldova bo tsejoa ka sebaka sa eona hoo e ka bang bohareng ba sethala sa Russia, se entsoeng ka mekato e 'meli: e tlase ke motheo oa kristale, e kaholimo ke sekoaelo sa litheko. Ha ho na datha ea konkreiti mabapi le sebopeho sa motheo ka boeona ka lebaka la botebo bo boholo ba ketsahalo ea eona - 800-3000 m, empa ntlafatso ea eona e ithutile. 85% ea sebaka sa Mordovia e kaholimo ho Tokmov Arch, ka har'a Volga-Kama Anteclise. Motheo o na le majoe a fapaneng a metamorphic le igneous (li-gneisses, crystalline schists, amphibolites, migmatites, jj). Boithuto ba Geophysical bo ile ba senola mabota a pharalletseng molemong oa kamore e ka tlase, e bonts'ang ho ba teng ha liphoso tse emeng ka lebaka la metsamao ea lithibelo tse tlang. Nakong ea Paleozoic (Devonia, Carboniferous), bokantle ba kamore e ne e le tlase botebong ba leoatle. Sebakeng sa Mordovia, mebuso ea metsing e ile ea nkeloa sebaka ke makhetlo a mararo ke ea lik'honthinente.Sebopeho se rarahaneng le phokotso ea motheo ea motheo se thehiloe ho pharalletseng le botenya ba majoe a pherekano a Paleozoic a ileng a bokellana Leoatleng la Devonia-Carbon. Karolo ea bona ke mealo ea bethe e otlolohileng (kapa e batlang e otlolohile). Sebopeho sa lits'oants'o tsa Devonia le Carboniferous se amana le phokotso ea lefats'e la Dodevonia le li-upian tsa Permian-Triassic. Leoatleng le hlahang la Devonia, lits'oants'o li ile tsa bokellana ka tlas'a maemo a tlaase mokatong o ka tlase, 'me setšoantšo sa sehlooho se ile sa hlakoloa. Nakong ea Carboniferous, karolong e ka holimo ea sebaka sohle e ne e hahiloe ke lejoe le thata (limithara tse ka bang 800) tsa majoe a leoatle a carbonate. Empa litla-morao le metheo ea metheo li ile tsa bonahatsoa ka nako e telele ho abelano ea pula. Kahoo, dikarolo tsa kamora nako li ts'oara hanyane ka hanyane ho tloha arch ho ea lehlakoreng la depressions. Mekha ea protrusions le deflections e tsoela pele ka lebelo le fapaneng le ka matšoao a fapaneng: tse ling lia tsoha, tse ling lia oa. Ho fihla holimo majoeng a Carboniferous ka beseng ea Urkat ke mohlala oa ho phahama. Qalong ea mehla ea Mesozoic, nakong ea Triassic (60 Ma), sebaka sa Mordovia e ne e le naha. Jurassic le Cretaceous, puso ea metsing e ile ea atleha ka ho bokella lintho tse nyane tse hloahloa tsa marang-rang (matlapa, lehlabathe, siltstones, jj). Ho Cenozoic, ho ile ha hlaha e 'ngoe ea mekhabo ea alpine folding, ka lebaka leo sebaka se ileng sa qala ho hola mme leoatle la nkeloa sebaka ke lefats'e. Lits'ebeletso ha lia ka tsa etsahala ka mokhoa o tšoanang, e neng e bonahatsoa ke liphallelo tsa kantle: karolo e ka bophirima ea repaboliki e ne e le sebaka se bataletseng (se sa feteng 200 m) ka holim'a bophahamo ba leoatle), spurs ea Volga Upland (ho fihlela ho 320 m) e kene karolong e ka bochabela.

Kahare ho Tokmov arch, ka linako tse fapaneng tsa geoloji (ho tloha ho Devonia ho ea Neogene) le libakeng tse fapaneng sekoahelong sa sedimentary, meaho ea "tosesonic" e boholo bo fapaneng le e rarahaneng (maikutlo a maikutlo, marang-rang, makhoba, "linko", liphetoho le tse ling tse fapaneng). Sebakeng sa Zubovo-Polyansky le moeling o ka bophirima oa litereke tsa Atyuryevsky le Tengushevsky, leqhubu la Tokmovsky le fetela ka sejelong sa Ryazan-Saratov, ka bophirima - moqomo oa Vadsky, leboea-bophirima ho tloha ho eona - shaft ea Oksko-Tsninsky, tse nkeloang ka nqa ea boroa-bophirima le podsky ea Zkyvo. limpho tse arotsoeng ke sejana se tšesaane sa Novovyselkovsky, ka bochabela ho bona, ka nqa e ka leboea-bophirima, sekepe sa Muromo-Lomovsky se atoloha, se arola moqomo oa Oksko-Tsninsky ho tloha moqomo oa Tokmovsky le shaft ea Alatyrsky, ka bochabela ho ea Ulyanovsk-Saratov p Skirting le haufi flexure Insar, ho tloha ka boroa-bochabela ea sebaka se Penza otlolla Sursko Moksha-phagamiso, thatafatsoa ke InSAR-bo-bong le ho Kochelaevskim elevations arohane Insar saddle. Li-tectonics tsa Mordovia e ka bochabela li tšoauoa ke likarolo tse ikhethileng tsa "monoclinic subsidence" ho tloha leboea-bophirima ho ea ka boroa-bochabela, tse rarahaneng ke likarolo tse ntle le tse mpe: Foreist-Pushkin uplift (likarolo li oela ka boroa-bophirima - 23, bochabela - 8 m ka 1 km), Nui trouse. metara ea 87 m ka 22 km), phahlo ea Atminsky, e ts'oeroeng ke boemo bo phahameng (+150 m) oa siltstone marl, e hlakisa sekepe sa Hvorostovsky ho tloha leboea. Ka boroa-bochabela ho Mordovia ho na le: Kochelayevsky e phahamisang 10-11 bophara, bolelele ba 19-20 km, bolelele ba 30 m, setereke se haufi le motse. Kochkurovo le Podlesnaya Tavla, setereke sa Kochkurovsky, deflection ea lehae ho tloha s. Kosogory Bolshebereznikovsky setereke sa RM ho ea motseng. Letsatsi la Mots'eanong. Ehlile (sebaka sa Ulyanovsk), ka bophirima ho eona ho tšoailoe phoso ea litloaelo tse latellanang, moo noka e phallang teng. Nerlake. Mofuputsi R. B. Davydov o boetse o thathamisitse ho arohana hanyane: Pasino-Rusinovskaya (setereke sa Elnikovsky), Sivinsky (motsana oa Sivin), setereke sa Novonikolaevskaya, Vertelimskaya (Staroshaygovsky setereke), "noses" Nadezhdinsky (motsana oa Elniki), Melchansky, Kochankh Kochelaevsky. Mefuta eohle e thehiloe haholo ke mekhatlo ea tectonic ea lilemo tsa Mesozoic. Liphetoho tsa Alpine le tsa morao, tšusumetso ea sepakapaka e ile ea theha phomolo ea sejoale-joale, e ileng ea amohela Mesozoic hole. Ho sisinyeha ha Tectonic sebakeng sa Rephabliki ea Moldova ho tsoela pele mehleng ea kajeno.Kahoo, sebaka sa sejana sa Ulyanovsk-Saratov se ile sa nkuoa ke lihloela tsa Volga Upland, thota e thehiloeng boholo ba lihlooho tse phahameng tsa Sur-Mokshan. Ho ea ka gelasic atlas (1964), ka lebaka la motsamao oa tectonic lilemong tse limilione tse 1,5 tse fetileng, Mordovia e ka bochabela e tsohile ka 300, bohareng - 200, bophirima - 100 m.

[edit] Liminerale

Ho lihlopha tse 4 tse ka sehloohong (metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše, ore, nonmetallic, le liminerale tse chang), bokhabane ba Mordovia ha bo na litheko, bo sebelisoang haholo kahong, le metsing a lefats'e (metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše le artesian). Mohloli oa bona o amahanngoa le mafika a sedimentary a boholo ba lilemo tsa Quaternary, Mesozoic le Upper Carboniferous (Mesozoic, Upper Paleozoic sediments). Ho fumanoe li-depositi tse 120 tsa lisebelisoa tse tala 'me li sebelisoa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa tsa moaho: mefuta e 5 ea masela, loams, lehlabathe, tjhoko, marl, flask, tripoli (diatomite), jj. mehloli e ka bang limilione tse 50 m). Tse kholo ka ho fetisisa ho tsona ke Levzhenskoye (limilione tse 4,9 m) seterekeng sa Ruzaevsky, Romodanovsky (4.3), Kergudsky (3.9) seterekeng sa Ichalkovsky, Saranskoye (3.8), Severo-Reshetinsky (limilione tse 3,6 m 3) setereke sa Torbeevsky. Ntle le bona, ho ile ha fumanoa liketsahalo tsa letsopa tse 15 (mehloli e hakanyetsoang ea limilione tse 132 m 3). Ho tsoa ho lihlahisoa tse tala tsa lehae hlahisa mofuta oa litene oa 75-125. Ho epollotsoe lijana tse 8 (limilimithara tse 12,5) le letsopa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tse atolositsoeng tsa letsopa. Mehloli ea libaka tse 6 tse tlang ho ba teng e ka ba limilione tse 26 m. Hape ho na le li-clays tse hanyetsang (depo ea Shishkeevsky seterekeng sa Ruzaevsky, 403,000 m 3). Li-sandche tse ka tlase tsa "Cretaceous" tsa serethe, lihlahisoa tse betliloeng, ho aha, ho taka le ho etsa likonopo tsa masonke li chekoa mabitleng: Voevodskoye-1, Voevodskoye-2 - ho Kochkurovsky, Kichatovskoye, Kochelaevskoye, Parapinskoye - Kovylkinskoye litereke le tse ling (libaka tse bolokiloeng li feta limilione tse 50 m). Mehloli e boletsoeng esale pele ea libaka tse 8 tse tlang ho lebelloa ho Bolshebereznikovsky, Elnikovsky, Insarsky, Ruzaevsky le Temnikovsky litereke li fetang limilione tse 100 m. Ka 1961, ho ile ha sibolloa setša sa Reshetinsky sa lehlabathe la khalase, se hlokahalang bakeng sa tlhahiso ea indasteri ea mabone. Mehloli e lekantsoeng ea limilione tse 2,3 m. Ho fumanoe setša sa motsoako oa lehlabathe la sekontiri (ketsahalo ea Staroyamskoe, polokelo ea likhakanyo tsa limilione tse 0.8 m 3). Majoe a ho aha (li-dolomite, liluloe) tsa lilemo tsa Upper Carboniferous: polokelo ea Budaevskoye, pokello ea limilone tse 12,7 m e atolohela holimo mabopong a Urkat setereke sa Yelnikovsk. Libaka tse hlano tsa lehlabathe la maoto (limilione tse 4,4 m) li ile tsa bonoa libakeng tsa Atyashevsky, Dubensky, Ichalkovsky. O mong oa leruo la mantlha la mabotowa a Rephabliki ea Moldova ke thepa e tala bakeng sa tlhahiso ea samente. Mehloli ea majoe a Marl-Cretaceous a lilemo tsa Upper Cretaceous le flask (357.6 le limilione tse 156,2 m, ka ho latellana) li kenelletse ka har'a depo ea Alekseevsky ea lisebelisoa tsa samente. Lihlahisoa tsa LATO OJSC li tsejoa hole le meeli ea repaboliki. Li-depositi tsa Atemar li na le tjhoko e ngata bakeng sa tlhahiso ea kalamo ea meaho (libaka tse netefalitsoeng tsa 6.1, tse boletsoeng esale pele - limilione tse 9,2, bona tšimo ea Atemar tjhoko) le diatomite (tripoli, bona depositi ea Atemar diatomite, mafika a Siliceous). Har'a liminerale tse ling - phosphorites, ore ea tšepe, shale ea oli, peat, lisebelisoa tse tala bakeng sa pente ea liminerale, gypsum, black oef oak, jj. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la litaba tse tlase, ho bolela. botebo le mehloli e menyenyane ea indasteri nts'etsopele ea boholo ba tsona ha e na thuso. Litorong tsa Rephabliki ea Moldova ho na le mehloli e meholo ea metsi a hloekileng a lefats'e. Metsi a bopehile sebopeho, khatello (boleng ba khatello 21-217 m). Baahi ba Saransk le litsi tsa tikoloho ba fuoa metsi a bonono ho tsoa ho li-dolomite le li-limestone tsa nako ea Paleozoic. Baahi ba mahaeng le bona ba sebelisa metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše. Ho ipapisitsoe le botebo ba ketsahalo, matla a liminerale tsa metsi a eketseha: sebaka se kaholimo se secha, bohareng bo na le liminerale, 'me botebo ke brines (bona metsi a Mineral).

[edit] Maemo a metsi

RM e sebakeng sa mantlhaka boroa-bophirima likarolo tsa Volga-Sur artesian bass. e feteletseng ka boroa-bophirima. karolo e bua ka bass ea Volga-Khopersky artesian bass. Ka sebopeho sa hydrogeological. Sebopeho se khetholla metsi a 3 a metsi. Ea pele e amahanngoa le lehlabathe la Meso-Cenozoic le matloana a lehlabathe, a nang le metsi a se nang khatello le a nang le khatello e tlase ea khatello ea hydrographic. marang-rang. Ka botenya e thehoa pele. metsi a hloekileng a bicarbonate a calcium, a phethelang hape a etsoang ka lebaka la ho kenella ha pula. Ea bobeli e kenyelletsa sebopeho sa khase ea carbonate ea sebopeho sa Paleozoic ka khatello e tlase le khatello ea metsi a polokelo a sitsoeng. Hypsometric e phahameng. boemo ba bokaholimo ba majoe a khabone (boholo ba bophahamo ba 110-210 m), boholo ba liforomo tse fumanehang ka botlalo karolong ea li-depositi tse nang le metsi a mangata li tlatsetsa ho kenngeng ha pula ka bongata le ho phatloha hoa metsi a tsoang metsing a phallang ka matla. Ea boraro e thehiloe litšoantšong tse tebileng tsa "siliceous-carbonate" tsa mengoaha ea Dyonese le ea tlaase ea Carboniferous. Metsi a ka tlase ho lefatše a tšoauoa ka khatello e phahameng, e fokotsang phapanyetsano ea metsi.

Meahong e metsing ea metsing ea Cenozoic sediments, tse nang le metsi a mangata ke tse tataisang: ud. Sekhahla sa ho phalla hantle ho tloha ho makholo a makholo a litha e le ngoe ho isa ho 2 l / s. Metsi a laoloa ke calcium-magnesium bicarbonate le magnesium-calcium sulfate-bicarbonate, e nang le letsoai la 0.17-0.58 g / dm 3, ka boima bo felletseng ba 2-6 mol / m 3. Ka metsing a ka tlas'a lefatše, litaba tsa chloride, likhomphutha tse nang le naetrojene, hangata sodium e feta se tloaelehileng, mineralization e nyoloha ho 1.5 g / dm 3 kapa ho feta. E sebelisoa ho DOS. sechaba sa lehae ka malapa. litlhoko

Metsi a lihlahisoa tsa litlolo tsa Mesozoic. Mokhahlelo oa Upper Cretaceous o hasoa ka boroa. le bochabela. dikarolo tsa repaboliki. Mafika a nang le metsi a mangata ke maraka, tjhoko, majoe a lehlabathe le lehlabathe. Metsi a tebile. 3-52 m le ho feta. Ho tsamaisoa ha metsi ho fapane, ho lekana hoa filtara ke 0.37-7.43 m / letsatsi. Sekhahla sa phallo ea liliba se fihla ho 3,45 l / s. Metsi a hloekileng a hydrocarbonate a magnesium-calcium, a nang le letsoai la 0.3-0.4 g / dm 3, ka boima bo felletseng ba 1.4-6.4 mol / m 3. E sebelisoa ke baahi ba lehae bakeng sa litlhoko tsa malapa le tsa ho noa. Metsi a fumanehang ka lehlabatheng a kenella tlaase. tjhoko, holimo. le cf. Jurassic, - mobu le li-interstatal, ka sehloohong. bicarbonate kapa sulphate-bicarbonate sodium-calcium-magnesium, mineralization 0,2-0,8 g / dm 3, ka botlalo boima ho fihlela 9 mol / m 3, botebo ho hlaha ha 440 m, khaello ea metsi a fokolang, li-beats. phallo ea phallo ea 0.005-0.25 l / s. Metsi a tikoloho ea metsi a akhotsoa ke metsi a noka ea likhohlo le linoka, hammoho le phallo ea metsi metsing a ka tlas'a lefatše. Ka lebaka la tsamaiso e tlase ea metsi e sebelisoang ke motho ka mong x-uena.

Phula ea Paleozoic e majabajaba, e entsoe ka majoe a litebele le li-dolomite tse lohiloeng; boholo ba tsona bo matla. ho fihla ho limithara tse 400. Metsi a leoatle a hlaha ka botebo ho fihla ho limilimithara tse 300. Metsi a libakeng tse phahameng a phahametseng lintho ha a khatello, libakeng tsa ho qoelisoa marulelong a mafika a nang le metsi a se nang khatello. Boholo ba khatello ke limithara tse 180-230. Ho fumaneha ha metsi ho phahame, cf. beats sekhahla sa phallo e ntle ho tloha 1.6-12.5 ho isa 5.76-34.25 l / s. Metsi a hloekileng a rarahana setsi sa phepelo ea metsi Rephaboliking. E matla e sebetsang sebaka se phahameng sa 100-200 m. Chem. sebopeho sa metsi a lefats'e libaka tse kaholimo le marang-rang a marang-rang a carbonate stratum, calcium hydrocarbonate, mineralization 0,2-0,5 g / dm 3, ka boima ba 4-6.2 mol / m 3. Ha marulelo a ntse a kenella ka bochabela. tataiso ea metsi e fetoha sulfate-bicarbonate sodium-magnesium-calcium. Ka har'a phula ea Insara li tsoakane. metsi, ka letsoai la 0,8-1 g / dm 3, ka boima ba kakaretso ba 9-11 mol / m 3. Ho V. le S.V. Rephabliki ea metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše ke sulfate-chloride le chloride-sulfate magnesium-sodium, e nang le letsoai le ka bang 2,5 g / dm 3, ka boima bo felletseng ho fihlela ho 28.2 mol / m 3.

Metsi a fokolang a matla a phahametseng matla a matla a leoatle a nang le matla a leoatle a fumanehang hohle. Litologich. Karolo ea eona e tšoauoa ka lehlabathe, li-siltstones tse nang le marang-rang a marang-rang, marokho le marumo. E matla tataisa 584-601 limithara. 233-901 m. Hlooho ea metsi e fihla ho 380 m.Botebo bo boholo ba lihlapi tsa metsing bo thusa ho sisinyeha ha metsi. Ho tsamaea ha metsi ho tlase, ho otla. phallo e hantle ea 0.04 l / s. Metsi a nang le letsoai la 45.2-173 g / dm 3, motsoako oa calcium oa sodium, o na le bromine (0.8 g / dm 3), iodine (2,4), e ka sebelisoa ho phekola mafu a tsamaiso ea methapo le mesculoskeletal . lisebelisoa. Sebaka se sa tieang sa metsing sa Middle Devonia se fokolang se fumaneha ho pholletsa le sebaka sena. republic, e koahelang mafika kristale. motheo. E emeloa ke seretse, li-siltstones, lehlabathe le sandstones. 128-135 m botebo ho ba teng ha mafika 500-774 limithara. Metsi a phahameng a khatello. Ho tsamaea ha metsi ha ho na matla, ho otla. tlhahiso e ntle e tšoauoa ka likete tsa lithaole ka motsotsoana. Metsi a fumanehang botebong ba pelo a tloaetse ho thekesela le metamorphism, sodium chloride, e nang le mineralization ea 217.8-232.6 g / dm 3, e nang le bromine (6.4 g / dm 3), e ka sebelisoa ka har'a lik'hemik'hale. indasteri.

[edit] Phokotso

Boholo ba Rephabliki ea Moldova e lula mohahong oa Volga. Ka bophirima, Oka-Don Lowland. Ka sebopeho sa bona mefuta e meraro ea lithota li khethollotsoe: khoholeho-di-denudats., Second moraine le glacial. Erosion-denudats. lula boroa. le boroa-bochabela. likarolo tsa Mordovia. Boholo. phahameng 280-320 m (ho fihlela ho 337 m setereke sa Chamzinsky), min. - 89 m (sebakeng sa likhohola tsa Sura setereke sa Dubyon). Mekhoa ea khoholeho ke tšobotsi ea thota. Botebo khoholeho ea khoholeho ea metsi ho fihlela limilimitara tse 120. likarolo li feta 1 km / km 2. Thota ha e khetholloe ke hydrographic e tsoetseng pele. khokahano - linoka Bolshaya Ksha, Malaya Ksha, Shtyrma, Lasha, Cheberchinka, Issa. Liphula li na le asymmetric. Sesebelisoa sa libaka. le boroa. litlatsetso li moepa, bochabela. le ho jala. --Ology. Ka liphuleng tsa linoka tse nyane ho na le libaka tse bokellanang, tsa ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang le tse ka tlas'a lefatše. Ka lehlakoreng le letona la phula ea Sura ho na le moepa, libakeng tse ling moepa, ebe le letshehadi le bonolo. Ka moroallo. Litsela tsa lehlabathe le litutulu tse bolelele ba 500-700 m, bolelele. ho isa ho 15 m, ho-ry li fumaneha ka tlase ho moo, tse bog li arohaneng. lows, deflate. lithapo. Ka bophirima le leboea ho tloha moleng oa Kochkurovo - Chamzinka - Atyashevo leadge high. joalo ka. 80 m erosion-denudats. thota e feta ea bobeli moraine (denudat. thota e hlahileng holim'a topil ea hilly moraine). Boholo. bophahamo ba eona ke tšobotsi ea metsi a noka e bohareng. le sesebelisoa. Mordovia, limithara tse 270-280. Likarohano tse arohaneng li khabalelana ka bophara, bophara. 2-3 km. Ka bochabela ho Insar ho na le matlo a bolulo, ao bongata ba bona bo bitsoang lithaba (Piksyasi, Kamenka, Piterka, jj.). Ho li-bass. Vada le Sivini, Moksha-Alatyr interfluve, lebopong le letšehali la Alatyr, ho na le sebaka se sekametseng ka mokhoa o phollatsi. mealo a metsi a boreleli (boholo ba lehlabathe). Bophahamo bo Phethahetseng Limilimithara tse 150-180. E khetholloa ke liphororo tse pharaletseng - 8-10 cm, matsoapo a bonolo le a hloahloa hanyane ka hanyane. Sebaka se nang le metsi khafetsa se rarahantsoe ke litutulu, li lekaneng ebile ha li kopana le Moksha le Alatyr ke maikutlo a karst, hangata a boqhekanyetsi. Liphula tse kholo ka ho fetisisa ke setsi. le sesebelisoa. Mordovia - Mokshanskaya (lat. Libakeng tse arohaneng li fihla ho 15 km) le Alatyrskaya. Matsoapo a tsona a letona a otile mme a phahame. Mokhelo ke phuleng ea cf. Moksha e phalla, e na le chelete. har'a asymmetry e ka lehlakoreng le letšehali. Lithoteng ho na le likhohola le likhohola tse 3. terata.

[edit] Boemo ba leholimo

Boemo ba leholimo ba Rephabliki ea Moldova bo khethoa ke tikoloho ea bona ea tlhaho. maemo a shoele. setsi sa mabanta Russia. lithota, tse lebisang khaellong e hlakileng ea linako tsa selemo. Mahlaseli a letsatsi e le e 'ngoe ea lintho tsa bohlokoa. maemo a bopehang a leholimo a eketseha ho tloha ho la bohlano ka hora ho fihla ho 58 kJ / cm 2 ka Mphalane. Liradio. ho lekanya 92 kJ / cm 2. Nako ea khanya ea letsatsi ka selemo e lekane. 1 850 h, Mphalane - Jan - 35-45, Phuptjane - Phupu - 280-290 lihora tse .. Boholo ba mocheso oa moea oa selemo le selemo ke 3-4 ° C, cf. mocheso oa khoeli e batang haholo (Jan.) ke 11.5-12.3 ° C, 'me mohatsela o futhumetseng (Phato) ke 18.9-19.8 ° C. Lihlakahlaka tsa ho qetela tsa selemo, ho latela maemo a naha, li etsahala ka Mots'eanong 4-16, li-frost tsa pele tsa hoetla - la 18 Hlakubele. Holim'a mobu, serame se emisa ka la 17 Mots'eanong - la 5 Phuptjane, 'me hangata se hlaha ka hoetla selemong sa 2 sa Loetse. Nako ea ho hloka serame e nka matsatsi a 149. Nako ea meroho (mocheso o tloaelehileng oa letsatsi le letsatsi o fetang 5 5 C) ke matsatsi a 178, meroho e sebetsang (ka holimo ho 10 ° C) ke matsatsi a 137-143. DOSLitekanyetso tsa maemo a leholimo li theha Arctic. moea, moea o shoele. latitude le tropic. Boholo ba moea bo shoele bo shoele. latitude - lik'honthinente le metsing. Metsing a leoatle a na le mongobo o mongata, mariha hangata a baka li-thaws, lehlabula - boemo ba leholimo bo pholileng. Continental e tšoauoa ka ho oma ha lehlabula, 'me mariha ho tlise ho pholile. Tlhaselo ea Arctic. moea o theola mocheso o matla, ka nako ea selemo mariha a khutla a bata 'me serame se amahanngoa le eona. Hangata naha ea tropike le ea maoatle e fihla. mahlaseli a moea. Ka boroa-bochabela. Meea nakong ea selemo le hlabula ke linako tse omileng. Lebelo le tloaelehileng la moea la selemo le selemo ke 3,3-4.8 m / s. Phepo e tloaelehileng ea selemo le selemo ke 480 limilimithara, ha e ntse e sa bohlokoa. fokotseha ho tloha S.-Z. ka boroa-bochabela Phokotso ea nako e futhumetseng (Mphalane - Mphalane) li-predominates - 70%. Palo e kholo ka ho fetisisa e oela ka Phupu -. 65 limilimithara, metsotso. ka feb. - 15-30 limilimithara. E nyane ka ho fetisisa nalaneng ea ho shebella e boletsoe ka Aug. 1972 - joalo. 2 limilimithara. Limeleng. nako e oela ka cf. 300-360 mm, nako e 1 ho lilemo tse 10 - ka tlase ho 155 mm. Lehloa la pele ho DOS. etsahala ka con. Oct., empa ho kheloha libeke tse 2-3 hoa khoneha. Sekoahelo sa lehloa se tsitsitseng se bolela. likarolo tsa repaboliki tse thehiloeng lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng tsa November. Boemong ba cf. phahameng 25 cm, ka morung 40-70 cm, e nka matsatsi a 140-150. Mehloli ea metsi pele lehloa le qhibiliha ke cf. 60-120 limilimithara. Lehloa le khetheha ka la 8 Mmesa13. Phallo e telele ea nako e telele e tsoang botebong ba metsi ke 390-460 mm. Botebo ea serame ea mobu 60 cm ea 20 cm, mariha a batang le a bobebe a lehloa - cm 120-150. Mobu o qalile ka la 20 Mmesa. Har'a maemo a leholimo a mabe. liketsahalo tsa leqhoa (matsatsi a 10-15), sefefo sa lehloa, komello. Lifefo tsa lehloa hangata li etsahala ka Pherekhong. - feb. Meea e fokolang e fokang e ba teng selemo le selemo, e matla ka bophirimela. Mordovia - makhetlo a 4-6 lilemong tse 10, ka bochabela. - 6-7, meea e matla e omileng hohle - makhetlo a 1-2 lilemong tse 10.

[edit] Metsoalle

Rephaboliki ea Mordovia e na le linōka tse 1,525, bolelele ba tsona bo fetang lik'hilomithara tse 9, tse 86 tsa tsona li ka tlase ho 10 km ka bolelele. Ekaba linonyana tse 9% tsa linoka li bolelele ba 10-25 km. 47% ea sebaka sohle sa Rephabliki ea Moldova ke sa Sura, 53% - ho Moksha. Linoka tsa beisine ea Moksha, e phallela haufi le Oka-Don Lowland, maemong a folete ea liphallelo e pharalletseng liphule tse nang le likhohola tse tsoetseng pele le likhohola. Linōka tsa Sura besin (Volga Upland) li tšoauoa ka ho foqoha ha metsi le ho phahama ha metsi ka bongata. Lehlabuleng, e kenella melapo e meholo, nakong ea selemo e tšoloha ka matla. Moralo oa khokahano ea khoholeho ea sethopo sa Moksha e qalile qalong ea nako ea Upper Cretaceous, besin ea Sura - qetellong ea Paleogene.

Sebopeho sa khokahano ea motlakase oa boholo ba Rephabliki ea Moldova e ile ea susumetsoa ke Don Glaciation, ka mor'a moo linoka li ile tsa qala ho oela metsing a phallang ka lehloa. Lithoteng tsa linoka tse kholo le tse bohareng ho na le libaka tse 3-4 tse hlahelletseng. Linoka, haholo-holo beisine ea Moksha, li tšoauoa ka ho theoha hanyane le phallo e fokolang (0,1-0.4 m / s). Bophara ba likharetene (joalo ka liphula) bo nyoloha tlase ho noka, empa mokhoa ona libakeng tse ling o tlotsoa ke likarolo tsa lehae (sebopeho sa tectonic, sebopeho sa lithological, jj.). Linoka li na le ho fepa ka mokhoa o kopaneng: lehloa le hlola - 60-90%, ka tlasa lefatše - 7-20, boleng ba pula ea likhohola tsa hoetla tsa lehlabula le phallo ea 5-10%. Phallo ea metsi e angoa haholo ke sebaka seo metsi a phallang ho sona. Litsenyehelo tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa selemo le selemo li Sura, Moksha, Alatyr. Ka mofuta oa karolelano ea selemo le selemo ea ho tsamaisoa ha linoka, ke tsa mofuta oa Europe Bochabela, e tsebahalang ka likhohola tse ngata tsa selemo, metsi a tlase a lehlabula le mariha le ho ba le pula e ngata hoetla. Metsi a phahameng a qala hoetla Mots'eanong - pele ho Mphalane, a fihla bohareng ba bo-Mphalane, 'me a fokotseha bohareng ba Mmesa. Ho phahama ho nka 10-12, ho theoha - matsatsi a 20-25. Lilemong tsa selemo kapa mathoasong a selemo, meroallo ea likhohola e fetoha ka mor'a lilemo tse mashome a mabeli le motso o mong. Ka karolelano, nako e telele, ho baleha ka lehloa ke 87-99%, metsi a pula a fihlang ho 3, mme leqhubu le ka tlas'a lefatše ke 1-10%.

[edit] Lakes

Ka tlhaho, mabopo a letša la Rephabliki ea Moldova hangata ke noka (matša a likhohola). Ke makala kapa makala a khaotsoeng ho tsoa seteisheneng se seholo - masala a li-bends tsa mehleng.Li na le sebopeho se nang le sebopeho sa oblong-sinuous kapa mofuta oa lipere (Inerka, Inorka, Zhegalovo, Big Palkino, jj.). Libaka tsa tlhaho ea karst (leboea-bophirima ho Mordovia) ha li sa tloaeleha, 'me boholo ba tsona ke Letša la Endovishche. Letša le leholo ka ho fetisisa repaboliking ke Inerka. Matša a entsoe haholo eutrophic le dystrophic. Mehloli e meholo ea lijo bakeng sa matša ana ke linoka, pula, metsi a lefatše. Lehlabula, mocheso oa metsi ka holimo ke 20 ° С, ka metsing a sa tebang - 25-30, ka botebo - ho fihlela ho 10 ° С. Matša a mangata a phatlalalitsoe ke SPNA.

[edit] Lisepa

Swamp li arotsoe libaka tse tlase, transigue le upland. Rephabliking ea Moldova, mekhoabo o lula lihekthere tse 16,5. E tloaelehileng haholo liphuleng tsa Alatyr, Moksha, Sura. Ho na le libaka tse nang le libaka tse tlaase, tse pharalletseng ka beseng ea Vada, hammoho le libakeng tse nang le likhohola. E ba le sebaka se bataletseng kapa se sephara. Li khetholloa ke phepo e ntle ea liminerale, limela tse fapaneng (lehlaka, li-peretails, sedges, mosses, lihlahla tsa phaene, phaene, birch, meru e meholo ea alder). Lipere tse tsamaeang hangata li ba sebakeng se metsi. Ba iphepa ka pula. Li na le sebopeho sa khanya, tse nang le phepo e ntle ea liminerale, acid e matla ea metsi le matla a limela tsa sphagnum ka har'a limela, ho fihlela lihlahla le phaena tse fokolang. Phetoho e nka sebaka se mahareng lipakeng tsa libaka tse tlaase le tse tlase. Ts'ebetsong ea ho iphetola ha lintho, li fetela holimo ka lebaka la phepelo ea phepo e nepahetseng ea liminerale, ka lebaka la bofokoli ba butle butle ba ts'oaetso ea metsi a ka holim'a metsi kapa a ka tlas'a lefatše. Phetoho e tsamaea le phetoho ea limela. Lisepa ke likarolo tsa bohlokoahali tikolohong ea tlhaho tse amehang lits'ebetsong tsa hydrological le biological. Sebeletsa e le batsamaisi ba tlholeho ba metsi a ka tlasa lefatše le metsi a ka tlase. Bongata ba bona Rephaboliking ea Moldova ho phatlalalitsoe hore ke libaka tse sireletsehileng.

[edit] Mobu

Mefuta e fapaneng ea topographic. maemo, sebopeho sa lefats'e, mafika a batsoali, limela, boemo ba leholimo bo ile ba etsa hore ho be le ba bangata mobu oa taxonomic o fapaneng. maemo. Ho na le mefuta ea 12 ho republic, 25 subtypes le palo e kholo ea genera le mefuta ea mobu. Podzolic, moru o moputsoa, ​​grey ea morung e putsoa, ​​chernozems, mehendi ea chernozem, sehlopha sa mefuta ea mobu oa mobu o fumanehang ka bongata, mobu oa sebaka se thata sa mabopo. Tse ling kaofela li fumanoa libakeng tse nyane. Mobu oa podzolic o tloaelehile bophirima. le leboea-bophirima libaka - Atyurievsky, Yelnikovsky, Zubovo-Polyansky, Kovylkinsky, Krasnoslobodsky, Tengushevsky, Temnikovsky, Torbeevsky, li fumaneha leboea-bochabela. - Ardatovsky, Bolsheignatovsky, litereke tsa Ichalkovsky. E etselitsoe ho moraine, fluvioglacial le li-alluvial tsa khale tsa li-amana. granulometric e bobebe. sebopeho tlasa li-conifers, li-deciduous-conifers le coniferous-wideleaf. meru e koahetsoeng ke moss le sehlahla sa moss. O sebelisa lihekthe tse likete li 103,4, 6.4% ea sebaka sohle S.kh. naha. Ho na le li-subtypes tse 2. Podzolic - e matla. 1.5-2.5 m, litaba tsa humus holimo. likarolo tsa profil 0.3-0.5%, karabelo e acidic haholo. Sod-podzolic - e nonneng - lintlha tse 20-30), li matla. bophahamo ba humus ho tloha ho 11 cm ka loamy ho ea ho 22 cm - ka lehlabathe la loam, litaba tsa humus ke 1.5-3%, naetrojene, phosphorous, potasiamo e nyane, karabelo ke acidic.

Meru ea gley ea morung e fumaneha har'a meriti ea moru e putsoa ka tlas'a khatello ea maikutlo. dikarolo tsa matsoapo, liphororo tse salletsoeng ke metsi. Lihekthere tse likete tse 19, 1,2% ea sebaka sohle S.kh. naha. E thehiloe tlasa sephiri. meru e nang le metsi le makala a mongobo a kopaneng a joang. Li tšoana le ho morphology ho ea morung e putsoa, ​​eo ho eona li fapaneng ka ho khoahlapisa ka mokhoa oa libaka tse bobebe, tse bosootho bo bosootho le boputsoa, ​​botenya bo fetang ba bophahamo ba humus le karolo e phahameng ea humus.

Sehlopha sa meru ea alluvial (rainplain) e lula 11% ea sebaka sohle. S.kh. naha. Boholo ba tsona li tlas'a mobu oa mehende e nang le alluvial hangata e sebelisoang ho s. x-ve. Ka keketseho. Alluvial soddy, bohareng, li tloaelehile libakeng tsa noka tsa likhohola.- alluvial meadow, setsing., Ho omella matša a khale, haholo libakeng tsa teropo, alluvial boggy silt-humus-gley le alluvial bog silt-peat mobu. Rephabliking, 409.1 likete tse (15,7%)

Flora ea Mordovia

Kua Mordovia ho na le meru ea naha e nang le meru, e nang le limela le li-steppe. Meru mona e tsoakane ebile e arolelitsoe hohle. Li lema phaene le phaene, larch le molora, oak oak le limmapa, elm le warty birch, linden e ntšo le popole.

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Larch

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Oak

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Sefate sa Elm

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Ho tloha ka tlas'a limela le litlama mona u ka fumana Hazel, molora oa thaba, euonymus, likhahla tsa phula, li-buckthorn, parnip, le lijalo.

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Molora oa thaba

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Semela

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Lungwort

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Har'a limela tse sa tloaelehang, ho lokela ho boleloa tse latelang:

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• - Iketsetse lefeela,
• - morung anemone,
• - Adonis selemo,
• - khahla ea Saranac,
• - lerato lehloa le lecha,
• - Russia hazel grouse,
• - lumbago ile a bula Perennial,
• - slipper ke ea nnete,
• - Litelu tse litelu tsa Siberia.

Iketsetse lefeela

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Tala ea Lyubov e tala

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Venus e thellisang ea 'nete

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Sebakeng sa repaboliki ha ho fumanoe feela li-depositi tse ncha tsa mefuta e meng ea limela tsa limela, empa hape ho fumanoe le palo ea limela tseo pele ho neng ho nahanoang hore ha li sa fumaneha ka botlalo. Bakeng sa ho li eketsa le ho boloka mefuta e setseng, ho ile ha etsoa libaka tse 'maloa tsa polokelo ho la Mordovia.

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Fauna ea Mordovia

Baemeli ba liphoofolo tsa lefats'e la Mordovia ba lula merung le matsoapong a moru. Muskrat le muskrat li lula mona, pestle pestle le rat rat e tloaelehileng, beaver le squirrel tse bonojoana fatše, jerboa e kholo le marten. Ka har'a meru u ka fumana likolobe tsa moose le tse hlaha, lynxes tse tloaelehileng, mehloaare, squirrels.

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Muskrat

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Squirrel fatshe

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Lefatše la linonyana le na le mefuta e mengata ebile le fapane, le emeloa ke hazel grouse, titmouse, mapolanka, capercaillie, li-blackbird, khoeli ea lehlaka, makhopho a maoto a bofubelu, li-balabans, makhoaba a batsho, ntsu e nang le tai e tšoeu, e jang linoha, le peregrine falcon. Ka metsing a polokelo ho na le bo-bream le sabrefish, pike le ide, catfish le loach, char le tench, sterlet le pike perch.

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Tit

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Khoeli ea khoeli ea Reed

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E ja joka

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Ke liphoofolo tse sa tloaelehang tsa Mordovia:

Bison

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Swallowtail

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Likhama tse khubelu

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Kaha sebopeho sa Mordovia se na le maruo ebile se fapaneng, empa polokeho ea sona e sokeloa ke ts'ebetso ea anthropogenic, libaka tsa polokelo li ntse li etsoa, ​​'me mehato ea tikoloho e ntse e nkuoa. Park ea Naha ea Smolny e thehiloe repabliking, sebakeng seo liphoofolo tse ngata li lulang ho sona le limela tsa mefuta e fapaneng li hola.

Maemo a leholimo a le teng ka nako ea Mordovia

Mordovia e sebakeng se nang le boemo ba leholimo bo futhumetseng, ka hona phetoho ea linako tsa selemo mona e bitsoa haholo. Boemo ba leholimo ba Mordovian bo khetholloa ke mariha a batang a mariha le mariha a chesang haholo.

Nako ea serame e qala kamora November 6. Hangata mariha ho na lipula tse nang le serame se fokolang. Khoeling e batang ka ho fetisisa ke Pherekhong, ha mocheso o tloaelehileng oa khoeli le khoeli o tloha ho - 11.1 - -6,6 degrees Celsius.

Nako ea hoetla ea selemo ho Mordovia ke pheletso ea Hlakubele - qalo ea Mmesa. Metsoalle ea hae ea pele ke menyakoe ea fihlang. Hamorao ho hlaha lark le starlings. Palesa ea linonyana e qala ho thunya bohareng, mme lilac - bofelong ba Mots'eanong. Nako ea selemo e fela bofelong ba Mots'eanong, 'me e ba nako ea matsatsi a ka bang 58.

Lehlabula ho Mordovia le nka matsatsi a 91 ho isa ho a 96 'me le fela ka matsatsi a ho qetela a Phato.

Nako ea hoetla ea selemo e qala ka matsatsi a pele a Loetse mme e tšoailoe ke ho oa ha lekhapetla la popola. Pula e kopantsoe. Hoetla ho Mordovia ho nka ho fihlela lilemo tse leshome tsa pele tsa November.

Jografi le liphallelo tsa Rephabliki ea Mordovia

Rephaboliki ea Mordovia e karolong e bohareng ea Phula ea Russia pakeng tsa linoka tsa Oka le Sura. E lutse motheong oa mohato oa steppe le libaka tsa tlhaho tsa moru.

Sebaka se felletseng sa repaboliki ke lisekoere tse likete tse 26,2. km

Rephabliki ea Mordovia e seha meeli ho:

• Sebaka sa Nizhny Novgorod (leboea),
• Sebaka sa Penza (boroa),
• Setereke sa Ryazan (bophirima),
• Ulyanovsk sebakeng (bochabela),
• Chuvashia (leboea-bochabela).

Phomolo ea repaboliki ke sebaka se sephara, se nang le lithaba ebile se phahame (karolo e ka boroa-bochabela), se tlase ebile se bataletse phuleng ea Noka ea Moksha le litefiso tsa eona (bophirima le leboea-bophirima).

Libaka tse ka bochabela li emeloa ke lihloela tsa Volga Upland tse nang le khutso e matsutla-tsutla. Libaka tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa - Alatyrsky Val (sehlaba sa likhohlo tsa Mordovian) li ka bochabela ho Mordovia lipakeng tsa linoka tsa Insara le Sura.

Karolo e ka bophirima ea repaboliki ke sebaka se bataletseng se bataletseng se nang le liphallelo tse arohaneng hanyane.

Metsi a metsi ke sethala se bataletseng, e leng se hlahisang mofuta o fapaneng ponong ea naha. Mona ho na le libaka tsa likhohola tsa likhohola le likhohola tsa likhohola tse thehiloeng ke li-alluvial deposits.

Maemo a leholimo le mobu

Tlelaemete e futhumetse naha ka bophara e batang le mariha a lehloa le mariha a futhumetseng. Ka lebaka la sebaka se kopaneng sa sebaka seo, maemo a leholimo ha a khetholloe hantle.

Nako ea nako ea mofuthu ke matsatsi a 209-214. Selemo se potlakile (matsatsi a 69-71).

Thempereichara ea letsatsi le letsatsi ka nako e batang ea sepheo e tsoa ho -8 ho isa ho -18 ºº, 'me ka lehlabula - ho tloha +15 ho ea ho2525 ºº.

Pula e tloaelehileng ea selemo le selemo ke 450-500 mm. Boholo ba pula (70%) e oela nakong e futhumetseng, ho tloha ka Mmesa ho fihlela Mphalane. Pula e fokolang e bonoa ka Hlakola (15-30 mm).

Ho tloha matsatsing a 37 ho isa ho a 44 ka selemo ho na le meea e omileng, komello e ba teng nako le nako.

Tse atileng haholo ke maemo a leholimo a koahetsoeng ke maru le meteo.

Mobu oa repaboliki o fapana ka tsoalo. Motsoako oa li-chernozems tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa podzolised le leached (44%), meaho ea mobu o moputsoa oa moru le libaka tse nyane tsa mobu oa sod-podzolic.

Ka liphuleng tsa linoka tse kholo le lipehelo tsa tsona ho na le mobu oa likhohola (3,2%).

Lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho

Lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho tsa Rephabliki ea Mordovia li kenyelletsa:

Mehlodi ya metsi. Ho na le linoka tse ka bang 360 tse phallang ka har'a rephabliki. Khokahano eohle ea linoka ke ea mokato oa Moksha le Sura. Linōka li phaphamala ka tsela e nang le khutso, liphula le libaka tse phallang ka matla. Linoka tse kholo ke Alatyr, Sura, Piana, Insar, Sivin, Moksha, Wad, Issa, Vysha, le Partza. Lijo tse tsoakaneng tsa noka - mobu le lehloa le pula. Ho na le matša a 'maloa, letša le leholo ka ho fetisisa ke Churilki le sebaka sa lihekthere tse 41. Matlo a maholo a bolulo - Tokmokovskoye, B. Sarke-Tarasovskoye, Alatyr, Seitme, Pyrmé - ke litsi tsa ts'ebeliso e thata. Mehloli ea metsi a ka tlase ho lefatše e bohlokoa, empa ho sebelisitsoe feela 5-6%.

Limineralee Ho ile ha fumanoa litša: Ore ea tšepe e sootho, phosphorites, peat, lipente tsa liminerale. Haufi le linoka Sura, Vad, Moksha ho na le li-amana tsa bog oak. Matlo a bohlokoa a lisebelisoa tsa moaho: li-amana tsa mafika le li-chl-chalk (litereke tsa Chamzinsky le Bolshebereznikovsky), marl le tjhoko (Atemarskoye, Kulyasovskoye, Piterskoye deposits), tripoli (libaka tse ka bochabela tsa Mordovia), limestone (leboea-bophirima-bophirima). , Saransk), lets'ollo, litene, letsopa la letsopa (Shishkeevskoe le lijana tsa Nikitskoe).

Mobu oa lefatše le lisebelisoa tsa mobu. Ke motheo oa tlhaho oa tlhahiso ea temo. Sebakeng sa repabliki, litereke tse 'maloa li khetholloa ke ho fumaneha ha mobu o nonneng: libaka tse nang le chelete e tlase (Temnikovsky, Tengushevsky, Zubovo-Polyansky) - mobu oa sod-podzolic, ho fumaneha ho tlase (Ichalkovsky, Bolsheignatovsky, Krasnoslobodsky, svsky-solsvsky - svskky - svlzky - szsk. , ho fumaneha ka bongata boemo ba bobeli ba polokeho (Lambirsky, Romodanovsky, Chamzinsky, Atyashevsky, litereke tsa Atyuryevsky, toropo ea Saransk) - li-chernozems tse nonneng haholo.

Indastering ea kaho, motheong oa li-mineral amana, litene tsa silika le letsopa, lehloako la letsopa le atolositsoeng, lithibelo, lejoe la mokoetla, kharafu ea carbonate, boea ba liminerale, lejoe le sithabetseng le hlahisoa;

Flora le fauna

Mefuta ea limela le limela tsa Mordovia ka tlhaho ea tsona li ka amahanngoa le libaka tse moru le meru ea mehleng ea tsona.

Sekhahla sa limela se emeloa ke ho fetoloa ha meru e nang le mobu o nonneng le mehato ea methapo kapa likarolo tsa methapo ea methapo.

Meru e tsoakiloe, mefuta e menyenyane e nang le makhasi a mangata e lula e le teng: alder, birch, linden. Lihlahla tse thata li lula libakeng tse kholo: molora, oak, maple. 25% ea meru e emeloa ke meru ea coniferous (haholo spruce le phaene).

Setšoantšo sa 1. Sebopeho se tloaelehileng sa Mordovia. Author24 - phapanyetsano ea marang-rang ea mesebetsi ea baithuti

Mehato ea steppes e fumanoa haufi le moru, libakeng tsa linoka, haufi le matsoapo a maballo le likhohlo.

Mefuta ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea limela tsa steppe ke lijo-thollo tse mabothobotho: joang ba masiba, feshene, lehlaka le leputsoa, ​​mohloa oa nako le nako. Ba lebala-me-nots ba tloaelehile lebala-me-nots, clover, adonis.

Hoo e ka bang halofo ea naha eohle e nang le limela e oela holim'a makhulo matsoapong a linoka. Li-cereal (li-celery tsa mehendi, metsing bluegrass, fescue e khubelu, joalo-joalo) le li-legumes (allealflefa, clover e khubelu, joalo-joalo) li hola mona. Ho na le limela tse ngata tsa kalafo: hemophilus, valerian, yarrow, tatellano le tse ling.

Libata tsa repaboliki li fapane haholo. Phokojoe le liphiri lia hlolla, libakeng tse hole u ka fumana lynx, bere le moose. Liphoofolo tsa bohlokoa tse nang le boea li lula mona: squirrels, badger, martens, weasels, hares. Li-jerboas tse ngata, li-squirrel tsa fatše, maseka, li-beavers, muskrats, otter. Hona le mefuta e mengata ea lipina le maeba, libakeng tse ntšo grouse le capercaillie li lula.

Mefuta e latelang ea litlhapi e bohlokoa haholo khoebong: ide, bream, pike, chub, catfish, burbot, crucian carp.