Litšobotsi tse akaretsang le litšobotsi tsa tšimo

Bonoako bo boholo bo bohareng (bo bonyenyane hanyane ho feta leeba le hlooho e ntšo le leeba, hoo e ka bang 25% e nyane ho feta lerootho le hlooho e putsoa). O na le hlooho e sootho ha a apere seaparo sa ka ntle (o shebahala o le lerootho ho tloha hole), moeli oa 'mala o sootho molaleng oa nonyana e emeng e emeng - o tloha lethekeng ho ea molaleng (bakeng sa mahlo a manyane le hlooho e ntšo, lihlooho tsa seaparo sa ka ntle li ntšo, ho kenyeletsa le nape, ka hona, moeli o motšo. mebala e batla e lekana). Lipheletso tsa mapheo li sootho (bakeng sa lihlooho tse ntšo le tse bosoeu bo bosoeu), bokantle ba mapheo bo bobebe (hobane lerootho le lenyenyane le bohlooho bo lefifi). Letšoao le khanyang liaparong tsohle ke sephaka se bopehileng joaloka sebopeho se sephara, se ntse se hola ka karolo e kahare ea naha, se entsoe ka mapheo a mantlha le likhukhuni.

Liaparong tsa mariha, e tšoana ka leeba le lengata, empa e fapana le eona ka molala o mokhuts'oane le molomo, phatleng e phahameng. Linonyana tse nyane ho latela semelo sa karolo e kaholimo ea mapheo li khona ho khetholoha ho linonyana tse nyane tsa mefuta e meng ea mekholutsoane (ka leeba le tšoanang la leoatle, lehlakore le holimo le bobebe). Ka lilemo tsohle, leqhubu la Amerika Larus phiiadelphia ea Amerika e tšoana le lebopo la leoatle, le khetholloang pakeng tsa maballo a Amerika ka lifofane tse atisang ho fihla Europe (sefofane sa "graph-graphite head" seaparong se secha se ts'oana le sebopeho sa letša, mapheo a teng ka tlase a bobebe, athe letša le fela ka tlase. li lefifi ho feta karolo e ka tlase ea lepheo). Asia Bohareng, tlhaloso e lokela ho nka ho tšoana le ho ba le putsoa ka hlooho e ntšo hanyane ka hanyane hape e na le lesela le bosesaane.

Tlhaloso

Colouring. Monna le mosali ba apereng liaparo. Hlooho ea nape, chin le 'metso li sootho. Mahlo a ka holimo le ka tlase a moeling oa mohala o mosoeu o mosoeu. Bokapele ba ka pele le bohareng le bohareng bo na le bohlooho. Karolong e ka thōko ea lepheo, letheba le bosoeu bo bosootho le ea holimo ho fihlela qetellong ea lepheo. Liphetho tsa II - VII ea "li-flyworms tsa mantlha li sootho, qetellong ea VIII sebaka se setšo se bosoeu bo bofubelu. Maemo a mang kaofela ke molala, 'mele o tlase, mohatla le hypochondrium li tšoeu. Molomo, metlae ea lintja, maoto - bofubelu bo lefifi, boea bo sootho. E motona le e motšehali ka seaparo sa mariha. Joalo ka moaparo oa lenyalo, hlooho e tšoeu. Leihlo le na le mebala e ntšo ka pele. Tlas'a leihlo (ka linako tse ling ka mor'a eona) le sebakeng sa masiba a tsebe, libaka tse bosoeu bo bosootho. Ho na le maqhubu a mahlakoreng a mahlakore (litsebeng tse ka masoba a tsebe) a ka hokahantsoeng ke mohala o lefifi o fetang hloohong. Bill e bofubelu bo bofubelu ka pheletso e lefifi, maoto a bofubelu bo bobebe.

Liaparo. Ocher-brown (e fapana haholo) ka matheba a maholo a sootho-sootho ka libopeho tse fapaneng. Molomo oa hae o litšila ebile o na le 'mala o nang le' mala o phethehileng ka bofifi, maoto le ona o litšila ebile o bobebe.

Liaparo tsa Nesting. Hlooho e sootho, e bobebe ka pele le likarolo tse tlase. Ho eona u ka khetholla sebaka se lefifi ka pel'a leihlo, lesela ka tlas'a leihlo le sebaka sebakeng sa tsebe, letheba le bobebe ka morao ho leihlo. Bokantle ba molala le bokapele ba mokokotlo bo sootho ka 'mala o moputsoa. Bokapele ba mokokotlo bo bohlooho ke phetoho ea ho ba tšoeu sebakeng sa seaparo sa supra-mantle. Mohatla o mosoeu ka 'mala o moputsoa oa' mala o moputsoa oa 15-25 mm ka bophara, o lateloa ke moeli o moqotetsane oa 'mala qetellong ea masiba (lehlakoreng le leng la helmsmen sebaka se apereng se kanna sa ba sieo kapa se senyenyane). Masiba a bosoasoi a sootho ka 'mala o moputsoa oa' mala o mosehla le bohlooho. Li-flywheel tse nyane tse nang le lipheo tse lefifi. Mofuta oa mantlha oa ho fofa ke 'mala o moputsoa ka' mala o mosoeu (II - V) le boea bo botala (VI - VII), bo fetohileng bo sa bonahaleng VIII - XI e fofa. Mapheo a koahelang ka holimo a tšoeu, a sootho ebile a boputsoa bo fapaneng ba 'mala o sootho le o sootho. Likoaelo tse ka tlas'a 'mala ke tse putsoa, ​​qetellong ea lepheo li tšoeu. Mmele o ka tlase o soeufetse ka lesela le bokhubung bo bofubelu, bo otlolohileng sefubeng. Bill e litšila mosehla ka pheletso e lefifi, maoto a 'mala o litšila.

Seaparo sa pele sa mariha. Joaloka seaparo sa mariha bakeng sa batho ba baholo, empa mohatla le mapheo, 'me ka linako tse ling mahetla, li bolokiloe ho tloha seaparong sa nesting.

Liaparo tsa pele tsa lehlabula. Joalo ka seaparo sa pele sa mariha, empa hlooho ea linonyana tse ngata e sootho ka likhoele tse tšoeu, haholo phatleng, 'metso hangata e batla e tšoeu. Mokhoa oa bongoaneng mapheo le mohatla o bile bobebe ka lebaka la ho ts'oaroa. Liaparong tsa bobeli tsa mariha, linonyana ka linako tse ling li fapana le batho ba baholo, ho latela matšoao a lefifi mapheo (haholo makaleng a mapheo a mantlha). Linonyana ka seaparong sa mating li na le matheka a masoeu lihloohong tsa tsona ho bonahala li le lilemo li peli. Litlhaloso tse qaqileng li fanoa ka har'a lingoliloeng (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983).

Sebopeho le boholo

Lintlha tse mabapi le boholo ba linonyana tse baholo nakong ea nesting bakeng sa lintlha tse tharo tsa li-USSR li akaretsoa ka ho teana. 2.

Lintlha tsa ikonomi

Khetho ea linonyana tsa Bochabela bo Hare e le subspecies ea Larus ridibundus sibiricus Buturlin, 1911 motheong oa boholo bo batlang bo le boholo e nkuoa e sa lokisoe (Kozlova, 1932, e qotsitsoeng ke: Dementiev, 1951).

L. ridibundus ,. L. cirrocephalus, L. maculipennis li amana haholo 'me li kopane hammoho le L. hartlaubii, L. novaehollandie, L. buileri, L. serranus, hammoho le mofuta o mong o hole haholo oa L. brunnicephalus, L. saundersi, L. philadelphia le mofuta oa L. genei. sehlopha se ikhethileng hantle (Cramp, Simmons, 1983).

Ho jaleha

Metsi a makatsang. Keketseho e matla ea mefuta e qalile lekholong la bo19 la lilemo, empa e ne e bonahala haholo lekholong la bo20 la lilemo, leo ho thoeng le amana le ho futhumala ha maemo a leholimo, paballo e ntlafalitsoeng linaheng tse ngata, le nts'etsopele ea mehloli e mecha ea phepo ea anthropogenic ke li-gulls (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983).

Moeli oa libaka tsa sejoale-joale ka leboea kantle ho USSR o kenyelletsa sehlekehleke sa Newfoundland (sehlaha sa pele ka 1977), ka boroa-bophirima ho Greenland (ho tloha ka 1969), Iceland, Lihlekehleke tsa Faroe, Lihlekehleke tsa Brithani, li haola ka leboea ho Hloahloeng ea Scandinavia le Finland (Glutz V. Bloezheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983). Ho USSR, moeli o ka leboea oa sebaka sena o kenyelletsa Letša la Onega mme o feta haufi le Arkhangelsk (Stepanyan, 1975), o kenyelletsa libaka tse holimo tsa Vychegda (Estafiev, 1981a), o feta Urals hoo e ka bang ka 60 ° N, hoo e ka bang ka 67 ° N. hodima Ob, 65 ° N ho Yenisei (Stepanyan, 1975), 65 ° N ka kotloloho ea Vilyui - Marche, 68 ° N ho Kolyma (Degtyarev et al., 19816, Perfiliev, 1981). Mefuta e fumanehang Kamchatka le leboea ho hloahloeng e Koryak Upland, hammoho le sehlekehlekeng sa Karaginsky (Lobkov, 1975, 1981a). Ha ho na data ea ho hlaba libakeng tse kholo lebopong le ka bophirima la Leoatle la Okhotsk, empa lihlaha lebopong la eona le ka boroa, mohlala, libakeng tse tlase tsa Noka ea Amur (Roslyakov, Roslaya, 1981). Ka G.P. Dementieva (1951), lihlaha ho Sakhalin, empa bangoli ba morao ha ba tiisa sena (Gizenko, 1955).

Moeli o ka boroa oa sehlaha ka bophirima o kenyelletsa lihlaha tse ikhethang Spain, ka boroa ho Fora, lihlekehlekeng tsa Sardinia le Sicily, phula ea noka. Ho ea ka Italy, leboea la Yugoslavia le Bulgaria, li arola lihlaha tse karolong e bohareng le e ka bochabela ea Turkey (GiUtz V. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983). Ho USSR, moeli oa sebaka se pharalletseng o haola le lebopo le ka leboea la Leoatle le Letšo (o le sieo Crimea - Kostin, 1983), o kenyelletsa le lirephabliki tsa Transcaucasian, o potoloha Caspian ho tloha leboea, o feta le mabopo a Volga delta (Lugovoi, 1958), ho theosa le mabopo a Kamysh-Samara, Aktyubinsk. leoatle le kenyelletsa karolo ea lona e ka leboea, Syr Darya, libaka tse tlase tsa Kazakhstan boroa le bochabela (Dolgushin, 1962), Issyk-Kul le matša a Son-Kel a Kyrgyzstan (Kydyraliev, 1981). Meaho ea Nesting e boetse e tsejoa Letšeng. Aidar-kule (Mukhina, 1983). Ntle le USSR, moeli o ka boroa o feta naheng ea Mongolia, moo lihloho tse 'mala o moputsoa li fumanehang matšeng le linokeng tsa bophirima, leboea-bophirima le likarolo tse bohareng tsa naha (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983). Buir-Hyp - le Mongolia bochabela, e kenyelletsa China leboea-bochabela le Soviet Primorye (Dementiev, 1951, Polivanova, 1971).

Seane 24. Sebaka sa kabo ea lerootho-hlooho
1 - mefuta ea mefuta, 2 - moeli o sa hlalosoang oa mefuta, 3 - libaka tsa mariha

Mariha

Baahi ba kenang ka leboea le botjhabela ba January isotherm ea –2,5 ° C ke bajaki; ba lula sehlekehlekeng sa Britane le sehlekehlekeng sa Mediterranean; maemong a mangata linonyana tse nyane li falla libakeng tse bohareng, 'me ho batho ba baholo li tloha bochabela ho ea ho tse ling Bophirimela ho na le tloaelo e ntseng e eketseha ea ho phela bophelo bo rarolohileng. Ka bongata, e hibernate boroa le bophirima ba 0 ° C isotherm (Glutz v. Blotzheim le Bauer, 1982). Kahoo, hoo e batlang e le linaha tsohle tsa Europe li kena sebakeng sa mariha sa leqhubu la letša, moo maemo a mariha a mariha, leoatle la leoatle la Leoatle la Leoatle la Leoatle le la Caspian, hammoho le leoatle la Leoatle la India le Pacific, le hlatsoang boroa le bochabela (boroa ho 45 ° N) ho e lumella. .) lebopo la k'honthinente ea Asia. Lilemong tse mashome tse fetileng, seagull e qalile mariha lebopong la Amerika Leboea ho tloha Newfoundland ho ea New York, lebopong le ka bophirima la Afrika ka boroa ho ea Nigeria, Mali le Niger (qetellong, e kanna ea tšela Sahara), le linaheng tsa bochabela. lebopong la Afrika ka nqa ea boroa esita le Kenya le Tanzania, moo keketseho ea palo ea linonyana tsa mariha e amanang le keketseho ea palo ea linonyana tse nang le lihlooho tse ntšo ho USSR (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982, Cramp, Simmons, 1983).

Bakeng sa lintja tse fumanehang ho USSR, mariha le ho falla li ithutile ka botlalo ho baahi ba East Baltic, ho kopanya linonyana tsa Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania le Kaliningrad. (Schiiz, Weigold, 1931, Taurins le ba bang, 1953, Jõgi, 1957, Viksne, 1961, 1962, 1968a, Shevareva, 1965, Vaitkevicius, Skuodis, 1965, jj.). Mariha, linonyana tsena li ile tsa fumanoa sebakeng se seholo ho tloha lihlekehlekeng tsa Canary le lebopong le ka leboea-bophirima la Afrika ho ea lebopong le ka bochabela la Leoatle le Letšo (litlhokahalo ka bomong li Bahamas le Caspian), leha ho le joalo, lebopo le ka bophirima la Leoatle la Baltic - ka boroa ho Sweden, le lokela ho nkuoa e le libaka tse tummeng haholo tsa mariha bakeng sa bongata bona. Denmark, leboea ba GDR, lebopo la Leoatle le ka Leboea, ho kenyelletsa le leboea-bophirima ba Jeremane, Netherlands, Belgium, lebopo le ka leboea la Fora le halofo e ka boroa ea Lihlekehleke tsa Borithane, lebopo la Atlantic la Fora le Hloahloeng ea Iberia, matša le linoka kontinenteng (haholo-holo Jeremane, Switzerland, Hungary), hammoho le Leoatle la bophirimela, haholo-holo lebopo la Adriatic leboea, noka ea linoka. Pau, ka boroa ho Fora.

Mariha ana a fihlella haholo ka mekhoa e 'meli: 1) lihlapi tsa leoatleng li tšela Leoatle la Baltic ka nqa e ka bophirimela ebe li oela karolong e ka boroa ea Sweden le Denmark, ho tloha moo li fihla Leoatleng le ka Leboea la Atlantic Europe le Afrika, ebe li haola le naha e bohareng, li oela Switzerland le Leoatle la Leoatle la Mediterranean, 2 ) linonyana li tsamaea lebopong le ka bochabela la Leoatle la Baltic, li feta sebakeng sa Kaliningrad. (e fofa ka tsela ea pele ka nako eo e neng e se e le teng Denmark), ba kena Poland le GDR, moo ba tšelang naha e bohareng ebe ba fihla Leoatleng la Adriatic. Mefuta ea linonyana ea leoatleng karolong e ka leboea ea sebaka sa Baltic e tloaetse ho tsamaea litseleng tsa pele tse hlalositsoeng ka holimo, e le nesting karolong e ka boroa - ho ea bobeli.

Li-seagulls libakeng tse bohareng ba karolo ea Europe ea USSR - Moscow, Ivanovo, Ryazan le Yaroslavl - li etsahala mariha ho tloha ka boroa ho France ka bophirima ho ea Caspian ka bochabela, empa linako tsa tsona tsa mariha ke lebopo le Letšo le lebopo le ka boroa-bochabela ho Leoatle la Azov, lebopong la Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece, le bochabela Mediterranean (molomo oa Nile, Lebanon, Cyprus, joalo-joalo), bohareng le bohareng ba Danube, Switzerland (Ptushenko, 1948, Sapetina, 1959, 1962, Shevareva, 1965). Nakong ea ho fallela libakeng tsa mariha, linonyana tsena li lula li le haufi le likhoeli tse 3 bohareng le bohareng ba Dnieper, libakeng tse tlase tsa Don le Leoatleng la Azov, tse ileng tsa etsa hore ho khonehe ho khetholla se bitsoang sefofane se bohareng ho tloha ho bona (Shevareva, 1965).

Maqhubu a lihlooho tse ntšo tsa Kazakhstan le Siberia Bophirimela (Dolgushin, 1962, Khodkov, 1977a) mariha a Caspian, mohlomong, hape le mabopong a Persia ea Persia le Leoatle la Arabia. Ho beha thepa ho thehile mariha a matša a letša la Kamchatka naheng ea Japane (Sugawa et al., 1982).

Ho falla

Ho tloheloa ha likolone ho qala hang kamora ho phahama ha linonyana tse nyane ho ea lepheo, ho latela nako e fapana ka ho fapana ho latela maemo a sebaka sa selemo ka selemo se fanoeng mme ho etsahala haholoholo ho tloha ho la mashome a mararo la Pherekhong ho isa qalong ea Phato. Li-gulls tse nang le lihlooho tse ntšo li tšoauoa ka ho fallisoa ha li-nest-nesting, moo linonyana li lulang hole le sebaka sa phepelo ha li na tataiso (Ptushenko, 1948 le tse ling), hape li ka bontšoa ka tsela e haufi le sebaka sa phatlalatso (Viksne, 1968a). Malinyane a hlooho e ntšo a fihla libakeng tsa bona tsa mariha tse hole haholo bohareng ba December; ka Pulungoane palo ea bona e fokotsehile moo. Libakeng tse haufi tsa mariha (ka mohlala, Adriatic, boroa-bophirima ho Baltic), gulls e lula ho tloha bofelong ba Mphalane - qalong ea November ho fihlela bohareng ba Mphalane. Linako tsa ho fihla li fapana haholo ho latela nako ea selemo, empa ho fihla ha letlooa, joalo ka pejana ho feta hore metsi a se na leqhoa.

Mohlala, naheng ea Estonia ho tloha ka 1948-1966. setsha sa pele se fihlile ka karolelano ka la 7 Mmesa, seboka sa pele e ne e le 23.111 (Rootsmae, Rootsmae, 1976), Setereke sa Kalinin. bakeng sa lilemo tse 36 tsa ho bonoa ka 26.III-23.IV, ka karolelano ea 7-8.IV, sefofane se seholo 1-17.IV (Zinoviev et al., 1981), Letšeng Kiyovo pele batho ka mong 24.Ill - 8.IV, ponahalo ea bongata 30.111-27.IV (Isakov et al., 1947), batho ba pele ho Baraba steppe matsatsing a pele a leshome a Mphalane, ba fofa ka la mashome a mabeli la Mots'eanong, ka ho fetisisa bofelong ba Mmesa - qalong ea Mots'eanong (Khodkov, 1977a). Letšeng la Baikal (karolong e ka boroa), ho na le leqhubu la letša bohareng ba Mphalane (Scriabin, Razmakhnina, 1978). Libakeng tse ka tlase tsa Syr Darya, linonyana tsa pele li hlaha bofelong ba Hlakubele, li falla haholo ka Hlakubele, ho Alma-Ata 10–19.111, haufi le Semipalatinsk 7–17.IV (Dolgushin, 1962).

Palo

Ho qala lekholong la XX la lilemo. Keketseho ea lipalo le keketseho ea libaka tsa bolulo Europe Bophirimela e ntse e tsoela pele linaheng tse ngata hona joale. Ka bo-1970, keketseho ea linaha tsa Europe, ntle le USSR, e ile ea hakanngoa bonyane likete tse 1,400 tsa likhahla (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982). Liphatlalatso tsa morao-rao tse mabapi le linaha ka bonngoe (Saurola, ka: Hyytia, Kellomaki, Koistinen, 1983) li fana ka maikutlo a hore pakeng tsa likete tse 1515 le 1820 tsa li-joala tse likete tsa letša tse khangoang karolong ena ea sebaka. Ho tsena, lihlaha tse likete tse 150 tsa Finland, tse 270 tse likete ho Sweden, tse likete tse 210 ho la Denmark, 67 tse likete ho la Jeremane, tse likete tse 90 ho la Democratic Republic ea Jeremane, tse likete tse 84,5 ho la Poland, le ba likete tse 200-350 ho Czechoslovakia. , Hungary - likete tse 12, Netherlands - makholo a 200, Lihlekehlekeng tsa Brithani - likepe tse likete tse 150-300.

Boikemisetso ba palo e felletseng ea matangoana a letša ho USSR haesale e ntse e etsoa bakeng sa libaka tse 'maloa tsa bophirima. Ka bo-1970 e ne e le: bakeng sa Estonia ba likete tse 80, Latvia 97,000, Lithuania lipara tse likete tse 30 (Viksne et al., 1981), Belarus tse likete tse lekholo (Naumchik, 1981), sebakeng sa Moscow. Li-pairs tse likete tse 30,32 (Zinoviev et al., 1981). Ho na le keketseho ea lipalo libakeng tse boletsoeng: naheng ea Estonia ka 1960, ka linonyana tse likete tse 20 ka selemo sa 1967-1969. - lipara tse likete tse 30 (Oppo, 1966, 1971), ho la Latvia bofelong ba 1930s - mathoasong a 1940s - lipara tse likete tse 10 (Berzins, 1946), ho tloha ka 1964-1966. - lipara tse likete tse 30 (Vicksne, Baltvilks, 1966), li-pairs tse likete tse 15-18 tse kentsoeng Lithuania lilemong tsa bo-1970 (Valius, 1974). Keketseho ea palo ea lintla-hlooho tse ntšo lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena e boetse e etsahetse libakeng tse ling ka leboea-bophirima le karolong e bohareng ea karolo ea Europe ea USSR (Zinoviev et al., 1981, Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983), hammoho le metseng e Kamchatka (Lobkov, 1981a )

Phepo e nepahetseng

E sebelisa phapang e fapaneng haholo, haholo ea lijo tsa liphoofolo, ka ho fetoloa habonolo ho mefuta e theko e tlaase haholo. Linaheng tsa Europe Bophirimela le Bohareng (Cramp, Simmons, 1983), nakong ea sehlaha, lits'oants'o tsa lefats'e (ho fihla ho 50% ea boima kaofela) le likokoanyana (hoo e ka bang ka 15%) li busa, lehlabula le hoetla boleng ba makhopho a lefatše a fokotseha, 'me bo fetela ho mefuta e meng ea li-invertebrate, litlhapi. , litholoana le. jala peo, maloanla a lijo, likokoanyana ha li jeoe hangata mariha, litlhapi le litšila tsa lijo li atile. Ka lebaka la maemo a fapaneng a fapaneng ka har'a mofuta oa 'mala o moputsoa, ​​ho na le liphapang tse ngata tse tsoang mofuteng ona, tse ikemiselitsoeng haholo ke ho hokahana ho ntseng ho eketseha le ho tebisa ha mefuta ka karolo ea bohlokoa ea bongata.

Ho hlahloba litaba tsa ka mpeng ho bokelletsoeng ka Mots'eanong - Loetse 1947-1959. Latvia (Tima, 1961), e bonts'a karolo e atileng ea li-invertebrates lijong. Haholo-holo, likokoana-hloko tsa lefatše li ile tsa busa ka Mots'eanong, li-dragonflies, likokoana-hloko le lidiploma - ka Phuptjane, Phupu, Phato le Phato, palo ea litlhapi tse nooang e ile ea eketseha, empa ka kakaretso e ne e le 3% feela ka maemo a hlahang. Ka hara lijo tsa litsuonyana tsa letlooa Engure (lebopong la Kou ea Riga), ho ba teng hoa phepelo ea anthropogenic ka ho hlaka (litšila tsa lijo, lijo-thollo) le litlhapi (tse kotuloang haholo libakeng tsa ho jarolla) li fetotsoe ka tsela e latelang: 1959 - 0% le 89.5%, 1963 - 23.3 % le 52.0%, 1971 - 52.1% le 35.2% (Viksne, 1975), e bonts'ang phetoho e kholo ho phepo e nepahetseng ea phepo e ntle ea leseli lena.

Bohareng ba karolo ea Europe ea USSR, ho ile ha etsoa lithuto tse hlakileng tsa phepo e nepahetseng ea linonyana tsa lewatle ka 1930 - 1936. letšeng Kiyovo (Isakov et al., 1947). Nakong ea selemo ea pele, litoeba tse kang khaba li ile tsa hlaha pele lijong tsa li-gulls (haholo-holo vrey e putsoa) - 62,8%, likokoanyana le li-invertebrates tse ling tse amanang le metsi - 26.1% ea ketsahalo eo.Nakong ea poloko, likokoana-hloko tsa likokoanyana (41,9%), likokoanyana tsa lefatše (26,2%), likhokonyana (28,3%), likholumo tsa likokoana-hloko li lula mobung (34,9%), le likokoanyana tsa lefats'e li busitse (18, 5%) hape e ile ea atleha nakong ea ho fepa malinyane. Liphoofolo tse kotsi temong (May beetles, larvae, larcreer larvae, vole grey, joalo-joalo) nakong ea nesting li hlahisitsoe ka 62.2% ea lijo ho latela liketsahalo, liphoofolo tse nang le thuso - 18,2%. Ka nako ya ho fallisoa ha nesting, litlhapi (45,2%), likokoanyana (14.5%) le thebe (30,7%) li ne li laola lijo, 'me mariha li le Caspian le Leoatleng le Letšo, litlhapi tse tšoasitsoeng haholo li tsoa lifekthering le lififing. Ka bo-1970, sebopeho sa phepelo ea makhopho a koloneng ea Kiev e ile ea fetoha haholo, kaha sebaka sa mantlha sa ho fepa e ne e le phepelo ea lithaba tsa malapeng (Zubakin, Kharitonov, 1978). Bakeng sa likolone tse ling tse 'maloa tsa sehlopha se bohareng sa karolo ea Europe ea USSR, karolo e kholo ha e bapisoa le kolone ea Kiev nakong ea nesting lijong e bapaloa ke lihlapi (Zinoviev et al., 1981).

Bokapele ba likokoanyana lijong ka nako ea lihlaha bo boetse bo bonoa tikolohong ea Novosibirsk. (Borodulina, 1960), Kazakhstan (Dolgushin, 1962) nakong ea selemo ka bongata bo ja litoeba tse kang tsa mouse, lehlabula - likokoanyana tse fapaneng tsa steppe, ho kenyelletsa le Prus, ka hoetla, ts'ebeliso ea litlhapi e eketseha. Letšeng la Baikal, lehakoe la leoatle le ja lijo tsa liphoofolo feela, tseo motheo oa tsona e leng li-invertebrates (Scriabin, Razmakhnina, 1978). Nakong ea selemo, 50.3% ea litaba tsa ka mpeng e ne e le li-gammarids, 30% - likokoanyana, mollusks, 11.8% - litlhapi. Lehlabuleng, likokoanyana (mayflies, dragonflies, caddis flies, dipterans, jj.) Li ikarabelletse ka 94% ea bophahamo, litlhapi - 3,9%.

Malinyane a hlooho e ntšo a fumana lijo tsa 'ona ka litsela tse fapaneng: ha a ntse a sesa le ho tsamaea, ka sefofane - ho tloha metsi, lefats'e kapa limela, a ts'oaroa moeeng.

Boholo ba lifofane bakeng sa lijo bo itšetlehile ka palo ea linonyana tse kolone (sehlopha sa likolone) le palo ea lijo tse haufi. E tloha lik'hilomithara tse 'maloa ho isa ho tse 70; bakeng sa linonyana tse ngata ka har'a likolone tse kholo ha e fete 40 km (Isakov et al., 1947, Viksne, Yanaus, 1986).

Lira, lintho tse bohloko

Kotsi e kholo ke pokello e sa laoleheng ea mahe e neng e etsoa haholo nakong e fetileng, eo ka nako e 'ngoe e neng e lebisa ho nyamela le likolone tse kholo (Berzins, 1946, jj), le mesebetsi efe kapa efe ea moruo (makhulo, joalo-joalo) libakeng tsa likolone nakong ea lihlaha.

Lira tsa tlhaho li tšoana le linonyana tse ling tsa metsi. Bohloko ba 'mele li kotsing e kholo - phokojoe, ntja ea mokokotlo, mink ea Amerika, ntja ea lapeng, boar, joalo-joalo, libaka tsa nesting hangata ha li fihlelle boholo ba tsona. Ho linonyana tse nang le malinyane, makhoaba, likhofu tsa silevera, makhoaba, likhoele tsa lehlaka, sebaka sa ntsu, goshawk, joalo-joalo li baka kotsi ho letlooa la letša.

Ho phahama ka sekhahla ha boemo ba metsi (ka mohlala, nakong ea sefefo, libakeng tsa polokelo ea motlakase oa motlakase) ho ka senya masona ohle a koloneng. Lebaka le ka sehloohong la ho shoa ha malinyane ke ho haella ha lijo, tse etsahalang, joalo ka molao, nakong ea pula e pholileng e telele. Ka matšoenyeho a kolone, lefu la matsuane le ka fihla ka bongata haholo ka lebaka la boitšoaro bo mabifi ba batho ba baholo mabapi le malinyane a linaha tse ling. Lingoliloeng (Glutz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982) li fana ka leseli mabapi le lefu le ntseng le eketseha la matsuoa a bakoang ke pasteurellosis, botulism, salmonellosis, le hape ka li-helminthiases tse fapaneng.

Boreleli bo hlooho e ntšo

Boreleli bo hlooho e ntšo , kapa tloaelehileng (noka) gull (lat. Larus ridibundus ) Na ke nonyana e nyane ea lelapa le letle le lulang sebakeng se seholo sa Eurasia, hammoho le lebopong la Atlantic la Canada. E tloaelehile sebakeng sa Russia - hangata e ka bonoa lehlabuleng linōkeng le matšeng, moo e potang likepe tse fetang tse fetang moo e batlang meputso. Boholo ba mefuta, nonyana e fallang, leha e le libakeng tse ling tsa Europe Bophirimela e phela bophelo ba ho lula fatše.

Likokoanyana haholo-holo libakeng tse nyane tsa metsi a hloekileng likoloneng, boholo ba tsona bo ka fihlela likonyana tse likete tse 'maloa. Hangata ho lula haufi le litoropo tse kholo le marang-rang a lijo. Liaparong tsa mating, har'a mefuta e meng ea matenya, hlooho e sootho e lefifi le 'mala o mosoeu lia khetholoha. Ena ke e 'ngoe ea li-gull tse tloaelehileng lefatšeng - palo ea eona e felletseng e feta limilione tse peli.

Boleng ba moruo, ts'ireletso

Joaloka mofuta oa bongata, e bonahala haholo indastering e fapaneng. E bapala karolo e ntle moruong oa ho tsoma, hobane libakeng tse nang le leholiotsoana la letša, letsoalo la matangoana a batale le poloko ea tsona li phahame ho feta libakeng tse haufi le tsona ka thoko ho likolone (Fabricius, 1937, Haartmann, 1937, Mihelsons et al., 1976, Bergman, 1982, le tse ling). Ho fetohela habonolo ho mefuta e atileng ka ho fetisisa ea phepelo le radius e kholo ea ho ajoa bakeng sa lijo ho etsa qeto ea ho nka karolo ho mafolofolo ha lehloeo le nang le hlooho e ntšo timetsong le ho fokotsa palo ea likokoanyana tsa lijalo - likokoanyana le li-voles - ha li hlaha haholo (Isakov et al., 1947, Dolgushin, 1962, jj.) . Monyetla oa ho hohela li-gulls ka boomo bakeng sa ho fepa libakeng tse ling ka ho beha mehlala (Kharitonov, 19806) o netefalitsoe, e leng se fanang ka monyetla oa ho sebelisa li-gulls ho thibela ho phatloha ha likokoanyana tsa lehae. E na le boleng bo itseng joalo ka mooki, e bokella litšila tsa phepelo lipolasing tsa liphoofolo, jj. Naheng ea Denmark, pokello ea mahe a hlooho e ntšo e lumelloa ka nako (Bloch-Nielsen, 1975); linaheng tse ngata ho nkuoa nonyana e tsomang (naheng ea Denmark, Jeremane, Belgium, le karolo e 'ngoe ea Austria - Lampio, 1983).

Hammoho le karolo e ntle, ho bohlokoa hore re hlokomele kotsi e hlahisoang ke likhahla tse kholo tsa lifofane bakeng sa ho fofa (Jacobi, 1974), hammoho le litlamorao tse mpe tsa lehae ka nako e khuts'oane tsa ho ts'oasa litlhapi ka letamong la ho ts'oasa litlhapi (ho felisoa ha bacha) (Koubek, 1982). Leha ho le joalo, ts'enyo e entsoeng ho batšoasi ba litlhapi e kholo haholo.

Haeba ho hlokahala ho laola bongata, ho kgothaletswa hore ho fihlella phepelo ea anthropogenic ho thibeloe, mme puso ea hydrological e lokela ho fetoloa ho felisa menyetla ea nesting (Glotz v. Blotzheim, Bauer, 1982).

Mehato e ka sehloohong ea paballo ea tikoloho ke ho etsa bonnete ba hore sebaka sa ho tsoala sejalo nakong ea tlhahiso.

Ponahalo

Seagull e nyane e phahameng e nang le hlooho e chitja le molomo o mosesane. Bolelele 35-39 cm, mapheo a bolelele ba 86-99 cm, boima ba 200-50 g. Ho bohlokoa (hoo e ka bang karolo ea boraro) e kholo ho feta thunya e nyane, empa e nyane hanyane ho feta leeba la leoatle le ntsu e hlooho e putsoa. Har'a tse ikhethang tsa 'mala ke mohala o mosoeu o pharalletseng karolong e ka holimo ea lepheo le moeli o motšo ka morao, oo hape e leng tšobotsi ea leeba la leoatle le lehlohlojane la Bonaparte, empa le sa fumanehe ho mefuta e meng. E bua ka sehlopha sa lintja tse nang le potoloho ea plumage ea lilemo tse peli.

Seaparong sa mating, hlooho e 'mala o lefifi, empa eseng ka ho felletseng joalo ka mefuta e meng e meng (mohlala, e nyane kapa ea ma-Aztec), empa ka morao hloohong, moo ho nang le moeli o ikhethang pakeng tsa lefifi le lefifi. Bezel e tšoeu e tšoeu e bonoa ka ho hlakileng mahlong a mahlo. Molomo o khumame hanyane, ntle le mekhabiso (joalo ka kotopo qetellong kapa letheba le khubelu ho mandible), mmala oa maroon. Brown iris. Nape, molala, sefuba, mpa, mohatla le nko ea mohatla li tšoeu, ka linako tse ling li na le 'mala o mopinki o fokolang. Mantle le mapheo a holimo a bohlooho. Mapheo a supiloe, joalo ka li-tern. Ka lehlakoreng le ka pele la lepheo ho na le khoele e tšoeu e tšoeu, e harelaneng ho ea qetellong, 'me ka morao e ntšo e ntšo e thehiloe ke mapheo a mapheo a mapheo a mantlha. Karolo e ka tlase ea lepheo ke ea bohlooho ha e le hantle e nang le moeli o lefifi ho lepheo la mantlha. Mariha, linonyana tsa batho ba baholo, hlooho e ba e tšoeu ka libaka tse bosoeu bo bosehla sebakeng sa litsebe le ka pel'a mahlo, molomo o bofubelu bo bofubelu mme qetellong e lefifi, 'me maoto a bofubelu bo bobebe. Mariha, 'mala oa lerootho o tšoana le leeba la leoatle, le fapaneng le lona ka molomo o mokhutšoanyane le molala.

Boholo ba linonyana tse nyenyane hloohong le 'mele o kaholimo o laoloa ke mehala e bofubelu le e sootho. Selemong sa pele sa bophelo, nonyana ena e tšoana hantle le baahi ba metsi a sa tebangArearia kenella) ho feta lithaka. Mapheo a phuthulitsoe holimo ho tsoa holimo, ka 'mala o moputsoa o sootho, o mofubelu le o bohlooho,' mala o mosoeu ka pele le mosoeu oa ka morao. Qetellong ea mohatla o mosoeu ho na le khoele e 'mala o sootho o hlakileng. Molomo le maoto ha a boreleli, a 'mala o litšila.

Metsi a makatsang

E lula e le sebakeng se futhumetseng sa Leoatle le Letšo ho tloha bophirima ho isa bochabela. Europe Bophirima, Boroa le Leboea Europe lekholong la bo 19-20 la lilemo, sebaka seo se eketsehile haholo, haholoholo ka lebaka la nts'etsopele ea temo le indasteri ea lijo. Karolong ea lik'honthinente ea Europe, moeli o ka boroa oa libaka o feta ka boroa ho Fora, phula ea noka. Ka leboea ho Italy, Serbia, Bulgaria, lebopo le ka leboea la Leoatle le Letšo, Transcaucasia le Leoatle la Caspian. E fumaneha bohareng ba Hloahloa ea Iberia le ka leboea-bophirima ho Mediterranean. Mefuta e Corsica, Sardinia le Sicily. Karolong e ka leboea ea Europe, lihlaha lihlekehlekeng tsa Brithani le tsa Faroe, Scandinavia haufi le lebōpo.

Russia, e nyoloha ka leboea ho Kandalaksha Bay Leoatleng le Letšo, noka e kaholimo. Vychegda sebakeng sa Arkhangelsk, 60 ° C. w. Urals, 67 ° c. w. ka beseng ea Ob, 65 ° C. w. ho Yenisei, 68 ° C. w. Lenaneng la Lena, 69 ° C. w. ho Kolyma le 61 ° C. w. lebopong la Leoatle la Bering. Moeli o ka boroa Asia o feta ho 40 ° C. w. seterekeng sa Leoatle la Caspian, lebopong le ka boroa la Leoatle la Aral, liphula tsa linoka le matša Syr Darya, Son-Kul, Issyk-Kul, Zaysan, Markakol, Ubsu-Nur, Tola le Buir-Nur. E boetse e fumaneha bochabela Kamchatka, Primorye, Sakhalin le profinseng e ka leboea-bochabela ea China ea Heilongjiang.

Lekholong la bo20 la lilemo, e ile ea qala ho lula hole le meeli ea naha: ho tloha Iceland (ho tloha ka 1911), ka boroa-bophirima ho Greenland (ho tloha ka 1969) le ho Fr. Newfoundland (ho tloha ka 1977) lebopong la Amerika Leboea.

Habitat

Nakong ea moalo, e lula haholo metsing a leoatle a nang le mekoti le matangoana a morung - matša, likhohola, likhohola, linoka, matangoana, matloana a peat, moo a ahelang ka har'a metsi a sa tebang le lihlekehlekeng tse holileng. Lihlaha tse sa tloaelehang lebōpong la leoatle libakeng tse mokhoabo, mohloa le litutulu. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, e se e fetohile mokhoa o batsi oa ho batla phepelo, ho tseba lits'enyehelo tsa litoropo, litsi tsa phepelo ea lihlapi, likhoebo tse bobebe tsa indasteri le metseng ea litoropo. Libakeng tsa phallo le libakeng tsa mariha hangata e fumaneha lebopong la leoatle le mabopong a linoka tse kholo.

Ho tsala

Matsoho a moriri o mosoeu a qala ho ikatisa a le lilemo tse 1 - 4, 'me tse tšehali li tloaetse ho ikatisa pejana. Nest likolone, hangata li tsoakane, boholo ba tsona bo ka fapana ka ho lekana ho tloha mashome a 'maloa ho isa ho tse mashome a likete tsa lipara. Ho fapana le monokotšoai o monyane, likolone li lula li le libakeng tsa tsona mme, ntle le lintho tse bohloko, li ka tšoarella ka mashome a lilemo. Linonyana li fihla libakeng tsa lihlaha esale hoseng, ha metsi a metsi a qala ho buleha le libaka tsa pele tse sentsoeng li hlaha fatše - hangata ho elella bofelong ba Hlakubele - bohareng ba Mphalane. Foromo ea li-monogamous pele e fihla libakeng tsa nesting kapa hang hoba e fihle. Hoa etsahala hore sebopeho sa ho qetela sa para se etelletsoe pele ke phetoho ea balekane ba 'maloa. Kamora ho fihla, linonyana, e le molao, li lula haufi le kolone ebe lia lelera li batla lijo. Nakong ena, boitšoaro bo bonts'itsoeng ke sebopeho - linonyana tse nang le lerata lia lelekisa moeeng, li inamisitse lihlooho li ea holimo, li hoeletsa haholo ho sera, "meow", "cluck" 'me li tebela fatše. Ha ba theha para, e tšehali e inamisa hlooho, e kopa lijo, mme e tona e e fepa ka moetlo.

Bakeng sa sehlaha sa nako e tlang, sebaka se sa fumaneheng bakeng sa liphoofolo tse jang pele ho lefatše se khethoa - e le molao, likhohlo tsa marshy kapa sehlekehleke se fokolang se nang le joang. Ka linako tse ling e lula ka mekotleng ea peat, seretseng (hangata se le tlaase), hangata hangata litutlong kapa sebakeng se lebopong. Sebaka se sirelelitsoeng ke lisenthimithara tse 32-47, ho potoloha sehlaha; sebaka se pakeng tsa lihlaha tse haufi se tloha ho cm cm tse 50 tse teteaneng ho isa ho mashome a limitara libakeng tse arohaneng. Sehlaha ke qubu e nyane ea limela tsa metsing tsa selemo se fetileng, ntle le ho teba. Ha e le thepa, 'moba, katara, lehlaka, sedge kapa lithupa tsa lipere hangata li sebelisoa. Ho beoa ho kenyelletsa mahe a 1-3 (hangata haholo 3); 'Mala oa mahe o ka fapana ka mebala e mengata ho tloha ho boputsoa bo bobebe kapa ba buffy ntle le sebopeho se sootho se lefifi ka palo e kholo ea matheba, empa hangata ke' mala o moputsoa kapa o 'mala oa mohloaare. Boholo ba mahe (41-69) x (30-40) mm. Batsoali ka bobeli ba incubate; nako ea ho kenella ke matsatsi a 23-24. Haeba moeti ea sa mengoang a hlaha koloneng, ho ba le moferefere o akaretsang, 'me ka nako eo linonyana li potoloha, li hoelella ka pelo eohle ebe li nosetsa mofosi. Malinyane a koahetsoe ka 'mala oa lamunu ka linate tse' mala o moputsoa, ​​a li kopanya le tikoloho. Batsoali ba fepa malinyane ka molomo ka kotloloho, kapa ba a lahlela lijo ka sejelong, moo litsuantso li a phole. Malinyane a qala ho fofa a le lilemo li 25-30.

Motšoasi oa litlhapi tsa Seagull (pejana - Emergency Seagull)

Karolo eohle ea Belarus

Lelapa la Gull - Laridae.

Mefuta ea Monotypic, ha e etse subspecies.

Mofuta o mong o atileRiphaboliking. Mefuta e tloahelehileng ea ho fuduga, e ferekana butle-butle le ka mefuta e nyane ea mariha. Lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena, keketseho ea palo ea menahano ea letša e bonoe hoo e batlang e le hohle Europe.

Boholo ba leeba le leholo ka har'a seaparo sa mating bo fapana le liphokojoe tse ling ka 'mala o sootho oa sootho. Ka morao le ka holimo ho mapheo a nonyana e tsofetseng ke bohlooho bo bobebe, litlhōrō tsa mapheo li soeufetse ka matheba a masoeu, hlooho e sootho ka sootho nakong ea selemo le lehlabula, masiba a mangata a soeufetse. Masiba a malelele ka ho fetisisa a tšoeu ka lihlooho tse ntšo. Boholo le tse nyane tsohle li fofa bohlooho. Beak e khubelu ea cherry, maoto a khubelu. Mookoli o sootho, mahlakore a lintsu a le mafubedu. Bophahamo ba linonyana tse nyane bo khabisitsoe, masiba a bosootho bo bobebe a kopantsoe le melumo e putsoa le e tšoeu. Ho a makhopho a manyane, holimo hloohong, masiba a ka morao le a mahetla a sootho ka 'mala oa boputsoa. Mapheo a koahelang ke a sootho ka matheba a sootho. Tsamaiso e tšoeu ka bande e ntšo qetellong. Ka tlase e tšoeu. Molomo le maoto ke pinki. Boima ba e tona ke 265-343 g, e tšehali ke 215-310 g. bolelele ba 'mele oa monna ke 34-43 cm, e tšehali ke cm cm 40- 40. Mapheo (ka bobeli ba botona le botšehali) ke lisenthimithara tse 90 ho isa ho tse 40, mapheo a 31-31. 5 cm, mohatla 12-12.5 cm, molomo oa 3-3.5 cm. Boholo ba mapheo a basali ke 28 cm.5 cm, mohatla 11-11,5 cm, molomo oa 3-3.5 cm.

Matsoalo a rona a tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa a fumanoa matlong a mefuta eohle. E sebetsa nakong ea letsatsi. Ho ile ha thehoa litlhoro tse peli tsa mesebetsi ea letsatsi ka leng: hoseng le mantsiboea. Ho ba letšeng lena ho phela hamonate selemo sohle.

Ho falla ha selemo ho qala ka halofo ea bobeli ea Hlakubele ebile ho nka Mphalane kaofela. Bohareng ba bo-Mphalane, linonyana tsa lehae li se li iketlile libakeng tsa lihlaha.

E khetha ho lula metsing a maholo le a bohareng a metsi (matamo, matangoana, matangoana, linōka tse fokolang hangata) haeba ho na le lihlekehleke, maballo a phallang kapa libaka tse mongobo tse thata ho fihla pela lebopo moo linonyana li fumanang maemo a matle bakeng sa lihlaha. Khafetsa a lula har'a marokho, ka linako tse ling a le metsing a manyane a metsi, a lahleloang meepo ea peat, haeba ho na le matangoana a maholo moo nonyana ena e hlahisang furu. Nakong ea ho fallisoa ha nest-nesting, e etsahala maemong a fapaneng a tikoloho.

Lijalo ka har'a likolone tseo ho tsona ho nang le lipakeng tsa mashome a 'maloa ho isa ho tse mashome a likete. Likolone tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tikolohong ea Brest tse nang le baahi ba likete tse 'maloa li fumaneha Brest (lipara tse 5-7, li-castle tsa Brest - 0,8-2,5 lipara). Nako le nako e ba matsoalloa a kopaneng le li-terns tsa noka (malinyane a mang, mefuta e meng ea liphokojoe le malata ka boithatelo mokokotlong oa letata). Ka linako tse ling ho bonoa lihlopha tse le 'ngoe tsa nesting. Nonyana ena e hokahane le libaka tsa nesting, ka hona likolone li ba teng libakeng tse ts'oanang lilemo tse ngata ka tatellano.

Likolone, joalo ka molao, li fumaneha libakeng tseo ho leng thata ho fihla ho tsona - lihlekehlekeng, har'a limela tse mabopong a matša le matangoana, metseng e nang le likhohola tsa peat le har'a likhohlo tsa mokhoabo. Linonyana libakeng tsa lihlaha li lla haholo, li lula li lla haholo ke "kyarrr" kapa "kirra", hammoho le "gre," joalo ka haufinyane.

Kamora matsatsi a 10-15 kapa ho feta kamora ho fihla, linonyana li falla haufi le libaka tsa nesting. Lekholong la pele la lilemo le la Bobeli la Hlakubele, makhoaba a mangata a lula libakeng tsa tlholeho tsa nakong e tlang. Mebala e hola ha linonyana tse ncha li fofa. Ts'ebetso ena hangata e fela ka lilemo tse leshome tsa pele tsa April. Nakong ena, linonyana tsa leoatleng li shebana le libaka tsa kolone, li etsa lifofane tsa morao-rao, li fumana lijo sebakeng sena kapa li fofa ho ea li fepa ho feta meeli ea eona.

Ka April le hamorao, tse ling tsa malinyane li ntse li tsoela pele ho falla, boholo ba tsona ke linonyana tse nyane (selemo se le seng le se seng). Kaha linonyana tsena ha li nke karolo ho tsoaliseng, li falla kaofela selemo le lehlabula li batla lijo.

Li-gulls tsa lewatle li ba le botsitso ho tsa botšehali ha li le lilemo li 1 ho isa ho tse 4, tse tšehali - ka tse 1-2, tse tona ka makhetlo a 2-3 (haholo) le lilemo tse 4. Ho ikatisa ho qala nakoana kamora ho fihla. Linonyana li khetha sebaka sa sesebelisoa sa nesting. E hahiloe ke litho tse peli tsa banyalani.

Sebopeho sa sehlaha se ipapisitse le mofuta le mongobo oa sebaka seo naha e lulang ho sona. Lihlekehlekeng tse omileng, e na le ponahalo ea khatello e nyane ea mobu 'me e khetholloa ke marang-rang a ka bang sieo ha a lula lehlabatheng le sa koahelehang. Libakeng tse nang le metsi a leoatle a mongobo, li-rafts, li-hummock tse nyane, sehlaha se shebahala joaloka qubu ea sephaka, 'me ka metsi a quagmire kapa a sa tebang ke sebopeho se seholo sa sebopeho se koahetsoeng. Khetlong lena la ho qetela, ke e holimo, e holimo ebile e tebisa limela tse haufi, joalo ka ha nonyana e honyang e hloka ho bona tikoloho ea sehlaha. Har'a lithako, o e beha hangata holim'a sehlahla sa lehlaka, se paka kapa se koahetsoeng ke metsi. Haeba sebaka se nang le kolone e se sephara, nonyana e batla ho fumana sehlaha libakeng tse phahameng haholoanyane, le mabopong a fapaneng, liphamong le metsong.

Lintho tse hahiloeng ka sehlaheng ke lithupa tse ommeng, makhasi le li-rhizomes tsa limela tse mahoashe tse mafura, hangata e le likotoana tsa lithutsoana tse omeletseng tsa lihlahla, seboko le limela tse ling tse thata, hammoho le makala a sefate. Likotoana tse kholo tsa thepa ea kaho li kenngoe ka tšohanyetso, ka hona, lihlaha lia lokoloha ebile li bulky. Maemong a mang, ho fumanoa lihlaha tse makhethe hantle tse tsoang lijalo tse khutsitseng tsa herbaceous. Ka lintja tse pheta-phetoang, tse hlokomelehang hamorao, lihlaha li batla li entsoe ka furu. Khoele ea letlooa la leoatle e lula e na le lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa semela. Bolelele ba sehla ke 1.5 cm cm, bophara ke 19-70 cm: botebo ba seretse ke 2,5-5 cm, bophara ke 11 cm.5 cm.

Ka clutch e phethiloeng, e le molao, mahe a 3. Ka nako e 'ngoe ho na le ba 2 kapa 4-5 (ba basali ba babeli feela). Khetla ena e khabisitsoe hantle, ha e bipe. 'Mala oa eona oa bokhabane o ka fapana ho tloha boputsoa bo botala,' mala o botala bo botala kapa 'mala o mosehla ho fihlela mohloaare o lefifi, o botala bo botala le botšo Ho feta moo, mahe a sa tsoa belehoa a na le makhasi a botala bo bokhubelitsoeng, 'me a mang a a hloa ke a bonolo le a sootho. Libaka tse nyane le tse mahareng tsa sephaka, kapa, ka mokhoa o fapaneng, tse kholo, tse kopaneng le libaka tse ling tsa mebala e fapaneng ea mmala o sootho li ka koahela ka mokhoa o tšoanang le karolo eohle ea khetla, kapa ho tsepamisa mohele o kobehileng kapa ho beoa ka sebopeho sa corolla. Maemong a sa tloaelehang, paterone e khemeng ea khetla e sothehile. Ho bona mahlo ho tebileng hangata ho hlalosoa hantle mme, joalo ka molao, e emeloa ke mebala e sootho ea bohlooho, e sootho le e bosootho bo bosehla. Boima ba mahe a 36 g, bolelele ba limilimithara tse 51 (46-70 mm), bophara ba limilimithara tse 36 mm (34-38 mm).

Nako ea lihlaha e atolosoa - likhoele tsa pele li hlaha ho tloha bohareng ba Mphalane, se seholo ka Mots'eanong, likhakanyo tse le 'ngoe li etsahala ho fihlela ka Phupu. Ketsahalong ea lefu la sethoathoa sa pele, joalo ka molao, ho na le tse phetoang. Ho na le ngoana a le mong feela ka selemo. Litho tsa banyalani ka bobeli li lula le matsatsi a 22-25, empa haholo basali, e tona, li mo tlisetsa lijo.

Nako eo ponahalo ea malinyane ha e tšoane ka bobeli ka likholoneng tse fapaneng. Malinyane a hlotsoeng a se a ka ema. Tsena ke mofuta oa malinyane (joalo ka malinyane kaofela), empa matsatsi a seng makae a pele a bophelo hangata a hlola sehlaheng. Nakong ea matsatsi a 'maloa (ho qala ka letsatsi la borobeli kamora ho hatch kapa esita le pejana), matsuane a tsoang sehlaheng a ea mekoting e metala ea limela, ha a ntse a tšoere mohloa. Malinyane a batho ba baholo a hlahang pel'a bona, malinyane a batho ba baholo hangata a bolaoa ka ho thula molomo hloohong.

Ka matsatsi a 18 - 20, matsuane a qala ho itsamaela a ikemetse pela sehlaha, malinyane a batho ba baholo a khaotsa ho ba mabifi ho linonyana tse tsoang kantle ho naha. Linonyana tse kholo li li fepa ho tloha melomo ea tsona ho fihlela libekeng tse 6. Ha e le matsatsi a 30 ho isa ho 35 ho isa moo, esele e tona ebe e qala ho fofa, e fofa ka botlalo kamora matsatsi a 10. Ka nako ena, linonyana tsohle tse kolone li tloha moo li eang teng ebe li qala ho phela bophelo ba boqhetseke. Linonyana tse kholo hangata li qala ho tloha sehlaheng sa lihlaha mafelong a Pherekhong - halofo ea pele ea Phupu, linonyana tse nyane - hammoho le tsona kapa kamora matsatsi a 5-10. Nako ea ho ikatisa e ea fela, ho fallisoa ha litsuonyana ka mor'a ho lula, 'me butle-butle ho fetoha ho falla ha hoetla.

Ho falla ha li-Autumn ho qala halofo ea bobeli ea Phato, ho tloheloa ha matšoao a mangata ho hlaha lekholong la bobeli le la boraro la Mphalane, matsatsi a morao-rao a oela bofelong ba Pulungoana, ka linako tse ling hamorao. Ho tloha bohareng ba Phato ho ea Dnieper le Sozh ho na le mehlape ea likotoana tsa 5-10, qetellong ea khoeli le ka Loetse, makholo a makhulo. Likhoeling tsa 3 tsa Loetse, hape, mehlatsoana (5-10 batho ka bomong). Ho metsi a mangata, linonyana li etsahala lilemong tse itseng ka December, ho fihlela li bata. Motho ka mong kapa lihlopha li lula tikolohong bakeng sa mariha, ho kenyelletsa le linōkeng tsa Mukhavets le Western Bug tse kahare ho toropo ea Brest, tseo lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena li sa kang tsa ba mariha mariheng a mangata.

Batho ba tsoang sebakeng se le seng esita le bana ba ka fofa bakeng sa mariha ka mekhoa e fapaneng, empa hangata nakong ea sefofane ho ba le malinyane a tsoang sebakeng se le seng ka mehlape. Linonyana tse nyenyane li fofa ka pel'a li tsofetseng. Libakeng tsa hoetla mariha, e lula e le ho fihlela boroetsana, i.e., hoo e batlang e le lilemo tse peli, kapa e phela bophelo bo lelera.

Lerotho le nang le hlooho e ntšo ke eurifag e tloaelehileng, e sebelisang phepelo ea metsi le metsi, e khonang ho fetola tšebeliso ea phepelo e le 'ngoe ho e ngoe nakong ea nako e le ngoe. Meetso ea lijo ea mefuta ena e fapane haholo, empa lijo tsa liphoofolo li tsebahala: likokoanyana tse metsing le tse ling tsa lefatše, li-crustaceans tsa metsing, litsie tsa lefatše, mollusks le lihlapi tse nyane. Ka bongata bo fokolang, ho jeoa peo ea semela. Khafetsa ba fepa masimong, makhulong a likhohola, hammoho le lits'ila tse litoropong, moo ba jellang litšila tsa lijo.

Belarus ho fihlela lilemong tsa bo-1960. khantšo ea letša e ne e le mefuta e 'maloa, e jang nako le nako ha e fallisoa. Joale, palo ea mefuta ena ho repaboliki e ile ea qala ho eketseha ka sekhahla; ka 1978, likolone tse 488 li ile tsa ngolisoa ka palo ea palo ea ba likete tse 104. Lilemong tse latelang, ho bile le keketseho e 'ngoe palong ea mekhoro ea letša,' me ka 1996 e ile ea fihla ho lipalo tse likete tse 180-220.

Tloaelo ea palo ea mepopotlo ea letša naheng ea Belarus lilemong tsa bo-1990. Ho hakanngoa hore ho tla ba le keketseho e nyane, 'me palo ke lipara tse likete tse 180-220; ho tloha ho batho ba 200 ho isa ho 400 ho sala mariha. Sebakeng sa Brest, batho ba 180-250 ba sala ba le mariha.

Linaheng tse 'maloa tsa Europe, ho ba bonolo ho fumana letša ho nkoa e le mofuta oa ho tsoma.

Palo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa e ngolisitsoeng Europe ke lilemo tse 32 likhoeli tse 9.

1. Grichik V.V., Burko L. D. "Lefatše la liphoofolo la Belarus. Vertebrates: sengoloa. Manual" Minsk, 2013. -399с.

2. Nikiforov M.E., Yotesky B.V., Shklyarov L.P. "Linonyana tsa Belarus: Buka-Tataiso ea Buka ea Litloutso le Mahe" Minsk, 1989. -479 leq.

3. Gaiduk V. Ye., Abramova I V. "Kholo ea linonyana ka boroa-bophirima ho Belarus. E seng joalo-fox: monograph." Brest, 2009.-300s.

4. Fedyushin A. V., Dolbik M. S. "Linonyana tsa Belarus." Minsk, 1967. -521s.

5. Fransson, T., Jansson, L., Kolehmainen, T., Kroon, C. & Wenninger, T. (2017) HOBANE lethathamo la litlaleho tse telele tsa linonyana tsa Europe.