Tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko e utloisisoa e le kenyelletso ea tikoloho ka lebaka la phello ea anthropogenic ea mefuta e sa pheleng ea lintho tse phelang (libaktheria, likokoana-hloko, jj.) Tse mpefatsang maemo a bophelo a baahi ba tlhaho kapa tse amang bophelo ba batho hampe.
Mehloli e meholo ea phello ea likokoana-hloko ke metsi a litšila a tsoang likhoebong tsa indasteri ea lijo le letlalo, lintlafatso tsa malapeng le tsa indasteri, mabitla, marang-rang a likhoerekhoere, masimo a nosetso, jj. Ho latela data ea bohloeki le ea mafu a seoa, pathogenic Escherichia coli e fumanoa metsing a lefatseng ka botebo ba limilimithara tse 300 ho tloha holim 'a lefatše.
Kotsi e kholo ke tšilafalo ea tlhaho ea tikoloho ka likokoana-hloko tsa mafu a tšoaetsanoang le a likokoana-hloko. Liphetoho tsa bohlokoa tikolohong ka lebaka la litlamorao tsa anthropogenic li baka litlamorao tse sa lebelloang boits'oarong ba bongata ba likokoana-hloko le bakuli ba maloetse a kotsi ho batho le liphoofolo.
Palo ea ho phatloha ha feberu ea likolobe tsa mofuta oa khale, sekholopane linku, ho ruruha ha leino le "hemorrhagic fever" e ntse e eketseha har'a batho. Ho latela bangoli ba State Report (1995), maemong ana, ho qaleha ha AIDS ke sehokelo sa pele lethathamong la mafu a seoa a neng a sa tsejoe a viral etiology. Cytomegalavirus, e sa kang ea beha kotsi e kholo lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng, e ka ba tšokelo e kholo mabapi le li-transplants tsa organ le tishu, hammoho le ts'oaetso ea monyetla oa AIDS. Kokoana-hloko ea feberu ea Chikungunya, vaerase ea hemorrhagic fever e nang le renal syndrome (vaerase ea Hantaan) le tse ling, timetso ea eona e boima haholo, le eona e kotsi haholo.
Lintlha tse fumanoeng lilemong tsa morao tjena li re lumella ho bua ka bohlokoa le phapang ea bothata bo biosafety. Kahoo, kotsi e ncha ea tikoloho e thehiloe mabapi le nts'etsopele ea biotechnology le boenjiniere ba liphatsa tsa lefutso. Haeba litekanyetso tsa bohloeki li sa bonoe, likokoana-hloko le lintho tsa likokoana-hloko tse ka bang le tšusumetso e mpe ho sechaba sa biotic, bophelo bo botle ba batho, le letamo la bona la gene li ka lokolloa laboratoring kapa semeleng ho ea tikolohong.
Ntle le likarolo tsa boenjiniere ba liphatsa tsa lefutso, har'a litaba tsa biosafety tsa bohloka tse bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng, ho boetse ho na le:
phetiso ea tlhaiso-leseling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho tloha mefuta ea lapeng ho ea ho liphoofolo
phapanyetsano ea liphatsa tsa lefutso lipakeng tsa mefuta ea naha le subspecies, ho kenyelletsa le kotsi ea tšoaetso ea liphatsa tsa tlhaho tsa letša la mefuta e fumanehang le e kotsing
liphatsa tsa lefutso le tikoloho ea ho hlahisoa ka boomo le ka boomo ha liphoofolo le limela.
Mehloli ea tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko
p, blockquote 2.0,0,0,0 ->
Metsoako e fapaneng ea lintho tse phelang, libaktheria le likokoana-hloko li kena ka holim'a metsi le ka tlas'a lefatše, li kenella sepakapakeng le mobung, li hasane li be li senya tikoloho. Likokoana-hloko tsa mafu a likokoana-hloko le tšoaetso li baka tšokelo. Libaktheria tsena tsa tlhaho li ama bophelo ba batho le liphoofolo hampe, li ka baka litlamorao tse ke keng tsa fetoloa.
p, blockquote 3,1,0,0,0 ->
Mefuta e fapaneng ea tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko
Ho silafatsa hoa tlhaho ka linako tse fapaneng ho thusitse ho hlaha ha mafu a seoa le sekholopane, feberu ho batho le mefuta e fapaneng ea liphoofolo le linonyana. Ka linako tse fapaneng, livaerase tse latelang li hlahisitse kotsi:
p, blockquote 4,0,0,0,0,0 ->
- anthrax,
- lefu la seoa,
- sekholopane
- Ebola hemorrhagic fever,
- lefu la likhomo
- pyriculariosis ea raese,
- Kokoana-hloko ea Nepah
- tularemia,
- chefo ea botulin
- Kokoana-hloko ea Chimera.
Vaerase tsena li bolaea batho le liphoofolo. Ka lebaka leo, taba ea tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko e lokela ho hlahisoa. Haeba e sa emisoe, vaerase e 'ngoe e ka bolaea ka bongata le ka potlako liphoofolo tse limilione, limela le batho kapele hoo ts'oso ea tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale kapa radioactive e sa bonahale e le matla haholo.
p, blockquote 5,0,0,1,0 ->
p, blockquote 6.0,0,0,0,0 ->
Mekhoa ea Taolo ea Tšilafalo ea Likokoana-hloko
Ho bonolo ho batho: u ka entoa khahlanong le livaerase tse mpe ka ho fetisisa. Tšoaetso ea limela le liphoofolo ka likokoana-hloko tse fapaneng le libaktheria li ke ke tsa laoloa. Joalo ka ts'ireletso, litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa bohloeki le lefu la mafu li lokela ho bonoa hohle. Kotsi e ikhethang ke ho qaptjoa ha liphatsa tsa lefutso le biotechnology. Ho tsoa li-laboratories, likokoana-hloko li ka kena tikolohong mme tsa hasana ka potlako. Meetso e meng e lebisa ho liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso, ha e ame feela boemo ba sebopuoa sa batho ba itseng, empa hape e kenya letsoho ho senyeheng ha ts'ebetso ea ho ikatisa, ka lebaka la hore na ke mefuta efe ea limela le liphoofolo e ke keng ea khona ho qalella lipalo tsa tsona. Ho joalo le ka motho. Kahoo, tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko e ka senya lintho tsohle tse lefatšeng, ho kenyelletsa le batho.
Mefuta ea tšilafalo
Tšilafalo ea tikoloho ke bothata ba bohlokoa bo ke keng ba rarolloa ka nako e khuts'oane. E hlaha ho tloha tokollo ea liphetho le lihlahisoa tsa bophelo ba motho lefatšeng le ka ntle.
Ho thata ke hore tšoaetso ea baktheria ha ho khonehe ho e laola. Ho senyeha ha boemo ba tlhaho ea tlhaho ho lebisa ho timelisong ea mefuta, hobane "litšila" li baka tšitiso mosebetsing oa ho hlahisa liphoofolo le limela. Hoa tšoana le ka motho. Ntle le ho rarolla mathata a tikoloho, mefuta ea rona e shebelletse ho fela.
Mefuta e latelang ea tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko e khetholloa:
- Lits'oaetso tsa lik'hamphani tsa mantlha tsa likokoana-hloko. Tsena li kenyelletsa likhoebo tse etsang lithethefatsi: lithibela-mafu, ente, jj. Nakong ea tlhahiso ka libaktheria tsa pathogenic tsa metsi a litšila le likarolo tsa lithethefatsi li tsoa, e leng mohloli oa phepo bakeng sa likokoana-hloko tse kotsi.
Mohlala hangata ke teko ea ho etsa protheine ea maiketsetso ho tsoa ho tomoso ea furu. Lilemo tse 'maloa hamorao, mohopolo ona o ile oa tlohelloa, hobane pula e ile ea theoha ka lebaka la ho tsoa mokhoeng, ka lebaka leo batho ba holofetseng. Libakeng tseo ntho ena e entsoeng ka eona, baahi ba metsana le litorotsoana ba ile ba qala ho ba le bothata ba lefu la sethoathoa hangata, boits'ireletso ba bana bo fokotsehile, mme mathata a mang a hlaha. - Libetsa tsa bacteriological. Leha ho na le lithibelo tsa machabeng, ho na le litlaleho tsa liteko tsa ho e theha libakeng tse fapaneng tsa lefats'e. Kotsi e bakoa ke mabaka a 'maloa. Ea pele ke monyetla oa ho fumana lilaboratori tse nyane ka ts'epo e matla. Ea bobeli ke bothata ba ho sibolla. Taba ea boraro, mefuta e meng e lula e sebetsa lilemo tse peli kapa ho feta. Papiso e tsotehang ke likokoana-hloko tsa kokoana-hloko ea anthrax tse ileng tsa kena setsing sa polokelo mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo.
- Tšilafalo ea "liphatsa tsa lefutso" e amanang le kholo ea boenjiniere ba liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ho tla ba thata ho fana ka tlhahlobo ea tikoloho ea tšilafalo e joalo, hobane thepa ea lintho tse ncha e sa tsejoe. Hang ha e le tikolohong, khatello e baka ho ruruha ho lefu le sa tsejoeng. Tšilafalo ea "liphatsa tsa lefutso" e ka baka liphetoho tse latelang: phetisetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho tloha phoofolo e 'ngoe ho ea ho e' ngoe, monyetla oa tšilafalo ea letša la mefuta ea limela le liphoofolo tse kotsing ea ho fela.
Ho tsoa moeeng, mobung le metsing, metsi ana a tšoaetsanoang ka ho fetesisa a ka tšoaetsoa ke tšilafalo ea tlhaho. Ka lebaka la bongata ba libaktheria tse kotsi, 'mele ea metsi e qala ho “thunya”. Ka lebaka la sena, ho thehoa lintho tse chefo, ho hlaha menko, metsi a fetoha a sa tšoaneleheng ho nooa. Bo-rasaense ba tsebahetse likokoana-hloko tse fetang 20 tse bakang chefo ea metsi a hloekileng.
Mehloli ea tšilafalo
Litho tsa likokoana-hloko tse amang batho hampe, baemeli ba limela le limela, li bitsoa lintho tse silafatsang. Li khethiloe ka tsela e latelang:
- Lintho tse phelang tse seng chefo
- Likokoana-hloko tse nang le ts'oaetso ea tšoaetso,
- pathogenic le maemong a pathogenic
- chefo ea tlhaho
- GMMO (likokoana-hloko tse fetotsoeng liphatsa tsa lefutso),
- ts'oaetso.
Mabaka a anthropogenic, likoluoa tsa tlhaho, le likotsi tsa indasteri li etsa hore tikoloho e senyehe. Mehloli ea mantlha ea tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko:
- likhoerekhoere tse tsoang limela
- lits'ila tsa mobu bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea ntlo le liindasteri,
- marang-rang a likhoere-khoere
- mabitla
- nosetso ea masimo.
Likokoana-hloko tsa mafu a fungal le a tšoaetsanoang a hlaha. Ho ba teng ha likokoana-hloko ho halefisa kokoaneng ho linku, hemorrhagic fever le lefu la seoa ho batho.
Ho latela bo-ramahlale, ho hlaha ha AIDS ke karolo ea pele hara mafu a fapaneng a ka bang teng a sa tsejoeng.
Tšilafalo ea matla
Tšilafalo ea matla a technologies ke mofuta o ikhethileng oa tšusumetso ea anthropogenic tikolohong. Tsena li kenyelletsa litlamorao tsa radionuclides, mahlaseli a kotsi a mahlaseli a mahlaseli a kotsi. Har'a mehloli ea mantlha ea litoropo, libaka tsa bolulo le tsa indasteri, ho khethollotsoe tse latelang:
- mehloli ea matla
- dimela tsa indasteri
- mehala ea lipalangoang.
Mefuta ea tšilafalo ea matla:
- Electromagnetic Meroallo e sebelisoa lipuisanong tsa seea-le-moea, indasteri: ho futhumatsa lintho khafetsa ha ho qhibiliha, ho omisa eseng feela. Palo ea mehloli ea maiketsetso e ntse e eketseha. Boemong ba tlhaho, radiation ea motlakase ha e eo.
Maqhubu a seea-le-moea a ka ba le phello e mpe boiketlong ba motho le tšebetso ea bohlokoa ea lintho tse ling. - Mofuthu. Matla a hlahisoang a felisoa ka tlhaho ea tlhaho. A mang a mabaka ke ho kopana ha mafura, ts'ebetso ea limela tsa matla a futhumatsang, ts'ebeliso ea makoloi, limela tsa motlakase.
Kotsi ea mahlaseli a futhumatsang ha e utloisisoe ka botlalo, empa ho tšolla mocheso ka mokhoa o fetelletseng ho ka baka liphetoho ts'ebetsong ea tikoloho. - Mohetsi. Matla a molumo a ile a qala ho fetoha bothata bo boholo. Lerata la toropo le ama boemo ba motho. Ho phomola ho sa lekaneng, neurosis, ho se khotsofale - litlolo tsena le tse ling li baka khafetsa ho melumo e phahameng haholo.
Moralo le tlhophiso ea liofisi, likolo le meaho e meng ha e khone ho khetholla batho ho tsoa mofuteng ona oa matla. Phello e joalo e baka tšenyo e kholo bophelong bo botle.
Libakeng tse se nang batho, ha ho na mehloli ea melumo e entsoeng ke motho ea molumo o phahameng, empa lerata la sefofane kapa helikopthara e ka tšosa liphoofolo. - E radioedia. Kotsi ea radiation ho batho e kenyelletsa ho ionization ea lino, ho phatloha ha litlamo tsa limolek'hule, mathata a metabolic, liphetoho sebopeho sa lisele, ponahalo ea lihlahala tsa mofets'e le tse ling. Liphetoho li ka etsahala mefuteng ea limela: ho fela kapa ho fetoha hoa phetoho. Ho joalo le ka liphoofolo.
Kameho ea sechaba ke palo ea libetsa tsa nyutlelie tse teng Lefatšeng. Ha e foka, e tla senya botho le lihloliloeng tsa tlhaho. Mekhatlo ea machaba e mo loana ka thata. Thibelo e ne e sa fuoe feela ts'ebeliso ea libetsa, empa le litekong life kapa life tse ka bang teng tse ka utloisang batho kotsi.
Ho phatloha libomo tse peli feela tsa athomo lefatšeng: Hiroshima le Nagasaki. Ho fihlela joale, ketsahalo ena e hopoloa e le koluoa e kholo. Ka metsotsoana e seng mekae, batho ba makholo ba ile ba oela lerōleng.
Tšusumetso ea lintho tse kotsi le liketsahalo tse etsahallang biology li baka liphetoho tse ke keng tsa fetoloa. Ka lebaka lena, mekhoa ea ho loants'a makhopho a anthropogenic e ntse e etsoa.
Mekhoa ea Taolo ea Tšilafalo ea Likokoana-hloko
Ho thibela ho kenella ha livaerase tikolohong le nts'etsopele ea libaktheria tse bakang liphetoho le maloetse, tsohle tse khonehang lia etsoa.
Mekhoa e latelang ea ho sebetsana le timetso e khethollotsoe:
- melaoana ea palo ea batho,
- bea karabelo (haeba ho hlokahala),
- ho shebella khafetsa tlholeho le tikoloho ea tlhaho,
- Phokotso ea tsepamiso ea maloetse a kotsi a vaerase le taolo ea ona,
- Phokotso ea tšilafalo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ea mefuta e sa tloaelehang e thathamisitsoeng bukeng e khubelu,
- ho lekola ho tsoelang pele ke litsebi tsa mafu a amanang le lefu la mafu mabapi le nts'etsopele ea livaerase,
- ts'ireletso ea bohloeki ea sebaka seo.
Mekhoa e thathamisitsoeng e ke ke ea tlisa sephetho se nepahetseng, haeba sesosa se sa felisoe. Hoa hlokahala ho theha lenaneo la ho thibela tšilafalo ea lintho tse phelang le tikoloho ea tsona. Mohlala, ts'ebeliso ea mehloli ea matla a tikoloho, ts'ebeliso ea litefiso ho likhoebo tse lahleloang litšila tikolohong. Ho hlompha tlhaho ho lokela ho ba molemo ho baahi bohle ba polanete.
Tšilafalo e kotsi
Mefuta ea tšilafalo le ea lik'hemik'hale e kotsi ka ho fetisisa. Tšilafalo ea anthropogenic Russia e feta se tloaelehileng. Ho kotsi haholo ho batho.
Tšilafalo ea 'mele - ho se sebetse hantle ka mocheso,' meleng, radiation le matšoao a mang. E ka ba tse futhumetseng, tsa motlakase, tsa radio radio le tikoloho.
Liphetoho tse futhumetseng li etsahala nakong ea ha mocheso o ntse o fella ka tlung le lits'ebeletso tsa sechaba, ho kenella ha litšila tsa motlakase sebakeng sa kantle. Har'a mehloli e bohlokoa ho totobatsa litefiso tse bokelletsoeng pele le litsela tsa mocheso, liphaephe tsa khase tsa mafura tse ka tlasa lefatše.
Maqhubu a motlakase a baka motlakase, mehala ea motlakase o phahameng, mahlaseli a tsoang lisebelisoa tsa motlakase. Tsena li ama mosebetsi oa pelo le bokong, li baka mahlaba, ho nyekeloa hoa li-hormone le lits'ebetso tse mpe tsa tsamaiso ea methapo e kholo. Mehala le lisebelisoa tsa khomphutha li nkuoa e le mohloli o kotsi oa ho pepesetsoa joalo.
Tšenyo ea radioadio e bakiloeng ke ho eketseha ha mahlaseli ka lebaka la likotsi metsing a matla a nyutlelie, tlhahlobo ea libetsa tsa nyutlelie, tšebeliso ea li-radionuclides.
E 'ngoe ea mefuta ea tšilafalo ea tikoloho ke lerata la tikoloho, le phahameng ho feta tlhaho.
Tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale e ts'oaroa ke ponahalo ea likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale libakeng tse fosahetseng. E ka ba sesosa sa maloetse a mangata a batho: chefo, mathata a sa foleng, liphetoho.
Lithako tsa maiketsetso li ama hampe boemo ba metsi, moea le mobu.
Tšilafalo ea moea e etsahala ka lebaka la palo e kholo ea makoloi, matlo a boiler, liteishene tsa motlakase, litšila tsa indasteri. Sepakapaka se lula se tšoenyeha ka mabaka a tlhaho: ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang, mello ea moru, sefefo sa lerōle.
Ho lekana hoa tlhaho ea metsi ho sitisoa ke ho tsoa hoa likepe, tšepe tse boima tse nang le chefo, tse sa bola, empa li ipokellela ka har'a lintho tse phelang ho baahi ba maoatle.
Har'a mehloli ea timetso ea lithosphere sebakeng sa pele ke litšila tsa ntlo le tsa temo, lik'hamphani tsa indasteri, matla a futhumatsang le lipalangoang.
Ts'ilafalo ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso le eona e khetholla, ka lebaka leo libaka tsa naha le mekhoa ea tikoloho li fetohang. Tšenyo e bakoa ke tšebeliso e mpe ea lisebelisoa tsa tlholeho: ho senngoa ha meru, ho kenella metseng ea litoropo, tsamaiso ea likhakanyo tsa metsi le tse ling.
Boikutlo ba litaba tsa tikoloho bo lokela ho ikarabella. Ha ho se na mehato ea ho thibela tšusumetso e mpe ea motho tikolohong, tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko e tla lebisa ho nyamela ha baemeli ba bangata ba Lefatše. Phetoho ea maemo a leholimo e tla ba teng, sebopeho sa mobu, metsi le moea li tla putlama. Ho siea ntlheng ena ho kotsi bakeng sa boteng ba motho ka boeena, ka hona, mehato e tlameha ho nkuoa ho ntlafatsa maemo a tikoloho ea lefatše.
Tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko
Tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko - tšilafalo ea metsi ka likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic, libaktheria, vaerase, protozoa, fungus, algae e nyane, jj.
Tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko e bakoa ke ho kenella ha tlhaho (ka tlhaho kapa ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea motho) lits'ebetsong tse atileng tsa tlhaho le ts'ebetso ea theknoloji ea mefuta ea lintho tse phelang tse sa tloaelehang ho tsoa metseng ena le lijalo mme hangata ha e eo. Li-biotic le likokoana-hloko tsa likokoana-hloko lia khetholoha. Tšilafalo ea biotic (biiogenic) e amahanngoa le phepelo ea tse ling, ka kakaretso tse sa rateheng, ho tloha ponong ea batho, limatlafatsi (li-extreta, litopo, joalo-joalo) sebakeng le (kapa) sebakeng sa metsi, moo se neng se sa hlokomeloe pele. Tšilafalo ea microbiological (microbial) e hlaha ka lebaka la ponahalo ea likokoana-hloko tse ngata tse sa tloaelehang tikolohong, tse amanang le ho ikatisa ha tsona ka bongata libakeng tse fetohileng nakong ea mesebetsi ea motho.
Tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko - kenyelletso ea tikoloho le ho ikatisa ho eona ka lintho tse sa rateheng bathong. Mohlala, ho phatlalatsoa ha likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic (likokoana-hloko, libaktheria, jj), mofoka, liphoofolo tse kotsi mesebetsing ea batho (litoeba tsa mouse, likhoto, litsie, jj.).
Methapo ea likokoana-hloko (algae, libaktheria, livaerase, joalo-joalo) e ka tlosoa ka bongata nakong ea tlhoekiso ea metsi ka li-electrocoagulation le electroflotation liseleng tsa elektrone tse nang le aluminium kapa li-electrode tsa tšepe. Maemong ana, lintho tse silafatsang li alafshoa ke hydroxides e entsoeng ka motlakase ea aluminium le tšepe, ebe e aroloa ka ho qhekelloa, ho futsuoa le ho fifala. Mabapi le ho ba teng ha likaroloana tsa tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko tsa tefo ea motlakase, hoa khonahala ho li tlosa metsing le ho sebelisa li-elektrone tsa inert. Patlisiso libakeng tsena tse khahlisang ha e ea hlaha Lefapheng la Khemistri ea Metsi le Theknoloji ea Setsi sa Chemical Chemical Chemistry, Setsi sa Mahlale sa SSR ea Seukraine.
Tšilafalo e kenang tikolohong ea metsing e khetholloa ho latela mekhoa, litekanyetso le sepheo. Kahoo, hangata e ntša tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale, ea 'mele le ea tlhaho. Lintho tse silafatsang tsa lik'hemik'hale li fetola thepa ea tlhaho ea lik'hemik'hale ka ho eketsa litšila tse mpe tse ka ho lona, ka bobeli (ka letsoai la liminerale, asiti, alkali, lintho tse entsoeng ka letsopa) le tlhaho: (Lihlahisoa tsa oli le oli, masala a likokoana-hloko). Lintho tse silafatsang tsa tlhaho: likokoana-hloko, libaktheria, likokoana-hloko tse ling, algae, tomoso le fungi fungus, 'Mele: Lintho tse nang le radio, li-solids tse emisitsoeng, mocheso, sludge, lehlabathe, silika, letsopa, li-organoleptic (' mala, monko).
Tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko e amana le ho kenella tikolohong le ho phatlalatseng lintho tse sa hlokeng batho, ka ho kenyelletsa kapa ho hlahisoa ha mefuta e mecha litsing tsa tlhaho, tse bakang liphetoho tse mpe ho biocenoses.
Tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko ke sesosa sa ho ata ha likokoana-hloko le mesebetsi ea anthropogenic (matla a futhumatsang, indasteri, lipalangoang, liketso tsa mabotho a hlometseng). Tlhahiso ea thepa ea moaho e fana ka liperesente tse 10 tsa tšilafalo eohle. Tšilafalo e ngata e kena sepakapakeng nakong ea indasteri ea samente, nakong ea ha ho ntšoa le ho sebetsanang le asbestos.
Tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko ea metsi a lefatše e ka bakoa ke likokoana-hloko tse fapaneng - algae, libaktheria, livaerase. Ho kotsi ka ho fetisisa ke tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko tse kenang ka tlas'a metsi libakeng tse nang le metsi a mangata le a nako e telele molemong oa tšimo e tsoang metseng e litšila, li-cesspools, li-stockyards, marang-rang a likhoere-khoere a nang le litšila le joalo. metsi a noka a hoheloang ke tšebeliso ea metsi.
Tšilafalo ea tlhaho ea tikoloho - tlholisano e eketsehang, - monyetla oa tšitiso ea letango la gene, ho hlaha hoa li-epizootic.
Tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko e ka ba kotsi le eona: hopola feela mafu a seoa a kang k'holera, ntaramane kapa lefu la seoa, li-activus tseo e leng likokoana-hloko, likokoana-hloko. Metsi a litšila a sebelisoang malapeng a sa sebelisoeng hantle a na le ts'oaetso e kholo ea likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic tse bakang letlalo, mala le maloetse a mang. Maemong a mang, liphoofolo kapa limela (tšilafalo ea macrobiological) ka phoso li kenngoe (ka nepo) bocha lits'ebetsong tse ncha tsa tikoloho li ka baka tšenyo e kholo moruong. Sena se etsahetse, ho etsa mohlala, Europe le kokoana-hloko ea litapole ea American Colorado, eo e fetohileng kokoanyana e kholo ea nightshade mona. Europe "e lefelletse" Amerika ka ho hlahisa ka tšohanyetso mohloa o sa sebetseng ka har'a meru ea oak, e ileng ea eketseha ka potlako, ea fumana tlhaho ea eona ea tlhaho, 'me ea e-ba sebui se kotsi ka lilemo tse ngata.
Tšilafalo ea metsi a tlhaho. Metsi a tlhaho a na le libaktheria, algae, protozoa, liboko le likokoana-hloko tse ling. Lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho tse silafatsang li hlaha ka mokhoa o tebileng haholoanyane, limatlafatsi tse ngata metsing. Likokoana-hloko tse atileng ka ho fetisisa ke libaktheria tse amehang ka matla ho thehoeng ha sechaba sohle sa metsing. Li mela le ho feta mobung o mong, kaha e le karolo ea palo e tlase ea baahi, libaktheria li ka ba le mefuta e mengata haholo ea lintho tse ka tlasa metsi (periphyton). Ka mokhoa oa bacterioplankton, ke karolo ea sechaba sa plankton sa karolo e nyane haholo ea plankton (nannoplankton). Bacteria e etsa lipelaelo tse tsitsitseng, kaha li haufi haholo le letsoalo la metsi ka lebaka la mongobo o phahameng o ka seleng (metsi a ka bang 85%).
Tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko e kenyelletsa ho fetola thepa ea tikoloho ea metsing ka lebaka la keketseho ea palo ea mefuta ea likokoana-hloko, limela le liphoofolo (libaktheria, li-fungus, protozoa, liboko) tse hlahisitsoeng ho tsoa kantle tse sa bonahaleng.
Lintho tse ka silafatsang tlhaho ka metsing a litšila li emeloa ke libaktheria, mahe a helminth (liboko), tomoso le hlobo, li-algae tse nyane, livaerase, ka hona metsi a litšila a beha kotsi e kholo ea mafu ho batho le liphoofolo tse hlaha.
Tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko ea tikoloho kapa sechaba, e arotsoe ka biotic (biiogenic) le microbiological (microbial).
Tšilafalo ea tlhaho le eona e kotsi joalo ka tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale. Epidemics ea ntaramane le mafu a mang ke mehlala ea lipontšo tsa tšoaetso ea likokoana-hloko tse bakiloeng ke likokoana-hloko. Ho ata ha likokoana-hloko ka metsi a litšila hangata e bile hona ho tsoelang pele ho ba sesosa sa mafu a seoa.
Tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko e utloisisoa e le kenyelletso ea tikoloho ka lebaka la phello ea anthropogenic ea mefuta e sa pheleng ea lintho tse phelang (libaktheria, likokoana-hloko, jj.) Tse mpefatsang maemo a bophelo a baahi ba tlhaho kapa tse amang bophelo ba batho hampe.
Tšilafalo ea mocheso. Lilemong tse 20-30 tse fetileng, mofuta ona oa ts'usumetso ho 'mele ea metsi le liliba tsa metsi o ile oa qala ho eketseha haholo ka lebaka la kaho ea mechini e meholo ea matla a futhumatsang le matla a nyutlelie. Baenjiniere ba motlakase ba na le mohopolo oa hore metsi a sebelisoang ke liteishene ho fana ka pholiso ha a fetole liphetoho / 3, 5 /. Leha ho le joalo, ho ile ha fumaneha hore metsi a fetang litsing tsa TPP tlasa ts'usumetso ea maemo a phahameng a mocheso a fetola letsoai la eona, khase le biological sebopeho / 108 /. Ho kenella ha metsi ana metsing a ho tšoasa litlhapi ho baka liphetoho tse kholo mehahong ea hydrothermal, hydrochemical and biological / 109-112 /. Keketseho ea mocheso 'meleng oa metsi e etsahala pusong ea eona ea khase le holim'a lintho tse phelang. Mariha, phello ena e matlafatsoa. Ho bolokoa ha libaka tse bulehileng ho etsa hore metsi a lule a le teng le ho thibela metsi hore a se ke a hlola a na le mariha. Tlas'a tšusumetso ea ho futhumala, ts'ebetso ea tlhaho le ea tlhaho ea tlhoekiso ea metsi e matlafatsoa, nts'etsopele ea likokoana-hloko, phytoplankton e kenngoa tšebetsong, photosynthesis le mineralization ea ho eketseha ha lintho tsa manyolo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, lefu le ho bokella hoa lintho tse sa tsoa etsoa tsa tlhaho (algae, likokoana-hloko) li lebisa ho tšilafalo ea sekhahla (biological) mme ka lebaka leo, ho mpefatsa puso ea oksijene, haholoholo maemong a tlase / 110 /. Ka ho futhumatsa ka matla (ho feta ho feta 5-6 °), phetisetso ea hydrobiocenoses e bonoa: li-furu tse ratang ho bata tsa lintho tse phelang li qheleloa ka thoko, tlhahiso ea limela le limela, haholo-holo li-protococcal diatoms lia fokotseha, palesa ea metsi e ntlafatsoa, 'me mofuta oa zooplankton le zoobenthos oa fokotseha. Ka lebaka leo, matla a ho fepa a fokotseha le kholo ea litlhapi ea fokotseha, mofuta oa mefuta ea ona oa fetoha (palo ea litlhapi tse theko e tlase ea eketseha). Tšusumetso e mpe ea metsi a futhumetseng e ama trophicity ea metsi. e eketseha ha nako ea polokelo / 108, 110 /. Haeba meroalo ea mocheso e feta (ka mohlala, ho tloha ho 25 ° C ho ea ho 35 ° C), lefu la lintho tse phelang metsing le ba teng.
Likarolo tsa tšilafalo ea metsi a litšila tsa tlhaho le bohlokoa ba tsona ba ho lekola kotsi ea koluoa ea metsi a litšila. Ho fetisoa hoa metsi ka ts'oaetso ea tšoaetso e itseng ho bohlokoa ka lebaka la karolo e ntseng e eketseha ea 'mele ea metsi bophelong ba motho. Keketseho ea tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko tsa 'mele ea batho e amahanngoa le ho ata ha metsi a litšila, keketseho ea tšebeliso ea metsi, le ts'ebeliso ea tsona bakeng sa liketsahalo tsa ho sesa le tsa lipapali. Mafu a mangata a baktheria (typhoid fever, dysentery, k'holera, tularemia) a na le phetiso ea metsi. Bakeng sa tšoaetso ea vaerase (polio), monyetla oa phetiso ka tikoloho ea metsing le ona o netefalitsoe.
Metsi a litšila ke li-aerosols, li-solid le lintho tse fumanehang ka metsing le mobung. Tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale - likhase tse fapaneng tsa khase, tsa metsi le tsa lik'hemik'hale tse tsitsitseng tse sebetsanang le tlhaho ea tlhaho. Lintho tse amanang le likokoana-hloko - likokoana-hloko le lihlahisoa tsa tsona tsa metabolic. Mefuta ea eneji e kenyelletsa mefuta eohle ea matla - matla, mochini, khanya, motlakase, matla a motlakase.
Metsi a litšila a kenyelletsa lintho tse sa nkeng lehlakore tse sa tlatseng maemo a tloaelehileng tse sa keneleng karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale ka likarolo tsa biolo (metsi, moea, mobu). Lintho tse silafatsang ka lik'hemik'hale ke metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale e sebetsanang le lintho tse phelang. Lintho tse silafatsang ka likokoana-hloko ke likokoana-hloko le lihlahisoa tsa mesebetsi ea tsona e tlase. Tšilafalo ea eneji e kenyelletsa mefuta eohle ea matla - mocheso, mochine (vibration, lerata, ultrasound), leseli (le bonahala, le infrared, ultraviolet le radier laser), masimo a motlakase oa motlakase le radiation ea ionizing (alpha, beta, gamma, x-ray le neutron) . Mefuta e meng ea litšila tse kang litšila tse nang le radioisk ke lintho tse peli!
Likokoana-hloko tsa tlhaho le tsa tlhaho li na le likokoana-hloko tse fapaneng: tomoso le hlobo fungus, algae e nyane le libaktheria, ho kenyelletsa le likokoana-hloko tse sebelisang feberu ea typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery, jj. Mofuta ona oa tšilafalo ke tšobotsi ea metsi a lapeng le mefuta e meng ea metsi a litšila a likhoerekhoere. metsi a setsi sa ho hlabeloa, litlolo tsa boea, bohloela ba boea, li-biofactories, jj). Ho latela sebopeho sa bona sa lik'hemik'hale, ke karolo ea lintho tse silafatsang, empa ba hlahelle ka sehlopha se arohaneng ka lebaka la tšebelisano e khethehileng le mefuta e meng ea tšilafalo.
TLHALOSO EA TSOA MOTSOALLE (SZ) - kenyelletso ea tikoloho ea lik'hemik'hale tse nang le chefo kapa likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic (bona tšilafalo ea Biological) ts'ebetsong ea tlhahiso ea temo. Mehloli e meholo ea S.z. ke meriana e bolaeang likokonyana, manyolo, litšila tsa liphoofolo. Tšilafalo ea mobu e nang le chefo e bolaeang likokonyana le masala a eona a sentse baahi ba eona ba phela kahoo e fokotsa ts'ebetso ea ho nchafatsa limatlafatsi nakong ea ho bola ha masala a manyolo. Ho kenella ha chefo e bolaeang likokonyana ho ka baka mafu a tebileng a batho, ho kenyeletsa mofetše. 'Musong oa Russia, lihlahisoa tsa temo hangata li silafalitsoe ke meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana ea 2,4-D.
Mehloli e meholo ea tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko ke metsi a litšila a tsoang indastering ea lijo le letlalo, lintlafatso tsa malapeng le tsa indasteri, mabitla, marang-rang a likhoerekhoere, masimo a nosetso, jj. Ho latela data ea bohloeki le ea mafu a seoa, pathogenic Escherichia coli e fumanoa metsing a lefatseng ka botebo ba limilimithara tse 300 ho tloha holim 'a lefatše.
Mefuta eohle e boletsoeng ea tšilafalo e hokahane ebile e ngoe le e ngoe? e kanna ea ba tšusumetso ho hlaha hoa mefuta e meng ea tšilafalo. Haholo-holo tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale ea sepakapaka ea lichelete tsa tšepe e kenya letsoho ho eketseheng. "Ts'ebetso ea vaerase hape, ka hloko, tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko. AIDS ke litlamorao tsa ts'ilafalo ea anthropogenic ea bio ery.
Tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko ea mobu e amanang le monyetla oa ho ata hoa mafu a seoa a bohlokoa haholo. Lebaka le ka sehloohong la tšilafalo ea tlhaho ea mobu ke litšila tse senotsoeng, lintlafatso (li-landfill) tsa litšila tsa lapeng. Teko ea bohloeki ea ntho ena ea tšilafalo ea mobu e fana ka sepheo sa ho khetholla litšenyehelo tsa ho bokella litšila le mofuta oa chefo ea bona, hammoho le litšobotsi tsa ho bokelloa ha bona, ho lahla (sebaka sebakeng sa toropo), ho se nke lehlakore le ho e lokisa2.
Mehloli ea tšilafalo ea anthropogenic, e kotsi haholo ho bongata ba lintho tsohle tse etsang tikoloho, ke likhoebo tsa indasteri (lik'hemik'hale, metallological, pulp le pampiri, thepa ea moaho, jj) matla a mocheso, lipalangoang, tlhahiso ea temo, le mahlale a mang. Tlas'a tšusumetso ea ts'ebetso ea litoropo, masimo a litoropo tse kholo le li-multlomeration tsa indasteri a silafetse haholo. Mefuta ea tšilafalo e ntša tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale, 'meleng le likokoana-hloko (sa feiga 12.1 ho latela N.F. Reimers, 1990, joalo ka ha ho lokisitsoe).
Ho latela sebopeho sa taba, tšilafalo e arotsoe ka lisebelisoa (motsoako), matla (parametric) le matla a lintho tse bonahalang. Ea pele e kenyelletsa litšila tse nang le tšebeliso ea methapo, lik'hemik'hale le tsa likokoana-hloko, tseo hangata li kopantsoeng ke mohopolo o tloaelehileng - litšila, oa bobeli - radiation, acoustic, electromagnetic le ionizing radiation, hammoho le radiation ea mahlo, ea boraro - radionuclides.
Kotsi e kholo ke tšilafalo ea tlhaho ea tikoloho ka likokoana-hloko tsa mafu a tšoaetsanoang le a likokoana-hloko. Liphetoho tsa bohlokoa tikolohong ka lebaka la ts'usumetso ea anthropogenic li baka litlamorao tse sa lebelloang boits'oarong ba bongata ba likokoana-hloko le bakuli ba maloetse a kotsi ho batho le liphoofolo. .
Ka tšilafalo e ntseng e eketseha ea theknoloji ea metsi a holimonyana mokhoeng oa lefatše oa ts'ebetso ea metsi a nooang lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena, ho bile le tšekamelo ea ho fetohela ts'ebelisong ea metsi a artesian (ka tlasa lefatše). Metsi a artesian a bapisoa hantle le lefats'e: boemo ba mineralization, organic, libaktheria le tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko li tlase haholo. Maemong a mang, metsi a joalo a fihlella litlhoko tsa bohloeki 'me a ka fuoa bareki, ka ho fetisa litokisetso tsa moetlo.Leha ho le joalo, haeba metsi a artesian a se na oksijene ka tlhaho ea bona ea hydrochemical (ha e na oksijene e qhibilihileng), ba ka ba le li-ingredient tse fokotsang (ions Mn2 +, Fe2 + le hydrogen sulfide) maemong a fetang tekano a lumellehang. Joale tlhoekiso e hlokahala, e fokotsang ho phekola metsi ka li-oxidizing tse matla, mohlala, potasiamo permanganate, ozone, likhomphutha tsa oksijene tsa chlorine. Ka lebaka la ts'ebetso, litšila tsena li fetoha tse sa koahelang letho ebe li tlosoa habonolo ka ho li filtara.
Bothata bo tebileng haholo ke tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko tikolohong, ntoa eo ho eona le litlamorao tsa eona li leng bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa bophelo ba sechaba, kaha ke tšireletso ea mafu a mangata a tšoaetsanoang le a likokoana-hloko.
Lebaka la ponahalo ea likhomphutha tsa naetrojene ka metsing, ho ekelletsa ho litšilafalo tsa bioloji, ke tokiso e tobileng ea naetrojene e tsoang sepakapakeng ka libaktheria tsa nodule. Mohloli oa ho ruisa metsi ka li-nitrate e boetse ke ■ naetrojene oxides, e thehiloeng nakong ea sefefo sa metsi le ea oelang ka metsing a nang le metsi a pula.
Litšobotsi tse akaretsang tsa tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale, tsa radio radio le tsa likokoana-hloko. Ebile, tšilafalo e ka sehloohong ea metsi a lefats'e ke lik'hemik'hale. E lebisa phetohong ea sebopeho se akaretsang sa lik'hemik'hale le khase tsa metsi a lefats'e le litšobotsi tsa tsona tsa redox le acid. Tšilafalo eohle e tsamaea le kenyelletso ka metsing a ka tlas'a lefatše a mefuta e fapaneng ea likhakanyo, lintho tse ncha tsa lik'hemik'hale le lintho tse phelang. Ho tsepamisa mohopolo ha lintho tsena metsing a lefatše a nang le litšila a ka bang mashome kapa makhetlo a mangata ho feta ho MPC.
Ho kenella ha metsi a tsoang metsing a litšila a liindasteri ho lebisa ho tšilafalo ea tlhaho ea tlhaho.
Thibelo, tlhahlobo e tlang ka nako, ho fihlella le ho felisoa ha tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko li fihlelloa ka mehato e phethahetseng e amanang le ts'ireletso ea lefu la seoa la baahi. Mehato e kenyelletsa ts'ireletso ea bohloeki tikolohong, ho hlahisoa ha batho ba arolelanoang marakeng, moo ho hlokahalang, ho lekola ho potoloha ha livaerase, ho shebella tikoloho le mafu a tšoaetsanoang, ho latedisa le ho lekola lihlooho tsa tšoaetso e kotsi ea vaerase.
Haeba taba ea molao oa tikoloho ke kamano ea ho sireletsa tikoloho ho tsoa ho ts'usumetso e mpe ea lik'hemik'hale, 'meleng le likokoana-hloko, ke ha tlhaho ho hlahisa taba ea ho totobatsa e le likarolo tse tlase tsa litekanyetso tseo tsa molao tse laolang ts'ireletso khahlanong le litšusumetso tsa lik'hemikhale, litšusumetso tsa' mele le tšusumetso ea likokoana-hloko. Mokhoa ona oa ho hlophisa melao ea tikoloho, e leng indasteri e rarahaneng, e kopaneng, o bohlokoa haholo saenseng ebile o bohlokoa. Kahoo, litlhoko tsa ts'ireletso ea tikoloho ho tsoa ho ts'ilafalo ea likokoana-hloko li fumaneha Molaong o mabapi le Ts'ireletso ea Tikoloho ea Tlhaho, melao ea moru, melao ea liphoofolo tse hlaha, bohloeki, temo le melao e meng. Mokhoa o matla oa ho sekaseka sebopeho sa molao o o lumella ho fana ka tlhahlobo e felletseng ea maemo a melao sebakeng sena, ho tseba likheo le ho etsa litlhahiso tsa ntlafatso ea ona. Haeba lekala le lenyane la molao oa tikoloho le amanang le ts'ireletso khahlanong le tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale le se le ithutile ka botlalo, saense ha e ele hloko haholo tekolo ea molao oa ts'ireletso ea tikoloho ts'ilafatsong ea tlhaho le ea tlhaho.
Matšoao a eketsehileng a boemo ba tikoloho ea mobu libakeng tsa bolulo li kenyelletsa genotoxicity le matšoao a tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko (palo ea likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic ke palo ea li-titers le litaba tsa mahe a helminth).
Ha ho lekola boemo ba tikoloho ea mobu, matšoao a mantlha a bokhopo ba tikoloho ke litekanyetso tsa ho senyeha hoa mmele, tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale le tsa likokoana-hloko (Tafole ea 67).
Metsi a litšila ke mokhoa o rarahaneng oa lintho tse silafatsang tse ka bang boemong bo qhibilihileng le bo sa rarolloang. Tšilafalo e arotsoe ka mineral, organic, bacterial, biological. Liminerale li emeloa ke lehlabathe, likaroloana tsa letsopa, slag, ore, letsoai la liminerale. Tšilafalo ea tikoloho e arotsoe ka tlhaho ho limela, phoofolo, le lintho tsa lik'hemik'hale. Tšilafalo ea baktheria le ea likokoana-hloko ea tlhaho e fumaneha ka metsing a malapeng le a liphoofolo le mehlodi ea likhoebo tse ling tsa indasteri. Metsi a litšila a ka tlung a kenyelletsa metsi a ho hlatsoa liaparo, matlo a phepelo ea lipetlele, lipetlele joalo-joalo. Li tsoa mehahong ea bolulo le ea sechaba, likhoerekhoere. Lintho tse tsoang ho tsona ke hoo e ka bang 58%, liminerale - 42%.
Metsi a lekanang a tšolotsoeng a tšeloa likhalase tse ling (taolo), 'me metsi a qhibilihileng le ona a tšeloa ka likhalase tse ling, empa a hlapolotsoe ka 1/3 ka metsi a tsoang letamong, liliba kapa noka e nang le sebaka se khutsitseng, i.e. ho tsoa metsing a metsi a nang le ntho e tsoang manyolo. Haeba ho na le tšoaetso e matla ea likokoana-hloko, ho hlapoloha ho lokela ho eketsoa.
Karolo e ka tlase e thathamisa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa mohopolo o hlalositsoeng oa "8colog 'carnival niche" ka mokhoa oa liqeto, o hlalosang mekhoa ea ho phela ha lihloliloeng le ho theha maiketsetso a tlholeho ka lebaka la mesebetsi ea motho, e bakang tšilafalo ea tikoloho (bona chassis ea tšilafalo ea anthropogenic).
Likarolo tse phahameng tsa tumello li ikemiselitsoe ka lebaka la lipatlisiso tsa bongaka le tumello ke Lefapha la Bophelo la Russia. Hajoale, li-MPC tsa lik'hemik'hale tse fetang 1000 tse metsing, tse fetang 200 moeeng o sepakapakeng, le tse fetang 30 mobung li se li thehiloe. Ho silafatsoa ha lihlahisoa tsa lijo tsa batho le hona hoa laoloa. Litekanyetso tsa maemo a amang tšusumetso li thehiloe - lerata, vibration, mahlaseli a motlakase le a motlakase, ho pepesetsoa mahlaseli a kotsi, tšilafalo ea mocheso le tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko ke microflora ea pathogenic.
Mehato e rarahaneng e kenella ka har'a lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale tse kenang mobung ka litsela tse fapaneng. Mobu ke ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea tlhaho ea tlhaho, moo ho se leka-lekanang le tšenyeho li etsahalang ka ho etsoa ha metsoako e seng chefo ea bongata bo bongata ba tšilafalo ea tikoloho, sebopeho le tikoloho. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, boemo ba tšilafalo ea mobu bo na le phello e hlakileng mecheng ea litaba ha bo kopana le eona: moea oa sepakapaka, metsi a lefats'e le metsi a ka tlasa lefatše, limela. Mabapi le sena, kotsi ea mobu o silafetseng ho bophelo ba motho e ka iponahatsa eseng feela ka ho ikopanya ka kotloloho, empa hape ka mecha ea litaba e amanang le eona. Maemong a morao-rao, ho kenella ha lintho tse silafatsang 'meleng oa motho ho ka khoneha ka liketane tse' maloa tsa tikoloho: mobu - moea oa sepakapaka - monna, mobu - metsi - monna, mobu - semela - monna, mobu - semela - phoofolo - motho, mobu - litlhapi - monna, le tse ling
Ho etsa sena, metsi a sebelisoa litekong tse tsoang mehloling e mengata (matangoaneng, letamo, liliba) moo ho behiloeng makhasi a limela tse tšoanang tsa khanyetso e nyane kapa e bohareng. Ha o sebelisa makhasi a mefuta e hanyetsanang ka ho fetisisa (mohlala, li-poplars), nako ea teko e atolosoa haholo. Kamora ho pepesoa lefifing, metsi a silafalitsoeng haholo a tlhaho a senoloa, metsing ao makhasi a ona a senyehang ka potlako.
Ntlha ena ea maikutlo e ka aroloa ka karolo e itseng feela, mme e tlameha ho ananeloa hore ts'ireletso ea tikoloho ke mohopolo oa mantlha oa molao oa tikoloho: ts'ebetsong ea bophelo, ho kopana le litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa batho le litšusumetso tsa motho ka tlhaho, mefuta e fapaneng ea liphetoho tsa eona tse mpe, tšilafalo, haholo-holo lik'hemik'hale tsa eona, li etsahala. tšilafalo ea 'mele le ea tlhaho le ho putlama ha lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho.
Potso ea mesebetsi ea tlhaho mabapi le motho e bohlokoa ka molao. E tlasa taolo ea molao ea taolo ea tikoloho le ts'ireletso ea tikoloho liphellong tse mpe tsa ts'ebetso ea motho. Kahoo, bakeng sa ho ts'ehetsa ts'ebetso ea moruo oa tlhaho le ho thibela ho fokotseha ha lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho, molao oa mehleng oa kajeno oa tikoloho o theha litlhokahalo bakeng sa tšebeliso e bohlale ea mobu, metsi, meru le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa tlhaho, tse reretsoeng ho sireletsa tlhaho ho tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale, ea 'mele le ea tlhaho ho fana ka monyetla o motle oa ts'ebetsong ea ts'ebetso ea tikoloho ea tlhaho. Ka har'a sebopeho sa melao mabapi le libaka tsa tlhaho tse sirelelitsoeng ka ho khetheha, likamano li laoloa mabapi le khotsofalo ea botle, boithabiso, saense, litlhoko tsa setso tsa motho puisanong ea hae le tlhaho.
Litsebi tsa limela le limela li lemohile taba ea hore liphoofolo tse hlaha le limela lia ikamahanya le maemo a litoropo. Ka thoko, ho lokela ho boleloa ka mefuta ea malapeng le ea li-synanthropic. Haufinyane, ho hlaha Exoticism e ngata, mme hona ha se ntho e tloaelehileng (litšoene, li-raccoon tsa mapolanka tsa Amerika Boroa, kinkaju, jj), 'me hangata li sa tloaeleha (mohlala, bere e sootho ka koekoeng e koetsoeng setsing sa khase). Ona ke motheo oa boiphetetso ba machabeng, khoebo ea botlokotsebe mefuta e sa tloaelehang. Bothata bo boholo ba liphoofolo tse se nang mahae. Palo ea ba hlahisang tse hlahisitsoeng ka boomo le ka boomo, ka bomalimabe, e ntse e hola, ke hore, tšilafalo ea tlhaho ea tikoloho e ntse e hola, e sokela sechaba sa tlhaho le mefuta.
Kahoo, mobu o na le tšusumetso e kholo ho bophelo bo botle ba baahi, o na le bohlokoa bo bongata ba bohloeki 'me ke: 1) ntho ea mantlha ha ho thehoa liprofinse tsa tlhaho le tsa maiketsetso, tse nkang karolo e etelletseng pele ho hlaha le ho thibela mafu a seoa, 2) tikoloho e fanang ka potoloho tsamaisong ea "tikoloho e kantle - monna ”oa lintho tse nang le lik'hemik'hale le tse nang le radioadio, hammoho le lik'hemik'hale tsa kantle ho naha tse kenang mobung ka lihlahisoa tsa likhoebo tsa indasteri, likoloi tsa makoloi, metsi a litšila jj. li-ore tse amang bophelo bo botle ba sechaba, 3) e 'ngoe ea mehloli ea tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale le ea tlhaho ea moea oa sepakapaka, metsi a lefats'e le metsi a ka tlase, hammoho le limela tse sebelisoang ke batho bakeng sa phepo e nepahetseng, 4) sesosa sa phetiso ea mafu a tšoaetsanoang, 5) tlhaho ea tlhaho e loketseng haholo ho thibela metsi le lesupi le tiileng.
Taba ea "ts'ireletso ea tikoloho" ("ts'ireletso ea tikoloho") e boetse e bua ka lintho tsa mantlha tse molaong oa tikoloho. Kamano mabapi le ts'ireletso ea tikoloho e bua ka melao ea molao ea indasteri ena. Ts'ireletso ea tikoloho, hammoho le taolo ea tlhaho le polokeho ea tikoloho, e tsamaisana le Art. 72 ea Molaotheo oa Rephabliki ea Russia ke taba ea matla a kopaneng a Russia Federation le lihlooho tsa Federation. Ts'ebetsong ea bophelo, ho khotsofatsa litlhoko tse fapaneng tsa batho le tšusumetso e entsoeng ke motho ka tlhaho, ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ea liphetoho tse mpe tsa eona, ho senyeha, haholo ts'ilafalo ea ts'ebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale, 'mele le tlhaho le ho theoha hoa lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho. Ka hona, tikoloho e sirelelitsoe hore e se ke ea senyeha, 'me e e-ba le liphetoho tse mpe litlamong tsa boleng ba eona.