PECHORKY COAL POOL - E fumaneha kahare ho Komi ACCP le Nenets Autonomous Okrug ea Setereke sa Arkhangelsk sa RSFSR. Sebaka se ka ba likete tse 90 km 2. E sebakeng sa permafrost libakeng tsa tundra le meru-tundra.
Tlhahisoleseling ea pele mabapi le ho ba teng ha mashala ka beseng e qalile ka 1828. Ka 1919, setsomi V. Ya. Popov o ile a etsa kopo ea ho sibolloa mashala setsing sa noka sa Vorkuta. Boitlamo ba jioloji, bo etelletsoe pele ke A. A. Chernov, setsi sa mashala sa Pechora se fumanoe ka 1924, meepo ea mashala ho tloha ka 1934. Mehloli le lihlahisoa tse felletseng ke litone tse limilione tse likete tse 265 (1986), tseo ho tsona ho sibolotsoeng lithane tse limilione tse 23,9 (tekanyo ea 13.7 , leqephe la tekano - litone tse limilione tse likete tse 10,2). Ka bo-70s. mosebetsi oa jioloji o ile oa holisa sebaka sa beisine ea mashala ea Pechora ho ea meeling ea profinse ea Timan-Ural ("Big Pechora"). Beisine ea mashala ea Pechora e karolong e ka tlas'a lefatše le polar ea sekepe sa 'maraka sa Ural. Botebo ba li-depositi tsa Permian tsa carboniferous li eketseha ho tloha bophirima ho isa bochabela ka lehlakoreng la sekoti ho tloha ho 1 ho isa ho 7 km. Sebopeho se nang le mashala se arotsoe (ho tloha tlase ho ea holimo) ho li-suite tsa Vorkuta (Lekvorkutskaya le Intinskaya) le li-pechora (Seydinskaya le Talbeyskaya suites). Tlholo ea Lekvorkut e hlahisoa ke Lenaneo le tlase, Intinsky Suite le Pechora Series ho Upper Permian. Ka Lekite la Lekvorkut, libopeho tsa Rudnitskaya le Ayachyagin li khethollotsoe.
Li-depositi tsa tlhahiso li etsoa ke meaho e meholo e mebe (depressions): Kosyu-Rogovskaya le Korotaikhinsky, hammoho le Verkhneadzvinsky, libaka tsa Kara tse mekhoabo e menyenyane. Halmeryu, Yunyaginskoe, Vorkutinskoye, Vorgashorskoye, li-depositi tsa Intinskoye li bonoa ka lehlakoreng le ka bochabela la Korotaikhinskaya le meahong ea bobeli (brachisynclines) karolong e bohareng ea khatello ea maikutlo ea Kosyu-Rogovskaya; bahanyetsi. Ntho e khahlisang haholo indastering ke li-Mines le Intinsky Fform. Sebopeho sa Rudnitskaya se na le liforomo tse 10 tse sebetsang tsa sebopeho se bonolo, bolelele bo bolelele (1,3,3,5 m) le tšesaane (0.5-1.2 m), se emeloang ke molora o tlase le o bohareng (12-18%), sirapo e tlase hofihlela ho 1,0%), mashala a tlase-phosphorous (ho fihlela ho 0,02%) a nang le phaello e tloaelehileng. Tsena ke mashala a boleng bo holimo ka ho fetisisa besin ea mashala ea Pechora. Ka har'a li-Intinsky Suite, ho na le li-strata tse boima ba 15 le bohareng ba sebopeho se rarahaneng, li na le molora o phahameng (16-30%), bolila (1.5-4.0%) le mashala a thata. Lenaneong la Pechora, sebopeho sa botenya bo bohareng, se matla se le seng (ho fihlela ho 30 m), sebopeho se rarahaneng, mashala a phahameng-molora (20-40%), ho leng thata ho tsepamisa mohopolo. Metsoako ea beisine ke humus, banded, 'me sebopeho sa lintho tse bonahalang ke sona feela se emeloang ke 70-85% ea li-microcompaction tsa sehlopha se seholo. Sebopeho sa veint ho tloha ho sootho ho ea ho anthracite ('mapa). Mashala a lipalo tsa grade B le D predominate (50-60%), ha a ntse a koahela mashala, boima bo ka sehloohong bo entsoe ka mashala a sehlopha sa Zh. Kakaretso ea boleng ba matšoao a hlahisoang ke mashala a tala (%): grade D (Depinsky depositi) - W r = 11.0, A d = 28.7, St d = 3.0, V daf = 39.0, Oi r = 18.1 MJ / kg, grade Zh (Vorkutinsky) - W r = 5.0, A d = 14.8, Si d = 0.8, V def = 32.0, Oi r = 26.7 MJ / kg.
Papatso
Merafo ea mashala e etsoa ka tlasa lefatše, botebo ba nts'etsopele sebakeng sa polokelo ea Vorkuta ke 300- 900 m, Vorgashorskoye - 180-350 m, Intinskoye - 150-600 m.Le maemo a merafong le a geoloji a rarahane ka lebaka la ho ferekana ha mealo, permafrost e pharaletseng, dikahare tse phahameng tsa methane. Meepo e kotsi bakeng sa lerōle le khase. The methaciffortness ea li-seams tsa mashala e eketseha ka botebo ba tsona ho tloha ho 4 ho isa ho 33 m 3 / t. Tekanyo e phahameng ea selemo le selemo ho ba merafong ke 70-800 m 3 / h, matla a lekaneng a ho sisinyeha ha metsi ke 0.3-6.0 m 3 / t. Merafo ea mashala e etsoa ke mekhatlo ea tlhahiso Vorkutaugol (limmaene tse 13) le Intaugol (limmapa tse 5) haholo-holo tse nang le lipapatso tse telele le ntoeng. Bokhoni ba tlhahiso ea liqhomane tsa fatše bo tsoa ho lithane tse limilione tse 0.5 ho isa ho 4,8 ka selemo. Ho cheka lithane tse limilione tse 30,2 (1986). Litsi tsa meepo ke Vorkuta le Inta. Bareki ba ka sehloohong ke limela tsa Callpovets le tsa Novolipetsk, sejoale se kang mohloa sa Moscow le Kaliningrad le limela tsa khase le limela tsa coke Ukraine. Steam ea mashala e sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa limela tsa motlakase tse futhumatsang le litlhoko tsa lapeng. Mokhoa oa ho palama bakeng sa ho romella mashala ke seporo sa Vorkuta-Kotlas.
Mehloli ea pokello ea mashala
Liminerale ho pholletsa le beisine ea Pechora li matlafalitsoe. Li-depositi tsa Intinsky le Vorkutinsky, ho behiloe libethe tsa mashala a futhumetseng. Li-depositi tsa Yunyaginskoye le Vorgashorskoye li na le mohloa o mongata oa koae. Litsebi li hakantse polokelo ea beisine ena ka lithane tse 344,5 tsa mashala. Haeba re bua ka mefuta e fapaneng, joale ho na le palo e kholo ea mashala a mafura, ho na le a malakabe a malelele.
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Mashala a polokiloeng ena a lula ka ho lekaneng. Ka karolelano metara ea liminerale e ba teng ka botebo ba limithara tse 470, empa libakeng tse ling li fumanoa li le boemong ba limithara tse 900. Lejoe lena le tšoauoa ka molora oa 4% le mongobo oa 6-11%. O boetse o na le boleng bo phahameng ba khalori le boleng ba khalori.
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Meepo ea majoe
Ka beseng ea Pechora, mashala a chekoa merafong e fapaneng merafong e ka tlas'a lefatše. Sena se hloka lisebelisoa tse khethehileng. Ts'ebetso ea meepo e kopantsoe ke maemo a tlase a mocheso le maemo a permafrost. Ha mashala a tebile, ho hlokahala chelete e ngata ho nna ho feta ho li-depositi tse ling. Sena se hlalosa litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa lisebelisoa.
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Ka kakaretso, sebaka sa Pechora se ntse se tsoela pele, 'me meepo ea mashala e ntse e eketseha ka sekhahla. Palo ea lefika le nang le meepo e lekane ho ts'ehetsa setereke. Coal ha e chekoe ka bongata, hobane besine e hole le libaka tsa indasteri mme ho thata ho e isa metseng e meng. Ka lebaka lena, ho tlosoa ha lisebelisoa ho ntse ho oela butle selemo se seng le se seng.
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Khoebo ea mashala
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, keketseho ea tlhokeho ea mashala 'marakeng oa lefatše le ea lapeng. Mohlala, hoo e batlang e le meaho eohle ea lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa li fetohetse motlakase le khase, kahoo ba ne ba se ba sa hloka mashala.
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Ha e le thekiso ea mashala, kantle ho mohloli oa tlhahiso ena e ntse e eketseha feela, ka hona, mashala a mashala setsing sa Pechora a isoa libakeng tse fapaneng tsa lefatše, ka leoatle le ka seporo. Kahare, ho na le tlhoko e kholo ea matla le matla a koahelang. Lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa boleng bo phahameng li batloa ke limela tse ngata tsa metallological. Steam ea mashala e sebelisoa ke phepelo ea lihlahisoa tsa khoebo.
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Boemo ba tikoloho
Joaloka setsi se seng le se seng sa indasteri, meepo ea mashala e ama tikoloho hampe. Pele ho tsohle, ho na le tšilafalo ea metsi a teng sebakeng seo. Khetlong la bobeli, ho fokola hoa mobu ho ka hlokomeloa. Ho feta moo, likaroloana tse kotsi li kena moeeng. Ho fokotsa litlamorao tse mpe tsa liminerale, ho nkuoa letoto la mehato ea ho hloekisa ho thusa tlhaho ea tikoloho eo hore e fole. Kahoo, beseke ea mashala ea Pechora e kopanya kholo e kholo ea moruo, moruo le tšebeliso e matla ea lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho.
Sebaka
Boemo ba sebaka sa letamo ha bo na molemo o moholo. E fumaneha Rephabliking ea Komi le Nenets Autonomous Okrug (karolo ea sebaka sa Arkhangelsk). Boholo ba sebaka sa eona bo haufi le Arctic Circle, haufi le matsoapo a bophirima ba Polar Urals le Pai Khoi. Li-amana tsohle tsa beisine ea mashala li lebaleng la ntlafatso ea permafrost.
Sebopeho sa Letamo
Ho sibolloa ha polokelo ea chelete ea mashala ho tloha ka 1924, mashala a pele a ile a chekoa ka 1934. Mehloli ea mashala e feta lithane tse limilione tse likete li 344, beseke e na le sebaka se batlang se le haufi le likete tse 90 tsa km 2. Mashala a sebopeho se fapaneng - ho hloleha ha lejoe, ho na le li-brown le anthracite. Boleng bo ikhethileng ba mehloli ea mashala ke ho ba teng ha mashala a koahelang.
- Vorkutinsky - mashala a matla le a coking a hlahisoa,
- Vorgashorskoye - mashala a bohlokoa a koahelang,
- Yunyaginskoe - mofuta o tšoanang,
- Intinsky - mashala a mafolofolo.
Merafo ea mashala e etsoa ke merafong Vorgashorskaya, Vorkutinskaya, Komsomolskaya, Zapolyarnaya le Yunyaginsky. Botebo ba liqhomane tsa fatše ho tloha ho 150 ho isa ho 1100 m.
Feie. 1. Merafo ea mashala mane seqhomong, Vorkuta.
Mathata a mantlha a meepo e ka tlas'a lefatše ke lintho tse phahameng tsa methane ka har'a seams, sebopeho se rarahaneng sa likarolo tse hlahisang tlhahiso, motsamao oa likhoele tsa mashala, tlhoko ea ho pompa metsi khafetsa ho tsoa merafong, sena sohle se eketsa litšenyehelo tsa mashala a Pechora.
Ka har'a meeli ea beisine, libaka tse 14 tse nang le libaka tsa polokelo ea mashala tse loketseng ho ts'oaroa lia hlahlojoa.
Feie. 2. Merafo ea mashala, Vorkuta.
Bareki
Li-cochora tsa mashala li fanoa libakeng tsa moruo tsa Europe Leboea le Bohareng.
Boemong ba tšepe, coke e hlokahala bakeng sa ho qhibilihisoa ha tšepe le tšepe. E fanoa ke mechini ea tlhahiso ea coke e kenyellelitsoeng mehahong ea metallurgishene. Bareki ba ka sehloohong ke Li-Cherepovets le Novolipetsk Metallurgical Combines.
Lihlahisoa tsa matla a mashala li rekoa ke limela tsa matla a futhumetseng, tse ling li rekoa ke baahi bakeng sa litlhoko tsa motho.
Mashala a isoa ho bareki ke Northern Railway.
Feie. 3. Ho tsamaisa mashala.
Mathata a tikoloho
Mathata a tikoloho a tloaelehile bakeng sa likotlolo tsa mashala - qubu e mengata, tšilafalo ea moea e tsoang lerōleng la mashala libakeng tse nang le libaka le moo mashala a lahleloang litereneng, ts'ebeliso ea metsi a hloekileng bakeng sa tlhahiso ea mohoma.
Ka nchafatso ea liqhomane le limela tse sebetsanang, boholo ba lintho tse mpe li ka fokotsoa kapa tsa felisoa, ntle le ha ho entsoe qubu. Maemong a Arctic, ho khutlisetsa maralla a maiketsetso lefikeng la litšila ha ho khonehe.
Re ithutile eng?
Re ithutile sebaka sa bete ea Pechora, ke liminerale tse nang le liminerale moo. Ho tsoa lits'ebetsong tsa beisine ea Pechora, re ithutile hore na mekhoa ea merafo ke efe, mathata a teng ka mokhoa o ka tlase ho merafo o ka tlas'a lefatše. Pechora mashala e hlokahala ke likhoebo tse karolong ea Europe ea naha, moo e eang ka terene. Tlhaloso ea mathata a tikoloho le monyetla oa ho a hlola li fanoa.
Nalane ea nts'etsopele
Ho ba teng ha beisine ea mashala ea Pechora ho boletsoe esale pele ke A. A. Chernov. Lehlabuleng la 1930, ha a nyoloha Noka ea Vorkuta, setsebi sa jioloji G. A. Chernov se ile sa fumana mashala a koahelang koae, e nang le khalori e phahameng. Merafo e ntse e tsoela pele ho tloha ka 1931.
Ka 1970, Letona la Geology A. V. Sidorenko le ile la fa G. A. Chernov lengolo la diploma le beji e reng "Discollrer of the depositi". Ka 2007, Vladimir V. Putin o ile a saena taelo ea ho fa G. A. Chernov Order of Merit for thelandland, degree ea 4.
Merafo ea mashala le likhoebo tse sebetsang e kopantsoe le Vorkutaugol.
Litšobotsi tsa Letamo
E na le mefuta e 'meli ea mashala: coking le anthracite. E fumaneha karolong e ka leboea ea moruo, karolo e 'ngoe ea eona e ka ntle ho Arctic Circle. Mehloli ea mashala ke lithane tse ka bang limilione tse likete li 344,5, sebaka sa basekete se ka ba likete tse 90 km². Botebo ba litsi li ka fihla ho 1.5 metres. Lipalami li etsoa literateng tsohle tse ka leboea. Maemo a tlhahiso a rarahane: liforomo tsa sag, bend, break. Ka lebaka leo, theko ea mashala e holimo haholo.
Li-stock
Bongata ba libaka tsa polokelo ea mashala li tsepamisitsoe mefuteng ea Intinsky (mashala a mouoane), Vorkutinsky (koae le mashala a mouoane), li-depositi tsa Vorgashorskoye le Yunyaginsky (coking makaleng). Boholo ba mashala a masholu a entsoe morui. Ntshetsopele ea li-depositi tsa beisine ea Pechora e ntse e tsoela pele ho tloha ka 1930.
Ho tloha ka selemo sa 2014, libaka tsohle tsa polokelo ea mafelo a lefatše ke litone tse limilione tse likete li 344,5, litsi tsa chelete tsa mabotho A, B, C likhoebong tsa likhoebo tsa mashala tse fumanehang li fihla ho lithane tse limilione tse 810, mehloli ea mafura (51%) le mashala a malelele (35,4%).
Ka kakaretso, kakaretso ea mashala a boleng bo holimo limaraka tsa bohlokoa tsa mashala merafong ea Vorkuta ke 40.3% kapa lithane tse limilione tse 326.3. Ho lisebelisoa tse felletseng, karolo ea mashala a sootho ke 33.2%, anthracite - 0.4%, hoo e ka bang halofo ea mashala ke ea mofuta oa D4.
Karolelano ea mashala e loketseng koae e ka ba lithane tse libilione tse 40,7, mashala a futhumetseng - litone tse limilione tse likete li 300,5 (tseo maemo a tsona a neng a le - lithane tse libilione tse 209,5). 51% ea lihlahisoa tsohle tsa mashala tse fumanehang sebakeng sa Setereke sa Naha sa Nenets (70% ea sona e na le maemo). Bongata ba libaka tse bolokiloeng tsa lekhulo la mashala a Pechora li setereke sa Rephaboliking ea Komi.
Merafo ea mashala
Merafo ea mashala e etsoa ka merafong e tebileng, e ka tlas'a lefatše, haholo-holo Vorkuta.
Nts'etsopele ea li-depositi e etsoa maemong a thata a permafrost, pherekano ea bethe, kotsi ea ho phatloha ha mafika, khase le ho phatloha ha lerole.
Maemo ana a ho robala a khetholla litšenyehelo tse phahameng tsa ho tlosoa le ho sebetsoa lisebelisoa tse tala.
Litsenyehelo tse phahameng tsa mashala a betliloeng ka beseng ea Pechora, le ho ba hole ha eona ho tsoa litsing tse kholo tsa indasteri, ho ama nts'etsopele ea nts'etsopele ea meepo tikolohong eo.
Ho tloha ka 2011, bophahamo ba tlhahiso le ts'ebetso merafong ea Inta le Vorkuta e ntse e theoha. Ka 2014, ho oa ha 15% ho lebelletsoe le ha ho bapisoa le selemong se fetileng. Merafong ea beisine ho na le tlhahiso e phahameng ea basebetsi - e feta karolelano ea indasteri ka 25-30%. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le tšekamelo ea hore e oele ho tloha 2010 ho Int le ho tloha 2014 Vorkuta.
Mebaraka ea thekiso
Ho qala ka 2013, mekhoa e mebe e ka ts'oaroa indastering ea mashala ea Russia, mabaka a teng a ho putlama ha tlhoko ea mashala mebarakeng ea lefatše le ho fokotseha ha tlhoko ha mmaraka oa lehae. Ka lebaka la tlhahiso-khaso ea libaka, tlhokahalo ea mashala bakeng sa lits'ebeletso tsa matlo le sechaba e ea theoha, tšebeliso ea mashala mesebetsing e litšila e fokotsehile, ho kenyelletsa le ho tsotella ho hlahisoa ha mahlale a macha a tlhahiso ea tšepe.
Koloi ea mashala e tsamaisoa ke North Railway.
Ea machabeng
Ka nako e ts'oanang, thepa ea kantle ea mashala e ntse e hola ka lebelo le leholo. Ka ho khetheha, ka 2013 e fihlile lithane tse limilione tse 140, ha e se e eketsehile ka limilione tse 8 ho bapisoa le 2012. Ho hlakile hore, ha ho shebane le ho fokotseha ha tlhoko ea matlo a mashala, tlholisano lipakeng tsa lik'hamphani tsa mashala bakeng sa mebaraka ea thekiso ea eketseha.
Se-Russia
Mmaraka oa lebatooa bakeng sa koae ea koae le mouoane oa bete ea mashala ea Pechora li fumaneha haholo sebakeng sa macro, se kenyeletsang karolo ea Europe ea Russia le Urals. Ho tsamaisa mashala ho tsoa sebakeng, ho sebelisoa Rio ea Leboea.
Ho chesa mashala a tsoang Pechora Coal Basin ho fanoa ho likhoebo tsa Severstal Group kajeno.
Haholo-holo, Setsing sa Cherepovets Metallurgiska, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Novolipetsk Metallurgical Combines, Leningrad Center Center, Ural, Central and Central Black Earth Economic Regions, Nosta OJSC, Mechel OJSC, Moscow Coke le Gala Semela.
Mashala a mosi a fana ka litlhoko tsa bareki ba mechini e meholo ea liindasteri le matlo le lits'ebeletso tsa sechaba tsa Rephaboliking ea Komi le libaka tse ling, likhoebo tsa pampiri le lipampiri le tsa meru li fuoa RAO UES ea Russia, RAO Russian Railways. Tlhoko ea Lebatooa la Moruo oa Leboea e koetsoe ka botlalo, 45% bakeng sa sebaka sa Leboea-Bophirima le sebaka sa Kaliningrad, le 20% bakeng sa libaka tsa Volga-Vyatka le Central Chernozem.
Ka lebaka la tikoloho ea limaraka tsa thekiso ea mashala bakeng sa beisine ea Pechora, mosebetsi o potlakileng le ho feta ke mosebetsi oa ho eketsa tšebeliso ea mashala Setereke sa Federal North-West.
Maikutlo a mang hape a letamo
Bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea nako e telele ea fektheri ea mashala ea Pechora le indasteri ea mashala ea Rephaboliking ea Komi, ho hlokahala boitokiso ba pele le ho laeloa ha li-depositi tse ncha tsa mashala le lintho tse bonoang geological.
Litsenyehelo tsa ho ntlafatsa thepa le lipalangoang tsa mashala haufi le khoro ea liporo ea Kuzbass-Northwest li tla hloka li-ruble tse 230. Tharollo ea bothata ke nts'etsopele e matla ea setsi sa mashala sa Pechora ka litšenyehelo tsa ho tsamaisa limaraka tsa mashala a futhumetseng le a koahelang.
Likhoebo tsa mashala tsa Vorkuta li tsamaea tseleng e nepahetseng, litheko li khaola ka mokhoa o hlophisehileng, hobane lilemong tse tharo tse fetileng mashala a bona a theohile ka theko ka liperesente tse mashome a mane 'marakeng.
E 'ngoe hape ea likhoebo tsa Komi ke mokhoa oa sejoale-joale sa tlhahiso, matsete ho thepa e tsitsitseng a lula a ntse a hola ka linako tsohle, ho fapana le libaka tse ling tsa Russia,' me selemong sa ho qetela sa 2013 e bile li-ruble tse ka bang limilione tse likete tse robeli.
Merero ena e kenyelletsa keketseho ea lipalo tsa tlhahiso, ho kenyelletsa le ntlafatso ea li-depositi tse ncha. Tse tšepisang haholo Komi ke Syryaginsky le Paemboyskoye - ba ikemiselitse ho hlahisa limaraka tsa mashala tse haellang haholo moo, tlhoko ea eona e lulang e tsitsitse, eseng feela Russia.
Boemo ba tikoloho le tikoloho
Ntho e bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa mmuso le ts'ebetso ea indasteri ea mashala ke ho netefatsa polokeho ea tikoloho, ho fokotsa likotsi tsa mosebetsing le ho ntlafatsa maemo a mosebetsi. Litaba tsena li bohlokoa molemong oa indasteri kaofela le setsing sa polokelo ea Pechora, hobane mashala a entsoe ka meepo e tebileng.
Sebakeng sa beisine ea mashala ea Pechora, boemo bo thata ba tikoloho: sephetho sa ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso tsa mahlale a morao-rao bakeng sa ho tlosa, ho lokisa le ho chesa mashala ke:
- Phokotso ea lisebelisoa tsa metsi ka beseng,
- Tlolo ea puso ea hydrological ea lefats'e le metsi a lefats'e, bothata ba tšilafalo ea metsi,
- ho senngoa ha sebaka sa furu ea tlhaho,
- tlhekefetso ea mobu,
- fokotseha ha dikahare tsa oksijene le keketseho ea naetrojene le carbon dioxide moeeng,
- ponahalo ea likhase tse kotsi le lerole la mashala sepakapakeng.
Kotsi ea tikoloho e tsoela pele ka mor'a likhohola tsa liqhomane tse sa sebelisoeng.
Mesebetsi e etselitsoeng ho tsitsisa maemo a tikoloho
Ho ntlafatsa maemo a tikoloho tikolohong:
- Phekolo e phethahetseng ea metsi a merafong, ho kenyelletsa ts'ebeliso ea lits'ebetso tsa ho hlohlona ha hydromechanical le sedimentation.
- Ts'ebeliso ea metsi a nooang ea fokotseha 'me ts'ebeliso ea sekoti se bulehileng le mochini oa theknoloji le oa malapeng oa eketseha.
- Co-mine methane e sebelisoa e le sesebelisoa se entsoeng ka lik'hemik'hale le oli, hammoho le tlhahiso ea motlakase.
Tšireletseho Mosebetsing le Bophelo
Sehlopha se hlophisitsoeng se hlophisitsoeng ka ho khetheha sa mmuso oa Russia se sebelisa litlhahiso tsa ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea taolo ea mmuso lefapheng la polokeho ea liindasteri le ts'ireletso ea basebetsi, ho ntlafatsa tsamaiso ea mesebetsi ea bongaka le ea sechaba e anngoeng ke likotsi le mafu a mosebetsing. Indastering ea mashala a sebaka seo, ho sebelisoa ts'ebetso ea taolo ea likotsi mabapi le boiphihlelo.
Ka kakaretso, ho reretsoe ho fihlela boemo ba linaha tse tsoetseng pele moruong ho netefatsa polokeho ea indasteri ka 2030, le ho lahla mahlale a kotsi a ho senya meepo ea mashala.
(Ha ho na lintlha
