| Pachycephalosaurus
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943 - Dracorex Bakker et al. , 2006
- Stenotholus Giffin et al. 1988
- Stygimoloch Galton & Sues, 1983
- Tylsteus Leidy, 1872
- Dracorex hogwartsi
Bakker et al. , 2006 - Dracorex hogwartsia
Bakker et al. , 2006 - Pachycephalosaurus gradors
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943 - Pachycephalosaurus reinheimeri
Brown & Schlaikjer, 1943 - Stenotholus kohleri
Giffin et al. 1988 - Stenotholus kohlerorum
Giffin et al. 1988 - Troodon wyomingensis
Gilmore, 1931 - Stygimoloch spinifer
Galton & Sues, 1983
| lilemo tse limilione | Nako | Era | Aeon |
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| 2,588 | Le | | Ka | F
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th | | 23,03 | Neogene | | 66,0 | Paleogen | | 145,5 | sengoathoana | M
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th | | 199,6 | Yura | | 251 | Triassic | | 299 | Permian | P
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th | | 359,2 | Carbon | | 416 | Devonia | | 443,7 | Silur | | 488,3 | Ordovologist | | 542 | Cambrian | | 4570 | Precambrian | Pachycephalosaurus (lat.Pachycephalosaurus) - mofuta oa li-dinosaurs tsa pachycephalosaurids, ho kenyelletsa le mofuta o le mong - Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis. Ba lutse sebakeng sa Upper Cretaceous (mehla ea Maastrichtian) karolong ea Amerika Leboea ea mehleng ena. Ho fumanoe mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale tsa khale tsa pachycephalosaurus United States (Montana, South Dakota le Wyoming) le Canada (Alberta). Ka nepo, pachycephalosaurus e ne e nkoa e le setlhare, empa ho sibolloa ha lehata le na le meno a bolokiloeng ka morao ho tšoana le meno a li-theropods tse ngata tsa Mesozoic ho bonts'a hore e ne e le ntho e makatsang, 'me lijo tsa eona li ile tsa fetoha nako le nako, ka hona tsa hopola lijo tsa libere. Ho ka boela ha boleloa hore meno a mang a ikhethileng a hlahisitsoeng ke li -ropods mme a fumaneha ka mekhoa eo pachycephalosaurus e lulang ho eona le eona e ka ba ea hae. Pachycephalosaurus e ne e le e 'ngoe ea li-dinosaurs tsa ho qetela tseo e seng tsa sefofane pele ho timetso ea Cretaceous-Paleogene. Joalo ka pachycephalosaurus e 'ngoe, pachycephalosaurus e ne e le phoofolo e bipedal (bipedal) e nang le marulelo a boreleli haholo a cranial. O ne a e-na le lehare le lelelele le bonyenyane ba hae. Pachycephalosaurus e ne e le moemeli ea tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa oa sehlopha se le seng sa pachycephalosaurus. Matsoalo a teteaneng a "chinycephalosaurus" a hlahisitse khopolo ea hore li-pachycephalosaurs li li sebelisitse lintoeng tse ikhethang. Pejana, ke feela boitsebiso ba batho ba baholo ba neng ba hlahisoa ke pachycephalosaurus, ka lebaka leo ts'ebetso ea eona ea ts'ebetso ea kholo ea "ense "e ithutileng hampe, empa hamorao ho ile ha fumaneha hore mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale e ntse e amahanngoa le genera Dracorex le Stygimoloch, ha e le hantle, ke ea batho ba bacha ba pachycephalosaurus, 'me khetho ea genera ena motheong oa sebopeho se fapaneng sa lesapo la lesapo le boemo le boholo ba li-spikes ha li nepahale, hobane lintho tsena li fetohile haholo nakong ea kholo. Pale ea ho sibollaPachycephalosaurus e tsejoa ka hore e na le lesapo le leholo la masapo ho fihla ho lisenthimithara tse 25 mokokotlong oa eona, 'me ka mokhoa o ts'episang e otla likotlo. Ka morao ho dome e ne e le moeli oa methapo ea masapo le masapo a makhuts'oane a mokokotlo a holimo hloa mpeng. Mohlomong li-spikes li ne li le bobebe ho fapana le hore li bohale. Lehata le ne le le lekhuts'oane ebile le e-na le liseke tse kholo tse chitja tse neng li shebile ka pele, ho bonts'a hore phoofolo e ne e na le mahlo a matle ebile e khona ho bona pono ea binocular. Pachycephalosaurus e ne e e-na le sejoana se senyenyane, se neng se fella ka molomo o tiisitsoeng. Meno a ne a le manyane ka meqhaka e nang le makhasi. Hlooho e ne e tšehelitsoe ke molala ka sebopeho sa "S" kapa "U". Bacha, pachycephalosaurs e ne e e-na le maraba a sephaka a linaka tse kholo tse tsoang kamorao ho lehata. Ha phoofolo e hola, manaka a ile a thella 'me a pota-pota,' me dome e ile ea eketseha ka boholo. Pachycephalosaurus e ne e le bipedal (bipedal) mme e ne e le pachycephalosaurus (setsi se seholo sa hlooho). Ho ne ho hakanngoa hore pachycephalosaurus e fihla bolelele ba limithara tse 4,5 mme e le boima ba li-kilos tse 450. O ne a e-na le molala o mokhuts'oane, o sephara, lipele tse khutšoane, 'mele o moholo, maoto le matsoho a maleletsana le mohatla o boima, oo mohlomong o neng o le thata ka har'a li-tendon tse ousified. Pale ea ho sibolla![]()
Mohlomong mesaletsa ea pachycephalosaurus e fumanoe khale koana lilemong tsa bo-1850. Ka litlhaloso tsa Donald Baird, ka 1859 kapa 1860, Ferdinand Vandiver Hayden, ea neng a bokella mesaletsa ea khale e tsoang Leboea Leboea ea Amerika, o ile a bokella sekhechana sa masapo sebakeng se haufi le mohloli oa Noka ea Missouri, sebakeng seo joale se tsejoang ka hore ke Lance Fform ka boroa-bochabela ho Montana. Mohlala ona, oo hona joale o tsejoang e le ANSP 8568, o hlalositsoe ke Joseph Lady ka 1872 e le oa lihlomo tsa letlalo tsa phoofolo e ruuoang kapa ea armadillo-like. Mohlala o ile oa abeloa mofuta o mocha. Tylsteus. Sebopeho sa eona sa 'nete ha sea ka sa fumanoa ho fihlela Baird a e ntlafatsa le ho feta lilemo tse lekholo hamorao' me a e tseba e le lesapo la scaly (lesapo le ka morao ho lehata) la pachycephalosaurus, ho kenyelletsa le li-protocol tsa bony tse tsamaellanang le tse fumanoeng ho mehlala e meng ea pachycephalosaurus. Ho tloha ka lebitso Tylsteus pele ho lebitso Pachycephalosaurus, ho latela Khoutu ea Machaba ea Zoological Nomenclature, lebitso la pele le lokela ho khethoa. Ka 1985, Baird o ile a atleha ho kopa seo Tylsteus lebitso le sebelisitsoeng Pachycephalosaurus, kaha lebitso la hoqeta ha le sebelisoe lilemo tse fetang mashome a mahlano, le ipapisitse le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa tlhahlobo-leseling ebile li bile le maemo a sa nepahalang a sebaka le tikoloho. Mohlomong ena ha se pheletso ea pale, Robert Sullivan o khothalelitse ka 2006 hore ANSP 8568 e tšoana le lesapo le ts'oanang. Dracorexho na le ho lesapo la pachycephalosaurus. Leha ho le joalo, hajoale potso ena ha e bohlokoa ka ho hlaka, joalo ka ha liphuputso tse ling li bonts'itse hore mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale e se e hlahisitsoe Dracorex, ke oa batho ba bacha ba pachycephalosaurus. Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis, mofuta o tloaelehileng le oa hona joale mofuta o loketseng oa pachycephalosaurus, o ile oa reoa ke Charles Gilmore ka 1931. O sebelisitse lebitso lena bakeng sa lehata le nang le leeme la USNM 12031 ho tloha Lance Fform Seterekeng sa Nyobrara, Wyoming. Gilmore o re mofuta oa hae o mocha ke troodon, a e hlalosa joalo Troodon wyomingensis . Ka nako eo, litsebi tsa limela li ne li lumela hore troodon, e tsejoang ke meno a eona feela, e tšoana le eona Stegocameraea neng a e-na le meno a tšoanang. Ka lebaka leo, genera eo hona joale e bitsoang pachycephalosaurids e ne e le ea lelapa la troodontid, e neng e le pono e fosahetseng e lokisitsoeng ka 1945 ke Charles Sternberg. Ka 1943, Barnum Brown le Erich Maren Schleikier ba ile ba hlalosa mofuta oa mofuta o mong ba sebelisa boitsebiso bo bocha, bo felletseng. Pachycephalosaurus. Ba rehetse mefuta e 'meli: Pachycephalosaurus gradors, mefuta ea mofuta oa genus pachycephalosaurus le Pachycephalosaurus reinheimeri. P. grosana e ne e thehiloe mohlaleng oa AMNH 1696, lehata le batlang le felletse la Hell Creek Fform Ekalaka, Carter County, Montana. P. Refheimeri e ne e thehiloe ho sampole DMNH 469, e emeloang ke dome le lintho tse 'maloa tse amanang le eona ho tsoa ho Lance Fform ho Corson County, South Dakota. Ba ne ba boetse ba na le pono ea khale ea Troodon. wyomingensis ho lelapa la hae le lecha. Mefuta ea tsona e 'meli e mecha e nkuoa e le lipono tse nyane. P. wyomingensis ho tloha 1983 ![]()
E mosa Stygimolochmoo ke mofuta o le mong feela o abetsoeng - Stygimoloch spinifer, o hlalositsoe ke ngaka ea methapo ea limela ea Borithane e bitsoang Peter Galton le setsebi sa limela sa Jeremane se bitsoang Hans-Dieter Sue ba tsoang Setsing sa pokello ea nalane ea nalane ka 1983. Ho ne ho lumeloa hore Stygimoloch e tšoauoa ka makhoaba a meutloa ka morao ho lehata, moo lenaka le lelelele le bohareng le lika-likelitsoe ke linaka tse nyane tse 2-3, hammoho le lekoe le lelelele le patisaneng. E ile ea amoheloa hape hore mehlala eohle e abetsoeng Stygimolochke tsa hoo e batlang e le ba holileng tsebong pachycephalosaurs, mme Stygimoloch, ka ho tšoanang, ke lebitso le lenyenyane bakeng sa pachycephalosaurus. Lebitso la mofuta Stygimoloch e thehiloe lebitsong la Noka ea Styx, eo, nalaneng ea khale ea Greek, e phallelang sebakeng se ka tlas'a lefatše, e bua ka sebopeho sa Hell Creek, mme lebitsong la Moloch, molimo oa Kanana ea amanang le sehlabelo sa bana, ea khethiloeng mabapi le ponahalo e makatsang ea phoofolo. Sheba lebitso spinifer e fetolela e le "prickly". Lebitso le felletseng la mefuta, ka hona, le bolela "diabolosi ea prickly o tsoang Nokeng ea Styx." ![]()
Bacha ba banyenyane ba pachycephalosaurus ba tsejoa ho tsoa ho e le 'ngoe e batlang e le lehata le felletseng (TCMI 2004.17.1) le li-vertebrae tse' ne tsa senya (Atlanta, ea boraro, ea borobeli le ea borobong). Li fumanoe sebakeng sa Hell Creek Plateau, South Dakota, ke litsebi tse tharo tsa nalane ea mahlo li tsoa Sioux City, Iowa. Kamora moo, ka 2004, lehata le ile la fetisetsoa Setsing sa Bana sa Indianapolis bakeng sa lipatlisiso. Pele, mesaletsa e ne e le likhechana tse tšesaane. Babuelli ba marang-rang ba ile ba sebetsa ho ntlafatsa lehata lehata ka lilemo tse peli. Ka la 22 Mots'eanong 2006, setsi sa pokello ea nalane se phatlalalitse semolao ho amohela se hlalositsoeng (ketsahalo eo e reretsoe ho tsamaellana le ho buloa ha Seboka sa Federal on Fossils). Seo ba se fumaneng se hlalositsoe ka molao ke Robert Bob Backer le Robert Sullivan ka 2006 e le mofuta o mocha. Dracorex . Moho le Stygimoloch, Dracorex e ile ea amoheloa e le lebitso la bohlankana ho fetisisa la pachycephalosaurus. TlhalosoPachycephalosaurus e tsejoa ka hore e na le lesapo le leholo la masapo ho fihla ho lisenthimithara tse 25 mokokotlong oa eona, 'me ka mokhoa o ts'episang e otla likotlo. Ka morao ho dome e ne e le moeli oa methapo ea masapo le masapo a makhuts'oane a mokokotlo a holimo hloa mpeng. Mohlomong li-spikes li ne li le bobebe ho fapana le hore li bohale. Lehata le ne le le lekhuts'oane ebile le e-na le liseke tse kholo tse chitja tse neng li shebile ka pele, ho bonts'a hore phoofolo e ne e na le mahlo a matle ebile e khona ho bona pono ea binocular. Pachycephalosaurus e ne e e-na le sejoana se senyenyane, se neng se fella ka molomo o tiisitsoeng. Meno a ne a le manyane ka meqhaka e nang le makhasi. Hlooho e ne e tšehelitsoe ke molala ka sebopeho sa "S" kapa "U". Bacha, pachycephalosaurs e ne e e-na le maraba a sephaka a linaka tse kholo tse tsoang kamorao ho lehata. Ha phoofolo e hola, manaka a ile a thella 'me a pota-pota,' me dome e ile ea eketseha ka boholo. Pachycephalosaurus e ne e le bipedal (bipedal) mme e ne e le pachycephalosaurus (setsi se seholo sa hlooho). Ho ne ho hakanngoa hore pachycephalosaurus e fihla bolelele ba limithara tse 4,5 mme e le boima ba li-kilos tse 450. O ne a e-na le molala o mokhuts'oane, o sephara, lipele tse khutšoane, 'mele o moholo, maoto le matsoho a maleletsana le mohatla o boima, oo mohlomong o neng o le thata ka har'a li-tendon tse ousified. LijoKa meno a manyenyane haholo a ribbed, pachycephalosaurs e ne e sitoa ho hlafuna lijalo tse thata tse thata joalo ka li-dinosaurs tse ling tsa nako e ts'oanang. Meno a bohale a meno a ka ba le katleho e ntle bakeng sa limela tsa ho sila, tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore pachycephalosaurs e jele makhasi, lipeo le litholoana. Hape, kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, dinosaur li ne li kenyelletsa nama lijong tsa hae. Mohlahare o felletseng ka ho fetesisa o bonts'a hore o ne a kentse meno a ka ntle, a tšoanang le mabala, a ts'oanang le menoana ea li-theropods tseo e seng tsa sefofane. Kahona, ntle le ho jala lijo, pachycephalosaurs e boetse e ja liphoofolo tse anyesang tse se nang khetla, scaly, mohlomong le li-dinosaurs tse nyane. Ho nahanoa hore, joalo ka lijo tsa libere tsa sejoale-joale, lijo tsa bona li fetohile ho tloha ho nako ho ea ho nako. Mohlomong meno a mang a ikhethileng a abetsoeng theropods e kanna ea ba a pachycephalosaurus. TlhomamisoPachycephalosaurus e file lebitso la eona ho pachycephalosaurs (lat. Pachycephalosauria), sehlopha sa li-dinosaurs tsa herbivorous tse neng li lula qetellong ea Cretaceous Amerika Leboea le Asia. Leha a ne a le sephoqo, o ne a amana haufi le li-ceratops ho feta le li-ornithopods. ![]()
Ka tlase ho na le Evans cladogram et al., 2013 . Ontogeneis![]()
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Mehlala e abeloang phoso ea bona ka phoso Dracorex le Stygimolochjoalo ka ha lithuto tse ling li bontšitse, ke tsa bacha ba pachycephalosaurs, bao, ka lebaka la lilemo tsa bona, dome le linaka li sa kang tsa ntlafatsoa ka ho lekana. Taba ena e tšehelitsoe kopanong ea selemo le selemo ea 2007 ea Vertebrate Paleontology Society. Jack Horner oa Univesithi ea Montana o hlahisitse, a ipapisitse le tlhahlobo ea lehata, e leng mohlala feela o teng o hlahisitsoeng Dracorexbopaki ba hore se-dinosaur ena e kanna ea ba mofuta o mocha Stygimoloch. Ntle le moo, o hlahisitse data e bonts'a seo mme Stygimoloch, le Dracorex e kanna eaba ke mefuta e menyenyane ea pachycephalosaurus, e ileng ea tiisoa hape. ![]()
Horner le M.B. Goodwin o ile a phatlalatsa liphetho tsa bona ka 2009, a bontša hore masapo a "li-spikes /" protheion le mongobo oa lehata la "mefuta eohle" e meraro li na le ts'ebetso e kholo, le hore ka bobeli Dracorexjoalo Stygimoloch li tsejoa feela ka mehlala ea bacha, ha pachycephalosaurus e tsejoa feela ke batho ba baholo. Tlhatlhobo ena, ntle le hore mefuta eohle e meraro e phela ka nako e le 'ngoe le sebakeng se le seng, e lebisitse qetong ea hore Dracorex le Stygimoloch e ne e le pachycephalosaurs e nyane, e ileng ea lahleheloa ke methapo ea bona ka botsofaling, mme boholo ba matabo a bona bo ile ba eketseha. Tabeng ena, sampole e boletsoeng Dracorexe ne e le monyane ho sampole Stygimoloch, ha ea bobeli e ne e se e le haufi le kholo. ![]()
Ho sibolloa ha li-fuvu tsa li-cub tse hlahisitsoeng ke pachycephalosaurus, tse hlalositsoeng ka selemo sa 2016 ho tloha likarolo tse peli tse fapaneng tsa sebopeho sa Hell Creek, li hlahisitsoe e le bopaki bo eketsehileng ba polelo ena. Mesaletsa, joalo ka ha ho hlalositsoe ke David Evans, Mark Goodwin le Colegmie, ba tšoana hantle le meloko eohle e meraro eo ho thoeng e hlophisitsoe ka sebopeho sa methapo e metenya marang-rang a bona, ka hona ke likarolo tse ikhethang. Stygimoloch le Dracorex ho fapana le moo, ke litšoaneleho tse sa fetoheng tsa morpholopuo khokahaneng ea kholo ea pachycephalosaurus. Boithuto bona le tse ling tsa mahata a fapaneng a batho ba baholo li khothalelitse hore li-protrus tse neng li le teng ka hara lehata li hlahile haholo bongoaneng ba dinosaur, ha hlooho ea bokhelohi e nang le dome e hlahile hamorao. Phuputso e entsoeng ke Nick Longreach le basebetsi-mmoho le eena ka 2010 le bona ba netefalitse maikutlo a hore li-pachycephalosaurs tsohle tse bonojoana ba bohlasoa e ne e le bana, ho fana ka maikutlo a hore mefuta e pharalletseng ea Cranial, joalo ka Goyocephale le ma-genalocephalus, ke batho ba bacha, le batho ba baholo ba mefuta ena ea genera e nang le matlo a cranial domes. Ka setsoPachycephalosaurus e ile ea fetoha sebapali sa libuka, lipale tsa lipale tsa science le cinema. Ponahalo e khethehileng ea pachycephalosaurus e ne e le filimi "Jurassic Park: Lefatshe le Lahlehileng" le li-cartoons tsa lihlooho tsa "Earth Pele Nako." Ka filimi "Jurassic World 2" e hlaha e le sehokelo sa "stygimoloch Stiggy". Ka Franchise, pachycephalosaurus le stigimoloch ke liphoofolo tse peli tse fapaneng, leha moeletsi oa saense ea Franchise, Jack Horner, a supa boteng ba stigimoloch sengolong e le phoso mme a kopa ho e nkela sebaka ka pachycephalosaurus, sena ha se so ka se etsoa. Ka 2009, pachycephalosaurus e monyane, ea bitsoang filimi Dracorex, o hlahile letotong la bosupa la nako ea boraro letotong la "Jurassic Portal". Ka nako e ts'oanang, o ile a fuoa likarolo tsa drakone - linaka tsa hae li ne li lelefalitsoe, sebopeho sa lisebelisoa tsa mohlahare se fetotsoe, 'me ho kenyelletsoa tse peli ka ntle mokokotlong. Sena sohle se hlalositsoe ke 'nete ea hore, paleng, pachycephalosaurus e kopana le monna oa mehleng ea khale ea ileng a mo nka hore e be drakone,' me ea oela mehleng ea kajeno, e ileng ea fetoha moetlo oa nalane ea knight e lelekisa drakone le ho ea liheleng.
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