European, kapa sterlet e tloaelehileng (Acipenser ruthenus), ke mofuta oa bohlokoa oa khoebo oa lelapa la sturgeon o nang le thepa e ntle ea gastronomic e fanang ka tumello ea ho fuoa lebitso la "tlhapi ea borena" ho eona. Sena se ne se nolofalletsoa ke boteng ba kamehla ba lijana tsa sistere lijong tsa marena a tummeng Ivan the Terrible le Peter I. Ka nako e telele, sterlet e ne e thibetsoe tafoleng ea likhakanyo le lijalo tse sa fuoeng tokelo ea Russia, e ileng ea ama hantle katoloso ea palo ea likereke le kholo ea nakoana ea baahi. Lekholong la XXI, mefuta e kotsing ea ho timela mme e thathamisitsoe ho Red and Russian Book International.
Tlhaloso ea Sterlet
Bokantle ba tlhapi bo khetholloa ke 'mele o kopantsoeng o nang le kutu e tšesaane le mohatla o bopehileng joaloka crescent o nang le borashe bo phahameng ba bolelele. Lintlha tse ling tsa ponahalo ea sterlet li kenyelletsa:
- hlooho e nyane ea conical
- nko e moqotetsane
- molomo o fokolang o monyane o nang le molomo oa bifid,
- mahlo a manyane a bulging
- mekolokotoane,
- khaello ea likala
- Mela e 5 e melelele ea masapo a marang-rang (litšitšili),
- far dorsal grey dorsal fin
- mpa e bosoeu bo bosoeu,
- molora o sootho kapa o lefifi ka 'mala oa lamunu.
Ho khetholla sterlet ho tsoa ho sturgeon kapa litho tse ling tsa lelapa, ho lekane ho ela hloko palo le sebopeho sa scute ea masapo. Acipenser ruthenus e tšoauoa ka ho koaloa ha bona ka thata mokokotlong (likotoana tsa 13- 17). Mefuta ea mpa ea mpa ea mpa, ka lehlakoreng le leng e siea likheo tse bonahalang li bonahala lipakeng tsa tsona. Moleng oa morao-rao ho na le likokoanyana tse ngata tse haufi tse bopehileng joaloka daemane tse kopaneng (likotoana tse 60-70), tseo le tsona li nolofalletsang ho khetholla mefuta.
Ho na le maikutlo a fosahetseng a hore sterlet e ka khetholloa ke nko e bolelele bo bolelele. Polelo ena e sebetsa feela ho litlhapi tse hlaha le tse fofang. Mefuta ea selemo le e tsoekere e halikiloeng (e sa khone ho ikatisa) e ka ba le moea o khuts'oane o kang oa sturgeon.
Limela le ho kena bohlankaneng kapa boroetsaneng
Leha ho na le tlhapi e phahameng ea tlhapi ea borena, sterlet ha e le hantle ke setho se senyenyane ka ho fetisisa sa lelapa. Palo e tloaelehileng ea batho ba baholo e fapana pakeng tsa kilo ea 1-2 le kholo ea lisenthimithara tse 50-60. Boima bo boholo ba sterlet ke lisenthimithara tse 15-16 le bolelele ba 'mele oa cm 120-125. Empa ho na le tlhahisoleseling e mabapi le motho a le mong o moholo le halofo ea limithara tse 20 kapa ho feta, e ts'oereng lehoatateng la Siberi lebopong la Irtysh le fetang ka taiga.
Mefuta e nyane haholo ea lihlahisoa e lekanya lebelo le potlakileng la tlhaho ea baerase (ho fihlela lilemo tse 30), e ba ea holileng tsebong ka selemo sa boraro kapa sa borobeli sa bophelo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, sturgeon e kholo, e ntseng e phela ho isa ho lilemo tse 60-70, e fumana bokhoni ba ho ikatisa feela ka nako ea lilemo tse 8-20.
Mokhoa oa bophelo
Sterlet ke moahi oa noka e boletsoeng esale pele, a hohelang metsi a hloekileng, a tebileng, a pholileng le a potlakileng a nang le oksijene e ngata. Leha tšilafalo e nyane ea tikoloho e nang le lik'hemik'hale, litšila tsa ntlo le likarolo tsa manyolo a temo li ka baka likotsi tse kholo ho liphoofolo. Tlholeho ea mohlape e tsoetse pele hantle ka har'a lihlapi, ka hona li-sterlet li theha lihlopha tse nyane tsa batho ba lilemo tse ts'oanang, tse lulang li falla nako e khuts'oanyane lik'hilomithara tse 'maloa ho batla lijo. Empa ka kakaretso, sterlet e phela bophelo ba ho lula fatše 'me ka tlhaho ha ho mohla e tlohang sebakeng sa eona sa tsoalo. Mokhelo e ne e le liforomo tse 'maloa feela tse hahelletsoeng ka har'a mohloa oa Caspian le Noka ea Kamchatka. Litlhapi tsena li qeta nako e ngata lijong tse nonneng, tse fumanehang leoatleng, 'me ho tsoelapele mofuta oa phetoho e telele ho nyoloha.
Nako eohle ea motšehare sterlet eo e lula e le botebo haufi le tlase 'me ke ka shoalane feela moo e isang metsing a sa tebang bakeng sa ho a fepa. Mosebetsi oa phepo e nepahetseng o phehella nakong eohle e futhumetseng ho fihlela hoetla. Ka Mphalane, li-sturgeon li qala ho bokana ka mehlape e meholo ebe li kenella likarolong tse tebileng tsa noka, moo likotlo tsa mariha li leng teng. Ka lebaka la boemo ba phepelo e emisitsoeng, e fokotsang lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa 'meleng, litlhapi li khona ho emela ho qala ha selemo ntle le lijo le phokotso ea bongata.
Sistere e ja eng
Li-sturgeon tse boholo bo mahareng ke li-benthophage tse tloaelehileng tse iphepa ka lintho tse phelang tse phelang mobung oa polokelo. Lijo tsa Sterlet li thehiloe ho:
- crustaceans tse nyane - daphnia, brimp shrimp, amphipods, cyclops, thebe,
- makhopho - menoang (menoang), bo-maleshoane (mollusks), maleshoane, likhonyana, litau, konyana, lintsu tsa caddis,
- mollusks tse nyane - libolo, musculia, li-valve, li-coil, lithoglyphs, zebra mussels,
- liboko, tubule, bugs, leeches, scorpion tsa metsi, litšitšili, ho palama, li-smoothie, jj.
Nakong ea ho phatloha ha likokoanyana tse ngata, litlhapi li fetola tloaelo, li ikhurumetsa, li ea mokokotlong ebe li bokella liphororo tsa metsi, litšoene le lirurubele tse oeleng ka metsing.
Sterlet e fumanoa hokae Russia?
Mefuta ea mantlha ea mefuta ke libaka tsa Russian Federation tse amanang le Europe Bochabela le Siberia Bophirima, ho kenyeletsa le Yenisei. Empa ka lebaka la keketseho e kholo ea batho, litlhapi tse se nang metsi ka bongata hona joale li lula linokeng tse ngata tsa lihlaba tsa Azov, Caspian, Black, Kara, Baltic, Barents le White Ocean. Ke moo ho eona Urals, Ob, Irtysh, Volga, Don, Klyazma, Kama, Vyatka, Dnieper, Dniester, Northern Dvina, Kamchatka, Angara.
Nako le nako ho etsoa maiteko a ho hlahisa taxon ka matšeng a Ladoga le Onega, Amur, Pechora, Neman le "linoka tse ling tsa mahala" tsa noka. Empa ka lebaka la boemo ba leholimo le phepelo ea lijo, sterlet ha e simolohe hantle mono mme hangata e sitoa ho ikatisa ka botsona.
Mefuta e amanang
Leha ho na le mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea litho tsa lelapa (mefuta e mengata ea sturgeon, sturgeon stellgeon, spike, kaluga), mefuta eohle e haufi haholo ka tlhaho mme e lumella ho boptjoa ha poone e nyalisitsoeng.
Ka 1952, ho ile ha beoa bester ho USSR, lebitso la eona le entsoe ka linoko tsa pele tsa lebitso "batsoali" - taxon e kholo ka ho fetisisa generic BELuga (Huso huso) le e nyane haholo - Sterlet.
Litlhapi tsena li tšoauoa ka ho mamella metsi a letsoai (ho fihla ho 18%) le phapang e pakeng tsa 'mala o moputsoa kapa o sootho ka morao le mpa e bobebe. Lebasetere la 'mankhonthe le ne le kenyelletsa kholo e potlakileng ea beluga le phetoho e potlakileng ea sterlet. Boima bo phahameng ba bester bo fihla ho 8-10 lik'hilograma ka bolelele ba 'mele oa cm 170-180. Empa lipalo tsena li ka imena habeli haeba ho tšela ka mokhoa o tsoileng le mofuta o hloekileng oa Huso huso - beluga bester. Likamoreng tsa mabotho a Irtysh, Ob, Yenisei, Angara, Sayano-Shushensky le Krasnoyarsk, setulo se ikhethang sa bophelo ba sturgeon - sterlet ea Siberian (Acipenser ruthenus marsiglii). Tekesi ena e fapana le sebopeho sa motheo ka ho mela kapele, 'mala o bobebe le bokhoni ba ho fumana boima ho feta 20 kg.
Ho tsala
Lipallo tsa sterlet spawning li ipapisitse le likarolo tsa sebaka le boemo ba ho futhumatsa ha metsi ho mocheso oa + 10-15 ° С. Libakeng tse fapaneng tsa Russia, ena ke nako e khahlisang ho tloha ka Pulungoana ho isa ka Pherekhong. Ha e ntse e solla, tlhapi e khetha libaka tse phallang metsing a pharalletseng (limithara tse 7-20) ka sekhahla se tiileng (lejoe, lipekere, snag), moo e behelang mahe a likete tse 25-150 tse nang le bophara ba limilimithara tse 2-3. Ka lebaka la mokhabiso o khethehileng oa khonkreiti, masonry e khomaretse ka mokhoa o ts'oanang holimo 'me ha e huleloe ke ea morao-rao.
Nako ea ho kenella ea makhopho ke matsatsi a 6-10. Kamora ho tlohela mahe, ba fepa ka pokello ea yolk sac bakeng sa libeke tse ling tsa 1-2. Fry e belang e qhalana mehlapeng le ho chencha ho fepa ka mokhoa o ntlafatsang ka zooplankton le likokoana-hloko tse tlase. Kholo e nyane e hola ka potlako, ho qala ha nako ea mariha, bacha ba selemo ba fihla bolelele ba 18 - 20 cm, mme bofelong ba selemo sa bobeli sa bophelo - 25-30 cm.Ba batona ba bacha lilemong ba lilemo li 7 ho ea ho tse 10 ba hlaha selemo se seng le se seng. Ha u ntse u tsofala, kemiso ea ho lahlela mahe e fetoha haholo mme hangata e tšoana le leetong le le leng la ho qhekella ka lilemo tse 2-4. Maqhubu a joalo a tlhaho a lula a lematsa litlhapi, tse ngata tse tšehali li na le nako e ngata ea ho nona hape li lahleheloa ke bokhoni ba ho ikatisa.
Ho ikatisa le ho lema ka maiketsetso
Sterlet aquaculture e hlahisoa ka bophara libakeng tse khethehileng tsa mapolasing, tse nang le lipompo tse 'maloa kapa tse nang le matamo a bulehileng le a koalehileng. Boemo bo ka sehloohong bakeng sa dikahare tse atlehileng tsa li-sturgeon ke aeration e ntle, e lumellang ho phelisa metsi ka oksijene ho isa boemong ba 5 mg / l kapa ho feta. Hoa hlokahala ho boloka mocheso o nepahetseng oa tikoloho + 18-24 ° C, hobane matlong a koahetsoeng haholo (ka tlase ho + 1-2 ° C) litlhapi li qala ho shoa haholo.
Lipolasing tsa likhopo tse tsoetseng pele, ho sebelisoa lisebelisoa tse khethehileng tse sa lumelleng feela ho ema, ho ruisa moea, li-disinate, mme ha ho hlokahala, metsi a futhumetseng, empa hape le ho hlophisa kalafo ea ona ea mochini le biolo bakeng sa tšebeliso hape le litšenyehelo. Mathata a maholo ka ho fetesisa a sterlet a amanang le ho koetlisoa ha litlhapi ho fepa lijana. Ka mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng o nepahetseng oa ts'ebetso, ka likhoeli tse 9-10 feela, o ka fihlella "phetisetso" ea furu e nyane e boima ba 5-7 g sehlopheng sa sehlahisoa se tsebahalang ka boima ba 400-500 g.
Sterlet ho tšoasa litlhapi
Ho hloka boikaketsi ho lumella mefuta hore e phele ka katleho eseng feela linokeng, empa le matšeng a hloekileng le a tebileng a phallang, matamo a ho sesa esita le matangoana a maholo a nang le lehlabathe le thata, le lehlabathe kapa le sitsoeng ka mokhoa o itekanetseng. Mohato o ka sehloohong oa ho tšoasa sterlet ke donka (0.3-0.35 limilimithara), e nang le lisebelisoa tse ka tlosoang tse 20-30 cm, li-katiba tse nang le sephaka se selelele le siling e kentsoeng e boima ba 30-80 g. Ho sebelisoa liboko tse kholo. , letsopa, mealo, ore ea tšepe), clam kapa crayfish, sengoathoana sa litlhapi, lefehloe kapa serurubele, e tona.
Pele o ea nokeng ho ea tšoasa sterlet, o tla tlameha ho reka laesense ea nako e le 'ngoe, e sebetsang matsatsi a mabeli mme e lumelle ho ts'oasa litlhapi ho tloha ka 6 hoseng ho isa ho 11 p.m. ntle le nako ea bosiu. Tokomane eo e re palo e ka holimo e lumelloang ke litlhapi tse 10 tse bolelele ba 30 cm le boima ba 250 g kapa ho feta. Li-gear tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi li ka sebelisoa e le setei sa ho tšoasa litlhapi (ho fihlela likotoana tse 5) kapa matlooa a tsitsitseng (ho fihlela likoto tse peli). Ho boetse ho na le monyetla oa ho reka laesense ea khoeli le khoeli, ho fana ka tokelo ea ho hapa likopi tse 100 tsa sturgeon.
Boleng ba phepo e nepahetseng
Litlhapi tsa Sterlet li na le tatso e monate, ho hloka mamello e felletseng le lintho tse ngata tse u tataisang tse u lumellang hore u sebelise mekhoa e mengata e fapaneng ea ho pheha. Litlhapi li sebelisetsoa ho etsa sopho ea tlhapi, balyk, avic, kebab, grill, ho tlatsa pie le hodgepodge. Nama ea sterlet e ipuella ho salting, ho tsuba, ho pheha, ho baka, ho halika, ho otsela. Caviar e tumme ka litšoaneleho tsa eona tse ntle tsa botenya, tseo hangata li nang le 'mala o moputsoa o lefifi, empa hape e na le moriti o motšo o motšo.
Kakaretso ea khalori ea sterlet ke 88-90 kcal ka 100 g, e e lumellang hore e khetholloe e le sehlahisoa sa lijo. Ho sebelisa litlhapi khafetsa ho thusa ho ntlafatsa metabolism, ho thibela mafu a methapo, ho fokotsa kotsi ea atherosulinosis le ho ntlafatsa mohopolo ka lebaka la ho kenyelletsa bohlokoa ba serotonin.
Sterlet e na le lintho tse ling tse ngata tse thusang 'mele:
- Livithamini tsa B, PP, D, E, A,
- fluorine, chromium, zinki,
- sebabole, molybdenum, nickel,
- calcium, iodine, selenium,
- li-acids tsa polyunsaturated tse mafura (Omega-3 le Omega-6),
- liproteine tse bonolo tse silang.
Lijana tsa Sterlet li senya cholesterol e mpe, li matlafatsa masapo le manonyeletso, li thibela nts'etsopele ea mofets'e, li ntlafatsa maemo a lipekere, letlalo le moriri.