Mohopolo oa "ecology ea motho" o qalile ho sebelisoa lilemo tse ka bang lekholo tse fetileng. Ho tloha ka nako eo, e 'nile ea kenella ka matla mesebetsing ea mahlale, lingoloa le lihloohong tsa lipuisano tse fapaneng. Motho le tikoloho li amana haufi. Batho ba amahanya maemo a tikoloho le lintho tse fapaneng tsa bophelo. Bohlale ba bophelo ba motho ke saense e felletseng e ithutang tšusumetso ea lefats'e le le potileng ho baahi ba Lefatše.
Tikoloho ea kajeno ea tikoloho
Selemo se seng le se seng, sebaka seo a lulang ho sona se ntse se mpefala. Sena se bakoa ke kholo e tsoelang pele ea indasteri, ho kenella litoropong le keketseho ea palo ea likoloi. Phenol, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide le lintho tse ling tse chefo li kena sepakapakeng ka lipeipi tsa lifeme le metjhini. Tlhaho ea sejoale-joale e totobatsa mathata a mantlha a maholo ho batho ba a potileng a bakoang ke nts'etsopele e sebetsang ea indasteri:
- tšilafalo ea tikoloho ea motho ka litšila tsa indasteri,
- ho futhumala ha lefatše le maemo a phahameng a metsi maoatleng,
- liphetoho tsa likokoana-hloko, mafu a seoa, mafu a oncological,
- ho felisoa ha mefuta ea liphoofolo, ho rengoa ha meru,
- timetso ea sepakapaka sa ozone sepakapakeng,
- ho theoha ha mehloli ea liminerale.
Tšusumetso e ntle ea tikoloho
Libaka tsa polanete moo boemo ba tikoloho bo sa ikamahanye le litlamorao tse mpe tsa indasteri li sirelelitsoe ka hloko. Ba hlophisa libaka tse bolokiloeng, mehloli, ba hloma litsi tsa bophelo bo botle le libaka tsa phomolo. Libate tsa ho hlapela moea le ho tsamaea li bohlokoa ho batho ba nang le mafu a ho hema, 'me ho noa metsi a hloekileng ho thusa ho thibela mafu a litho tsa ka hare.
Tlhahlobo ea nako e telele e bonts'a hore nako ea bophelo libakeng tse hloekileng tsa tikoloho e feta eo metseng le haufi le likhoebo tsa indasteri. Ho ipapisitse le sena, motho a ka utloisisa hore na tikoloho le linonyana li kopane joang.
Tlhaho e mpe e ama bophelo joang?
Tšusumetso ea tikoloho bophelong ba motho e bohlokoa. Ho lula metseng e meholo ea liindasteri, ho ba haufi le lifeme le lifeme ha nako e ntse e ama boemo ba sebopuoa leha e le sefe - hona ke tikoloho e mpe. Haholo-holo e amehang ka tikoloho ke bana. Tlhaho le bophelo bo botle ba motho bo itšetlehile haholo ka boleng ba moea le metsi.
Moea
Tikoloho e fapaneng ea tlhaho e ama bophelo ba motho hampe. Mafu a mangata a ho hema a bakoa ke tšilafalo ea moea. Ka lebaka leo, batho ba tloaetse ho ba le lefu la ho ba le tšoaetso ea matšoafo, asma, allergies mme ba na le mofuta oa mofets'e.
Metsi a silafalitsoeng ke litšila tse kotsi ha a kotsi. Ho latela litsebi tsa tikoloho, boholo ba maloetse a lefatše a bakoa ke tšebeliso ea metsi a litšila.
Mafu a tloaelehileng a tsoang ho metsi a litšila:
- liphatsa tsa lefutso
- oncology
- mafu a ka mpeng
- mathata a ho itšireletsa mafung
- ho hloka thari
Ena ke karolo e nyane feela ea lenane lohle, kahoo o hloka ho utloisisa hore tšusumetso ea tlholeho ho bophelo bo botle ba motho e kholo haholo.
Bohloeki le tikoloho ea batho
Ekoloji ea botho e amahanngoa le bohloeki ba motho. Likokoana-hloko tse fapaneng, vaerase, liboko le libaktheria li ka ba moeeng, metsi, nama ea liphoofolo le ho baka mafu a mefuta. Kotsi e ikhethang ke litanka tse bulehileng, linoka, matša. Ho hema moea o nang le likokoana-hloko, ho na le kotsi ea ho tšoaroa ke tšoaetso ea moea e kang diphtheria, ntaramane, mumps, bronchitis, jj.
Haeba boits'ireletso bo sitisoa ke maemo a mabe a tikoloho, kotsi ea tšoaetso e eketseha makhetlo a 'maloa. Ka hona, ho bohlokoa haholo ho boloka litekanyetso tsa bohloeki ka kakaretso le ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tse ntlafatsang mesebetsi ea ts'ireletso ea 'mele.
Likarolo tsa ecology ea motho joalo ka tšimo e ikhethang ea saense
Ikonomi mabapi le motho ke saense e kopaneng e amanang le batho le lefatše le ka ntle, maemo a phetoho a teng ho lona le phapang ea tlhaho ea motho oa sejoale-joale. Mofuta o ikamahanyang le maemo ke tloaelo ea karabelo e etsahalang ka boikemelo maemong a ts'oanang a tikoloho ho baahi ba ka beng ba sa amane ka lefutso. Sebopeho sa lits'ebetso tse hlahang ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea tikoloho bathong e ithutoa haholo.
O mong oa mesebetsi ea mantlha ea mahlale ana ke ho thusa sechaba ho ntlafatsa maemo a tikoloho ka ho fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e hlokahalang ho lihlopha tsa molao le baetapele maemong a fapaneng.
Boithuto bo nka likhakanyo tse ngata:
- Liphetho tsa likhetho tsa batho ba bangata,
- lipalo-palo tsa bongaka le tsa sechaba
- Tlhahlobo ea Habitat
- Liphetho tsa ho sebetsana le lintlha tsa moruo le tsa lipalo.
Matšoao a sebelisitsoeng hape a tšoaeang mokhatlo oa batho:
- Sekhahla sa tlhaho ea masea, lefu, ho hlohlona, ho holofala,
- lilemo le sebopeho sa bong
- boemo ba kholo ea 'mele ea batho, joalo-joalo.
Ikonomi mabapi le motho, joalo ka mahlale, e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa. E kenya letsoho ho thehoeng ha boemo ba boikarabello bakeng sa liqeto, meaho le ho tsebisa ba boholong tlhaiso ka litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa mesebetsi ea tlhahiso mme e khothaletsa mosebetsi o tsoelang pele oa ho nchafatsa theknoloji e sirelletsang tikoloho.
Mathata a mantlha a tikoloho boteng ba motho oa sejoale-joale
Mathata a mantlha a tikoloho a kenyelletsa:
- ho futhumala ha lefatše
- tšilafalo e akaretsang ea karolo ea moea ea polanete,
- timetso ea ozone,
- tšilafalo ea maoatle
- Ho felloa ke metsi a hloekileng,
- khoholeho ea mobu, tšilafalo ea mobu,
- Ho fokotsa mefuta-futa ea mefuta ea lihloliloeng,
- ho theoha hoa lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho le liminerale.
Bo-rasaense ba sejoale-joale le bo-rasaense ba bang ba hlokomela karolo ea bohlokoa ea tlholeho bophelong ba motho, ka hona, ba fana ka litsela tse ngata ho rarolla mathata a lefats'e a tikoloho. Boholo ba tsona li theoha ho fokotsa mongobo, ho lahla litšila tsa indasteri, le ho fetohela mehloling e meng ea matla.
Lethathamo la tse kahare
- Selelekela
- Puo ea 1. MOKHATLO: Taba ea tikoloho le lihloliloeng tsa batho. Morero, sepheo le dikahare tsa taeo. Beha tsamaisong ea mahlale
- Puo ea 2. TOPIC: Nalane ea nts'etsopele ea batho le mathata a tikoloho ea batho
- Puo ea 3. TOPIC: Niche ea tlhaho ea motho
- Puo ea 4 TOPIC: Lintho tse amanang le tikoloho ho batho
Sekhechana sa buka se kenyelletsoeng Tlhaho ea batho. Course ea Lecture (I.O. Lysenko, 2013) e fanoe ke molekane oa rona oa libuka - k'hamphani ea litha.
SEHLOOHO: Taba ea tikoloho le lihloliloeng tsa batho. Morero, sepheo le dikahare tsa taeo. Beha tsamaisong ea mahlale
1. Mohopolo oa tikoloho ea batho.
2. Taba le lihlahisoa tsa lihloliloeng tsa tlhaho tsa batho.
3. Sebopeho sa tikoloho le lihloliloeng tsa motho.
4. Kamano ea tikoloho ea batho le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa mahlale.
5. Mekhoa e sebelisitsoeng ho ecology ea motho
1. Mohopolo oa tikoloho ea batho
Tlholeho - ona ke ona feela mokhoa o netefatsang botsitso ba tikoloho ea lintho tse phelang lefatšeng, ho kenyelletsa le batho, haeba ho ka ba le pherekano e teng. Ha ho na lebaka la ho ba le tšepo ea monyetla oa ho aha sechaba sa maiketsetso se tsitsitseng tikoloho ho isa moo sechaba sa tlholeho se se etsang. Ho tloha mona ho latela hore tikoloho ke tlhaho ea tlhaho le ho fihlela joale ke eona feela sebaka sa bolulo sa batho mehleng ea kajeno le se boletsoeng esale pele bakeng sa boemo bo haufi ba sechaba.
Motho o nka khato tikolohong ea tlhaho eo a lulang ho eona, a sa sebelise feela lisebelisoa tsa hae, empa hape a fetola tikoloho ea tlhaho, a e feto-fetoha le eona ho rarolla mathata a hae a sebetsang, a moruo. Ka lebaka lena, ts'ebetso ea motho e na le tšusumetso e kholo tikolohong, e e beha tlas'a liphetoho tse bang li ama motho ka boeena. Paleng eohle ea tsoelo-pele, meru ea ⅔ e ile ea rengoa, mefuta e fetang 200 ea liphoofolo le limela e sentsoe ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea motho, matloana a oksijene a fokotsehile ka lithane tse limilione tse 10, lihekthere tse ka bang limilione tse 200 tsa mobu li ile tsa senyeha ka lebaka la temo e sa lokang le e seng molaong. Lekholo la mashome a mabeli la lilemo e le lekholo la tsoelo-pele ea saense le theknoloji le eketsehile haholo khatello ea moruo oa motho tikolohong ea tlhaho. Letsatsi le leng le le leng, ka lebaka la mesebetsi ea batho e sa utloahaleng, lihekthere tse 44 tsa naha li fetoloa lefeella, lihekthere tse fetang 20 tsa meru li senngoa motsotso, mofuta o le mong oa liphoofolo le limela o timela letsatsi le letsatsi, bana ba fetang likete tse 40 ba bolaoa ke tlala selemo se seng le se seng. Ts'ebetso e mpe ea motho mabapi le tikoloho ea tlhaho e bonahala ka mokhoa o hlakileng ka mefuta e meraro e hokahaneng. Hona ke tšilafalo ea tikoloho ea tlhaho, ho felisoa ha lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho, tšenyeho ea tikoloho ea tlhaho.
Tlholeho ea batho e hlahile ebile e le karabelo litlhoko tsa sechaba, ba amehileng ka boemo ba tikoloho ea bona le boleng ba bophelo ba bona. Tabeng ena, ho ne ho na le tlhoko ea ho ithuta karolo ea kantle (tikoloho), ea ka hare ('mele oa motho le bophelo ba eona) le lintlha tse hlakileng tsa lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa tsa mosebetsi oa sechaba.
Tlhaho ea batho - ena ke mahlale a ithutang melao ea tšebelisano ea sechaba sa batho ka tikoloho e lulang e hola, tlhaho, sechaba, indasteri, tikoloho le bohloeki, ho kenyelletsa moetlo, litloaelo, tumelo, e le ho fumana tataiso le litlamorao tsa ts'ebetso ea tikoloho, ea sechaba le sechaba (anthropoecological) , hammoho le mabaka a ho hlaha hoa tsona.
Morero oa tikoloho ea batho - ho fa sechaba leseli le nepahetseng le thusang ho ntlafatsa tikoloho ea batho le lits'ebetso sechabeng sa batho le ho lekola litlamorao tsa bophelo ba batho.
Mosebetsi o sebetsang oa ecology ea motho - theho ea tikoloho e mosa, e bolokehileng le e phelisang ea batho.
2. Taba le lihlahisoa tsa lihloliloeng tsa tlhaho tsa batho
Ntho ea tikoloho ea batho - monna ka boeena le tikoloho ea hae. Moko-taba ea ecology ea motho ke anthropoecosystem - karohano ea tikoloho ea motho, lipontšong tsohle tsa eona, tse nang le maemo a tšoanang, a maemo a bophelo, moruo, bohloeki, setso le maemo a bophelo a sechaba, tse etsang sebopeho sa lefats'e le tlhokomeliso ea tikoloho, boemo ba bophelo bo botle, boiphihlelo ba baahi, ponahalo ea 'mele, mosebetsi bokgoni, mokhoa oa bophelo, moetlo le litloaelo, khetho ea bolumeli, khetho ea litsebi le tse ling. Mong le e mong anthropoecosystem e tšoauoa ke homogeneity e itseng ea kahare (homogeneity) mme e khetholloa ke heterogeneity e ikhethang (heterogeneity) le baahisani. Mohlala oa anthropoecosystems ke motse le libaka tse haufi le ona.
Biology ea tlhaho ea motho e ithuta anthroposystems ea maemo a fapaneng - ho tloha lefats'e ho ea ho lehae le microlocal. Polanete eohle ea Lefatše ka enfelopo ea eona ea moea le sebaka se kantle ho eona e ka ba ntho e le 'ngoe feela ea ho ithuta ka tikoloho ea batho.
Mokhoa o akaretsang o kenyelletsa ho nahanisisa ka litaba tse joalo tsa tlholeho ea motho joalo ka:
- palo ea sechaba ka seng sa batho le sa botho bohle,
- lilemo le maemo a bong a sechaba,
- boemo ba bophelo bo botle ba batho, bo ka hlahisoang ho latela lilemo tse lekanang tsa bophelo, mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka ho fetisisa le lisosa tse tloaelehileng tsa lefu,
- litlhaloso tsa phepo e nepahetseng ea batho ba mehla e ngoe le e 'ngoe, litaba tsa khalori ea lijo, mekhoa ea ho itukisetsa,
- mofuta oa mesebetsi ea basebetsi, metjeko le lisebelisoa, mehloli ea matla e sebelisoang malapeng le malapeng,
- Tsebo ea bohloeki le bohloeki,
- boiketlo ba sechaba le moruo,
- Ts'ebetso ea boemo ba tikoloho,
- Tsamaiso ea lekala la litšebeletso le litaba tsa bareki,
Mathata a tšoanang a kenyellelitsoe mecheng ea mesebetsi e rarolloang ke tikoloho ea batho.
3. Sebopeho sa tikoloho le lihloliloeng tsa motho
Ikonomi ea motho, joalo ka saense, e na le sebopeho sa eona, se lumellanang ka sebopeho se akaretsang sa tikoloho le lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho. 1.
Setšoantšo sa 1. - Sebaka sa tikoloho ea batho tikolohong ea tikoloho le tikolohong ea tikoloho ea tikoloho ea motho, likarolo tse kang ecology ea toropo, teknoloji ea ecology, melao-motheo ea tikoloho, ecology ea kelello, ethnoecology, paleoecology, ecology ea bongaka, jj.
4. Kamano ea tikoloho ea batho le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa mahlale
Ka kelello le ka boomo, tikoloho ea motho e sebelisa mekhoa le tlhaiso-leseling ea mahlale a mangata ao a sebetsanang le 'ona.
Boithuto ba tšebelisano ea motho le tikoloho bo ka se khonehe ntle le tšebeliso ea tlhaiso-leseling le mekhoa ea lipalo mahlale a lefats'e. Ka mesebetsi ea tikoloho ea tikoloho ea batho, lipotso tse mabapi le kamano ea mabaka a ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ea baahi le boemo ba leholimo, metsi a tlhaho, sekoahelo sa mobu, limela, liketsahalo tse kotsi tsa tlhaho le boemo ba biigeochemical li lula li tšohloa.
Tlholeho ea motho e amana haufi le biology. Litsebi tsa tikoloho ea batho li sebelisa tlhaiso-leseling e tsoang mesebetsing mabapi le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa baahi, liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa tikoloho, mafu a lefutso le liphapang tse teng bathong, fisiks ea tikoloho, mafu a thibelo ea mafu, allergology, toxicology ea tikoloho, narcological toxicology, radioecology le bio-cybernetics.
Ikonomi ea motho e hokahane ka thata le moriana, haholo-holo ka tataiso ea eona ea bohloeki. Litsebi tsa mafu a kelello li sebelisa ka botlalo lisebelisoa tse tsoang likarolong tse latelang tsa bongaka: nalane ea bongaka le tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle, metheo ea tlhaho ea meriana, meriana ea bongaka, lefu la mafu a tšoaetsanoang le a sa amaneng le tšoaetso, bohloeki ka kakaretso, bohloeki ba sechaba, bohloeki ba sechaba le bohloeki ba tikoloho, bohloeki ba lijo le tikoloho.
Tlholeho ea motho e alima melaoana ea mekhoa, mekhoa ea ho sebelisa mekhoa le mekhoa ea ho etsa lipatlisiso ho lefu la seoa Mafu a tšoaetsanoang - mahlale a ithutang melao ea lefu la seoa le ho hlahisa mekhoa ea ho loants'a mafu a tšoaetsanoang a batho. Pherekano ea mafu a sa phekoloeng e hlalosoa e le mokhoa oa ho ithuta mokhoa oa ho ata oa mafu a sa amaneng le batho ka bongata ho ipapisitse le tšebeliso ea matšoao a lipalo.
Boemo ba tikoloho ea motho bo amana haholo le boholo saense ea sechaba. Lihokela tse tebileng tse teng lipakeng tsa ecology ea motho le demographic, kaha lithuto tsena ka bobeli li ithuta palo ea baahi ka likarolo tse tšoanang.
Kamano e haufi e ts'oaroa pakeng tsa anthropoecology le thuto ea kahisano, e ithutang kamano ea liketsahalo tse fapaneng tsa bophelo le mekhoa ea boitšoaro ea batho.
Khokahano e hlakileng ea kholo ea motho le saense ea moruo e ngotsoe ka ho hlaka thutong efe kapa efe ea thuto ea anthropoecological. Tlholeho ea batho e amana haholo le lihlooho tsa likarolo tse latelang tsa saense ea moruo: lisebelisoa tsa lefats'e tsa tlhaho, boemo ba lijo tsa lefatše, karohano ea basebetsi ba machabeng, kabo ea matla a behang, tikoloho ea moruo, ts'ebetso ea litoropo le moruo oa litoropo, moruo oa bophelo bo botle, moruo oa tikoloho, moruo oa boithabiso.
Ha ho nahanoa ka kamano lipakeng tsa anthropoecology le libaka tse ling tsa mahlale, ho bohlokoa hore o lule ho taeo ea bohlokoa joalo ka sebopeho sa setereke le merero ea litoropo. Likarolo tse latelang tsa lipatlisiso li hokahana le lithahasello tsa tikoloho ea batho: motheo oa theory le oa saense oa moralo oa setereke le moralo oa litoropo, moralo le nts'etsopele ea libaka le libaka tse kholo, moralo le nts'etsopele ea litoropo le libaka tse nang le baahi ba bangata, litoropo le litoropo tsa litoropo.
Lithuto mabapi le tikoloho ea batho li sebelisa mokhoa oa nalane, le tlhaiso-leseling e tsoang ho mosebetsi oa litsebi tsa thuto ea khale, litsebi tsa thuto ea boitšoaro, le litsebi ho anthropology ea morabe.
Mokhoa oa ho etsa lipatlisiso oa anthropoecological o bonts'a tlhoko ea tšebelisano lipakeng tsa ecology ea motho le psychology.
5. Mekhoa e sebelisitsoeng ho ecology ea motho
Mokhoa o hlophisehileng o pharalla lithuto tse ngata tsa anthropoecological, hobane motho ka boeena le sechaba se ithutoang ke karolo ea tsamaiso ka lebaka la khokahano ea bokahohleng ea lintho tse phelang.
Mekhoa ea ho ngolisa le tlhahlobo ea tikoloho ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea lipatlisiso tsa tikoloho. Tsena li kenyelletsa tlhokomeliso ea maemo a leholimo, mehato ea mocheso, pepeneneng, letsoai le sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale tsa metsi, boikemisetso ba litšobotsi tsa mobu, tekanyo ea khanya, nalane ea mahlaseli, botebo ba masimo a 'mele, boikemisetso ba tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale le tsa baktheria tikolohong, jj. tlhokomeliso - tlhahlobo ea nako le nako kapa e tsoelang pele ea boemo ba lisebelisoa tsa tikoloho le boleng ba tikoloho.
Ntho ea bohlokoa haholo ke ho ngolisoa ha sebopeho le bongata ba litšila tse mpe metsing, moeeng, mobung, limela libakeng tsa tšilafalo ea anthropogenic, hammoho le lithuto tsa phetisetso ea litšila libakeng tse fapaneng. Hajoale, mekhoa ea ho lekola tikoloho e ntse e eketseha ka potlako ho sebelisa mekhoa ea morao-rao ea tlhahlobo ea kapele ea fisiks, maikutlo a hole, telemetry le ts'ebetso ea data ea khomphutha.
Mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa ho lekola tikoloho, o lumellang ho fumana tlhahlobo e kopaneng ea boleng ba tikoloho bioindication le liteko - Sebelisa bakeng sa ho lekola maemo a tikoloho ea likokoana-hloko tse ling tse ikhethileng haholo ka liphetoho tsa tikoloho le ponahalo ea litšila tse mpe tse ho lona.
Lithuto tsa tšusumetso ea lintlha tsa tikoloho bophelong ba motho kenyelletsa tsa bongaka mekhoa - nakong ea tlhatlhobo ea bongaka, hoa khonahala ho bona liphetoho 'meleng ho arabela liketsong tsa maemo a tikoloho, liteko tsa laboratori - ho hlahisa maemo a fapaneng ka boqhetseke le ho ithuta ka liphetoho tse etsahalang 'meleng. Bakeng sa sena, ho sebelisoa liphoofolo kapa baithaopi ba batho.
Mekhoa ea ts'ebetso ea data ea Statistical fana ka mohopolo oa liphetoho tse ntle kapa tse mpe bophelong ba batho ba tlasa ts'usumetso ea tikoloho.
Ho latela sepheo sa thuto, ho sebelisoa mekhoa e sebelisitsoeng bathong (saense ea sechaba, demogi, psychology, jj) le / kapa saense ea tlhaho (physiology, psychophysiology, biochemistry, jj).
Moralo le nts'etsopele ea mehopolo ea anthropoecological e ne e tsamaisana le ts'ebetso le ntlafatso ea mekhoa ea lipatlisiso eo tikoloho ea motho e e fumaneng ho tsoa taolong e kang jogi ea 'mele le ea sechaba, demografia, thuto ea sechaba, biology le bongaka. Sebaka se seholo se fuoa tlhahlobo ea tlhaho, sechaba, moruo, lipolotiki, tikoloho, bohloeki le lintlha tse ling, ho hlophisoa ha li-cadastres tse nang le lenane la bona, tse amang ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ea sechaba.
Ho rarolla mathata a mahlale le a ts'ebetso ho ecology ea motho, lipatlisiso li etsoa maemong a fapaneng a sebaka, a ka arotsoe ka likarolo tse tharo tsa mantlha - tsa lehae, tsa tikoloho le tsa lefats'e. E 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsona e na le litlhaloso tsa eona tsa lipatlisiso le bophara le botebo ba lits'ebetso tse senotsoeng tse bonts'ang boemo bona feela. Karolo ka 'ngoe e na le tekanyo ea eona ea sebopeho sa litšoantšo, mehloli ea litšoantšo e sebelisitsoeng ka bobeli le sebopeho sa sebopeho sa litšoantšo tsa sephetho sa ho qetela sa thuto.
Mathata a anthropoecological a rarolloa a sebelisa mekhoa le mekhoa ea ho bokella tlhaiso-leseling e tsoetseng pele lithutong tsa mahlale, tse sebelitseng e le motheo oa popo ea tikoloho ea batho.
Har'a mekhoa ena ke ho hakanya, ho etsa mohlala, ho etsa limmapa, ho hlophisa libaka le ho bolela esale pele.
Tlhahlobo ea Habitat - Hona ke papiso ea tse sa tsejoeng le tse tsejoang. Ho anthropoecology, tlhahlobo e lula e etsoa ho sechaba sa batho. Empa maemong a fapaneng ho bohlokoa ho fumana hore - hore na setjhaba sa batho se hlahlobe eng. Lithuto tsa tlhatlhobo e ka ba: palo ea batho ba sa feleng, baahi ba nakoana (batho ba sebetsang ka ho potoloha kapa ka nako, lihlopha tsa batho ka linako tse ling ba etelang sebaka seo - bahahlauli, bashebelli, joalo-joalo).
Ho rarahana ha tlhahlobo e kopanyang ea boemo ba anthropoecological ho thehiloe 'neteng ea hore ha ho na likarolo tsa tlhaho le bophelo ba sechaba tse ka amang bophelo ba baahi le boemo ba bophelo ba bona bo ikhethileng, ka thoko. Liphetho tsa tšusumetso e joalo li ka itšetleha ka kakaretso ea maemo. Ho fetola esita le ntho e le 'ngoe e shebahalang e se na thuso ho ka lebisa liphellong tse fapaneng ka ho felletseng (khahlano le tse lebelletsoeng).
Anthropoecological taxonation (tikoloho). Bakeng sa boithuto ba thuto ea tikoloho ea tikoloho, tlhahlobo ea maemo a mathata a hlahisoang ke lintho tse bakang kotsi bathong, le tatellano ea tlhaiso-leseling e fumanoeng, e ea sebetsa. taxonization, i.e., karohano ea sebaka ka taxana tse nyane (ho ea ka libaka tsa tlhaho kapa tsa tikoloho). Lekhetho la anthropoecological le ka kenya letsoho tharollong ea mathata a mangata a khatello ea mahlale le a sebelisitsoeng lebaleng la ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba, ts'ireletso ea tikoloho, bohloeki le bohloeki, ho kenya ts'ebetsong leano le ikemetseng la moruo, moralo oa litoropo.
Model. Boemong ba tikoloho ea batho, mekhoa ea ho etsa mohlala, kapa ho aha mefuta e fapaneng e etsisang lits'ebetso tsa tlholeho kapa tlholeho, e sebelisoa haholo.
Tlhahisoleseling e hole mabapi le mesebetsi ea tikoloho le lihloliloeng tsa batho. Ha o rarolla mathata a anthropoecological, mekhoa le mahlale a hole (patiso ea sefofane, ho nka lifoto sebakeng, ho shebella ho sa bonahaleng ho tloha sebakeng) li ka sebelisoa haholo. Mekhoa ena e sebelisitsoe ka katleho ho jiology, geodesy, geology, Oceanology, meteorology, jj. Ho sebelisa tlhaiso-leseling (hammoho le lipatlisiso tse thehiloeng lefats'eng), tlhaho, moruo, sebopeho sa mokhatlo oa sechaba, sepheo sa tlhaho sa maloetse a mangata a kotsi, 'me ho ka ithutoa likhathatso tsa tikoloho. bolulo ba batho, hape, bo bohlokoa haholo, ke boiphihlelo bo matla bo ntlafalitsoeng ba liketsahalo tsena le lits'ebetso.
1. Mabapi le se ileng sa hlaha tlhokahalo ea ho ithuta lihloliloeng tsa tlhaho ea batho?
Theha litlhaloso tsa tlholeho ea motho.
3. Morero ke eng, 'me mesebetsi ea tikoloho ea batho ke efe? Bohlokoa bo sebetsang ba taeo e ithutileng.
4. Ntho ea sehlooho le taba ea tikoloho ea lihlahisoa tsa motho ke eng?
Re bolelle ka kamano ea tikoloho ea batho le mahlale a mang.
6. Thathamisa le ho hlalosa mekhoa ea mantlha e sebelisitsoeng ho etsa lipatlisiso ka tikoloho ea batho.
Litsela tse ka ba teng tsa ho rarolla mathata a tikoloho
Botho bo na le tlhoko ea ho boloka tikoloho e bolokehileng. Ka hona, re ka nka tataiso ho rarolla mathata a tikoloho a kang:
- Molao. Nts'etsopele le ho amoheloa ha melao ea machabeng mabapi le ts'ireletso ea tikoloho ea batho.
- Moruo. Ho loantša litlamorao tsa tšusumetso ea anthropogenic ka tlhaho, ho hlokahala liente tse kholo tsa lichelete.
- Mahlale. Ntlafatso ea theknoloji e ncha le ntlafatso ea lisebelisoa tsa theknoloji tse seng li ntse li sebetsa ho sireletsa tikoloho tšusumetsong ea batho.
- Bontle. Ho lema litoropo, tokisetso ea libaka le mehloli ea tšireletso ea tlholeho, ho theha mabanta a meru ho potoloha likhoebo le litsela.
Ka ho tseba boemo ba tšokelo, leha ho le joalo botho bo ka nka mehato e potlakileng le e sebetsang ho lokisa boemo ba hona joale.
Mehato e sireletsang
Mehato ea ts'ireletso e kenyelletsa:
- Fokotsa boemo ba litšila, tsa lapeng le tsa indasteri.
- Phetoho mehloling e meng ea matla, ho lahloa ha limela tsa matla a nyutlelie, thepa ea mashala, phetoho ho ts'ebeliso ea khase ea tlhaho, matla a letsatsi, kaho ea liteishene tsa motlakase oa motlakase.
- Ho ahoa ha limela tsa kalafo tsa metsi a litšila kajeno.
- Ho lema meru, ho sireletsa libaka hore li se ke tsa fifala.
Karolo e kholo ho sena e bapaloa ke mekhatlo ea sejoale-joale ea tikoloho ea tikoloho. Ba etsa likhopolo tsa leshano khafetsa molemong oa ho sireletsa tikoloho, hanyane ka hanyane ba fetola maikutlo a batho mme ba ba qobella hore ba boele ba fetole maikutlo a bona ka tlhaho.
Malebela a Ayurvedic a ho Ntlafatsa Bophelo bo botle ka Ecology
Tataiso ea meriana e meng ea Ayurveda e fa batho tsela ea ho itšireletsa likoluoeng tsa tikoloho ka ho khutlisa botsitso. Filosofi ea Ayurvedic e thehiloe ho tekano ea motho le tlhaho. Lintho tsa mantlha tsa tataiso ke moea, metsi, mollo, lefatše le ether.
Malebela a Ayurvedic a ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle ka tikoloho:
- Ho matlafatsa ts'ebetso ea methapo, Ayurveda e eletsa ho phela bophelo bo lekanyelitsoeng, ho koetlisa 'mele le ho sebelisa veine e tšoeu ho litekanyetso tse nyane letsatsi le leng le le leng.
- Ho boetse ho na le tsamaiso ea eona e kholo ea boikoetliso, e fetoloang bakeng sa kalafo ea mafu a itseng.
- Ayurveda e eletsa ho sebelisa lioli tsa bohlokoa, ho jella litlama tse nang le meriana, ho etela khafetsa libakeng tse hloekileng tsa tikoloho le ho etsa litlelase tsa yoga.
Ayurveda e re ruta ho phela bophelo bo felletseng le bo monate, leha maemo a sa sireletseha joalo a tlhaho le lefats'e.
Linaha tsohle li amehile ka polokeho ea tikoloho. Likopano tsa machaba li tšoaroa, litaba tsa tikoloho li rarollotsoe ho UN. Ho tlisoa lithibelo tsa polao ea liphoofolo tse hlaha, 'me ho tšoasa litlhapi hoa laoloa. Bo-rasaense ba tsoang linaheng tsohle ba lula ba sebelisana molemong oa ho ntlafatsa maemo a tikoloho.
Mekhatlo ea sechaba bakeng sa ts'ireletso ea tikoloho e khothaletsa sechaba ka matla ho ikarabella, ho nahana ka litlamorao tse ka bang teng tsa tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa le tšilafalo ea tikoloho.
Nts'etsopele ea nalane
Tšimoloho ea tikoloho le tikoloho ea rona e le taeo e pharalletseng e thehiloe Greece 'me e re lebisa lethathamong le lelelele la lintho tse finyeletsoeng lefapheng la mahlale a tlhaho. Tlhaho le eona e hlahisitsoe haholo litsong tse ling. Tsebo ea setso, joalo ka ha ba bitsoa joalo, e kenyelletsa tloaelo ea motho ea ho ba le tsebo e nepahetseng, likamano tsa batho ba bohlale, kutloisiso le phetiso ea tlhahisoleseling ka tlhaho ea tlhaho le boiphihlelo ba motho .. "Erology" e ile ea hlahisoa ke Ernst Haeckel ka 1866 mme e hlalosoa ka kotloloho mabapi le moruo oa tlhaho.
Joalo ka litsebi tse ling tsa sejoale-joale tsa mehleng ea hae, Haeckel o ile a amohela polelo ea hae ho Karl Linnaeus, eo ho neng ho totobetse hore kamano ea tikoloho le motho e ne e hlakile haholo. Ka 1749, khatisong ea hae "Tlhahlobo ea thuto e phahameng ea thuto e tsoang ho oeconomia naturae"Linnaeus o thehile saense e kenyeletsang maano a moruo le a tlhaho. Polis e na le metso ea Segerike sechabeng sa lipolotiki (se neng se thehiloe seterekeng sa setereke), se arolelana metso ea sona le" mapolesa "mabapi le ho khothaletsa kholo le ho boloka taolo e ntle sechabeng. Linnaeus e ne e le Linnaeus le tsona li hlahisitse maikutlo a mantlha a fumanehang likarolong tsa sejoale-joale tsa tikoloho le tikoloho ea batho, ho kenyeletsoa le tekano ea tlhaho, ha a ntse a hatella bohlokoa ba mesebetsi ea tikoloho: Phetoho ea tšebetso ea eona e khotsofatsang, tlhaho e file 'mele maemo a hlokahalang a ho phela. ”Mosebetsi oa Linnaeus o ile oa susumetsa Charles Darwin le litsebi tse ling tsa mehleng ea hae, ba neng ba sebelisa poleloana ea Linnaeus ka matla a tobileng ho batho, tikoloho le moruo.
Tlhaho ea tlhaho ha e bue ka tlhaho feela, empa hape e thusa le batho. Herbert Spencer e bile setsebi sa pele se nang le tšusumetso sechabeng nalaneng ea tikoloho ea batho. Spencer o ile a susumetsa mosebetsi oa Charles Darwin mme a khutlisa tšusumetso ea hae. Herbert Spencer o qapile polelo e reng "ea matla ka ho fetisisa ea pholohang," e ne e le e mong oa bathehi ba pele ba thuto ea kahisano, ea hlahisitseng mohopolo oa sechaba e le sebopuoa, 'me a beha mohlala bakeng sa mokhoa oa bophelo le tikoloho, oo e neng e le sepheo se latelang le kamano pakeng tsa thuto ea sechaba le tikoloho ea batho.
Tlholeho ea motho e na le nalane e arohaneng ea thuto, 'me kholiso ea eona e fetela lithutong tse' maloa, ho kenyelletsa: ntlo, jeokrafi, anthropology, thuto ea sechaba, zoology le psychology. Bangoli ba bang ba re geology ke tikoloho ea motho. Ka lebaka la puisano e pharalletseng ea hore na tikoloho ea tikoloho ea batho ke efe, bafuputsi ba morao-rao ba mefuta-futa ba batlile ho kopanya karolo ea mahlale eo ba e bitsitseng "litsamaiso tse hokahaneng tsa batho le tsa tlholeho tse ipapisitseng le mosebetsi o fetileng, empa ho feta moo." Libaka tse ling kapa liindasteri tse amanang le nts'etsopele ea nalane ea batho joalo ka litloaelo li kenyelletsa tikoloho ea setso, tikoloho ea litoropo, tikoloho le tikoloho, tikoloho ea tikoloho le tikoloho ea anthropological.
Khokahano ea malapa
Ntle le khokahano ea eona le lithuto tse ling, tikoloho ea batho e na le kamano e matla le nalane ea lapeng. Le ha ho le joalo, e se e le ka bo-1960, liunivesithi tse 'maloa li ile tsa qala ho reha mafapha a ikonomi, likolo le likoleche hore e be mananeo a tikolohong ea batho. Karolo e 'ngoe, phetoho ena ea mabitso e ne e le karabelo mathateng a boletsoeng ka hore ke "moruo oa lapeng" sechabeng se hlophisehileng' me e bonts'itse tlhokomeliso ea tikoloho ea batho e le e 'ngoe ea likhetho tsa pele tsa ho khetha taeo e lokelang ho ba moruo oa lapeng. Hajoale, mananeo a tikoloho ea batho a kenyelletsa K'holejeng ea Cornell ea Batho tikolohong ea Univesithi ea Cornell le Lefapha la Mahlale a Batho ho Univesithi ea Alberta le ba bang.
Ts'ebeliso ho lefu la seoa le tlhokomelo ea bophelo bo botle
Ts'ebeliso ea mehopolo ea tikoloho ho lefu la seoa e na le metso e ts'oanang le libakeng tse ling tsa ts'ebeliso, Carl Linney a bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho sena. Le ha ho le joalo, lentsoe lena, kamoo ho hlakileng, le neng le atile lingoloeng tsa bongaka le tsa bophelo bo botle bohareng ba lekholo la mashome a mabeli la lilemo. Ka 1971, le batho ba bangata ba ile ba ithuta ka eona, ka lebaka la phatlalatso ea buka "Epidemiology e le Medical Ecology" mme ka 1987 - sengoloa "Bophelo bo Botle ba Sechaba le Sechaba sa Batho". Mohopolo oa "bophelo bo botle ba tikoloho" o ile oa hlaha e le mokhatlo o kopantseng lipatlisiso le tloaelo libakeng tse kang taolo ea tikoloho, bophelo bo botle, mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng le nts'etsopele ea moruo. Ho ipapisitsoe le ts'ebeliso ea mehopolo e kang mohlala oa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba le tikoloho, tikoloho ea motho e kopane le tataiso ea mantlha ea lingoliloeng tsa lefats'e lefapheng la bophelo bo botle.
Mosebetsi o felile ka taba e ts'oanang
Karolo ea boithuto ho tikoloho ea batho ke anthropoecosystems. Sena se ka kenyelletsa esita le litsamaiso tse nyane haholo, e leng sebaka se fokolang se lekantsoeng ke sehlopha sa batho. Mohlala ona e ka ba, mohlala, moloko oa Mapapuans. Empa khafetsa, lintho tse ithutoang ke lintho tse kholo - mohlala, toropo, ntlo kapa ntlo.
Ka sebopeho sa tikoloho ea lihloliloeng tsa batho, litlhahlobo tse latelang li khethollotsoe:
- Urboecology,
- Psychological,
- Melao ea boitšoaro ea tikoloho
- Ethnoecology,
- Paleoecology,
- Melao ea boitšoaro ea tikoloho le tse ling.
Kholo ea motho ka tsela e itseng e ts'oana le autecology, ka phapang ea hore ho ecology ea motho ntho e ithutoang ke sistimi ea anthropo.
Ikonomi ya loago e batla e tshwana le tikologo ya motho, pharologanyo ke gore mo tikologong ya motho re bua ka motho a le mongwe kana setlhopha sa batho e le moemedi wa dikolo. Ho fapana le hoo, ha ho nkuoa karolo ea sechaba - botho ba motho, sehlopha sa sechaba - ho bohlokoa ho bua ka tikoloho ea sechaba.
Joalo ka saense ea ecology ka boeona, tikoloho ea motho e na le lintlha tse ngata. Le polelo "ecology" kajeno e se e fetile kutloisiso e tloaelehileng ea polelo ena. Mohlala, morao tjena saense e joalo ka moea oa tlhaho e se e qalile ho sebelisoa, e ka utloisisoa ka nepo e le "bohloeki ba moea", mahlale ana a hlaha khokahanong ea biology le psychology, a ithuta ka lehlakoreng la boitšoaro ba motho.
Ntho e kang "ecology ea setso" e se e hokahane ka mokhoa o hlakileng le khopolo ea tikoloho ea batho. Karolo e itseng, lekala lena la mahlale le hlophisa moea oa tlhaho, bo ntse bo ithuta ka tšusumetso ea tikoloho ea setso ho moea oa motho.
Morero oa ho ithuta saense
Kholo ea tlhaho ea motho e qalile khale pele ho hlaha saense ea ecology ka boeona, empa e ne e bitsoa ka tsela e fapaneng. Leha ho le joalo, maemong ohle a ntšetso-pele ea nalane, saense ena e ne e tšoenyehile ka lipotso tse tšoanang.
- palo ea sechaba ka seng sa batho le sa batho bohle,
- lilemo le maemo a bong a sechaba,
- boemo ba bophelo bo botle ba batho, bo ka hlahisoang ka lilemo tse tloaelehileng tsa bophelo, mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka ho fetisisa le lisosa tse tloaelehileng tsa lefu,
- lintlha tse qaqileng tsa phepo e nepahetseng ea batho ba mehla e ngoe le e ngoe, litaba tsa khalori ea lijo, mekhoa ea ho lokisa
- mofuta oa mosebetsi oa basebetsi, mekhoa le lisebelisoa tsa basebetsi, mehloli ea matla e sebelisoang malapeng le ntlong,
- Sistimi ea phalliso
- boiphihlelo ba bohloeki le bohloeki.
Ho hlahlobisisa lintlha tsohle tse kaholimo ho fana ka setšoantšo se felletseng sa tšebelisano ea motho le tikoloho eo a lulang ho eona.
Bophelo bo botle ba motho
Har'a litaba tsohle tsa bohlokoahali tse rarolloang ke tikoloho ea batho, bophelo bo botle ba baahi bo eme ka thoko. Bophelo bo botle ba batho ke e 'ngoe ea matšoao a mantlha a bophelo bo botle ba tikoloho eo batho ba leng ho eona. Sebakeng sa pele har'a matšoao a boiketlo ba naha a lula a le matšoao a bophelo bo botle le bophelo bo bolelele. Ha maemo a bophelo a khahlisoa haholoanyane, maloetse a fokolang, ke tebello e telele ea bophelo. Maemo ao tlokotsi ea lefu le hlahang ka tlas'a 'ona a bitsoa "mabaka a kotsi".
Lintlha tse kang:
- maemo a tlhaho
- Mokhoa oa bophelo le maemo a moruo,
- tšilafalo ea tikoloho le tšilafalo
- maemo a tlhahiso.
Mahlale a tsoetseng pele a matla, theknoloji, bongaka le lintho tse ling tse ntle tsa bophelo ba sejoale-joale li entse lihlomo tse tšepahalang tse ka sirelletsang batho litšusumetsong tse mpe tsa liphoofolo tse hlaha. Le ha ho le joalo, le ha e sirelletsa, lintlha tsa tikoloho ea anthropogenic ka nako e ts'oanang li baka "mafu a tsoelo-pele", a amanang le maemo a eketsehang a khatello ea maikutlo, lerata le sa feleng, ho se sebetse hoa mmele le mabaka a mang.
Ntlha ea anthropogenic
Monna oa mehleng ena o phela maemong a hole le tlhaho. Empa ka nako e ts'oanang, o lula e le motho oa tlhaho, 'nete ena e baka khohlano lipakeng tsa karolo ea tlhaho ea motho le tikoloho ea indasteri. Lintho tsa Technogenic li na le phello e matla bophelong ba motho le bophelo bo botle:
- Ts'ehetso e tlase ea ts'ebetso le ts'ebetso ea sechaba ho batho ba phetseng hantle
- Maloetse a mangata a liphatsa tsa lefutso a hlaha a amang meloko e tlang ho isa tekanyong e kholo.
- Palo ea maloetse a oncological e ntse e eketseha ka sekhahla, 'me ho na le maemo a mangata ho feta har'a bana le bacha
- Bana ba tsoaletsoeng libakeng tse nang le tšoaetso ba ntse ba fokola khafetsa, hangata ba kula.
- Keketseho ea maloetse a sa foleng ho bacha ba sebetsang e ntse e eketseha.
- Nako ea bophelo ho batho ba lulang libakeng tse nang le litšila ea fokotseha.
Motho oa sejoale-joale ea lulang litoropong o pepesetsoa lintho tse ngata tse kotsi letsatsi le letsatsi. Tšilafalo ea liindasteri, litšisinyeho tsa lefatše tsa litoropong, moea o silafetseng le metsi - tsena kaofela ke likarolo tsa tikoloho ea bolulo ea moahi oa sejoale-joale oa toropo.
Tikoloho ea Botho - Ecology
Ho phela sebakeng se itseng, liketsahalo tse ikhethang tsa tlhaho li ka ama boemo ba 'mele. Tlholeho ea batho e nka lintlha tsa tikoloho tse nang le tšusumetso e tobileng bophelong ba baahi. Bophelo bo botle ba batho bo itšetlehile ka eona.
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Ka har'a moralo oa taeo ena, ho nahanoa mathata a tikoloho le a lefats'e a amang sechaba. Boemong ba makasine ona, ho nahanoa ka bophelo ba baahi ba litoropo le mesebetsi ea baahi ba mahaeng. Sebaka se ikhethileng se tšoaretsoe ke taba ea ho ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle ba batho.
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Mathata a ecology ea motho
Taeo ena e na le mesebetsi e mengata.
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- - Ho lekola tikoloho le mekhoa ea batho,
- - Tlhahiso ea likarete tse nang le matšoao a bongaka,
- - Ts'ebetso ea boemo ba tikoloho,
- - Tlhahlobo ea libaka tse nang le tikoloho e silafetseng,
- - Tlhaloso ea libaka tse nang le tikoloho le tikoloho e ntle.
Hona joale, thuto ea tikoloho ea batho ke saense ea bohlokoa. Le ha ho le joalo, katleho ea eona ha e so sebelisoe ka mafolofolo, empa nakong e tlang khalemelo ena e tla thusa ho ntlafatsa maphelo le bophelo ba batho ba fapaneng.