Litšobotsi tse akaretsang le litšobotsi tsa tšimo

Nonyana e kholo ka maoto a malelele, molala le molomo. Bolelele ba 'mele 100-115 cm, mapheo a bolelele ba 155-165 cm, boima ba linonyana ba baholo ho tloha ho 2,5 ho isa ho 4.5 kg. Tse tona li batla li le kholo ho feta tse tšehali, empa ka ntle li ka se tsebehehe. Masiba a soeufetse, a fofa a sootho. Molomo le maoto a bokhubelu. Ha u bona nonyana e fofang, molala o molelele le maoto, liphapang tse ntšo le tse tšoeu li hohela tlhokomelo. O tsamaea fatše, a sisinya hlooho hanyane ka nako le motsamao. Ho lihlaha kapa lithutsoana, e ka ema nako e telele leotong le le leng, e hulela molala oa eona ka plumage ea 'mele. Hangata e sebelisa sefofane se fofang, se nang le mapheo a sa fofang, se khona ho nyoloha le moea o nyolohang. Ka ho theoha ho hoholo le ho lulisa - e tobetsa hanyenyane mapheo ho ea 'meleng mme e beha maoto a hau pele. Mehlape e thehoa nakong ea sefofane, e boetse e thehoa ke linonyana tse sa tsoeng nakong ea ho lelera mafelong a selemo le hlabula. Ha ho na taelo e thata ho mehlape e fofang. Ha li theoha nokana, linonyana li thellela e 'ngoe ka mor'a e' ngoe. E fapana le mokolokotoane o moputsoa ka makhopho a 'mala o mosoeu, ho tsoa mebileng le manong ka' mala o mofubelu oa molomo oa hae le maoto. Ho fapana le heron, e fofa ho fapana le hore e mene molala oa eona.

Vota. Motheo oa puisano e ntle ea likokoanyana tse tšoeu ke molomong oa molomo. Nako le nako, ho lla ho ka utloahala. Papatso e ntle ea malinyane e fapana haholo. Ho lla ha mokoko o kopang lijo ho tšoana le moholi o molelele. Karolo ea pele ea mohoo ona e na le molumo o phahameng, oa bobeli o tlaase. U ka utloa molumo o phahameng oa lerata le ho lla ha litsuonyana sehlaheng; libekeng tsa pele tsa bophelo, matsuane a leka ho nyeka ka melomo ea 'ona.

Tlhaloso

Colouring. E motona le e motšehali. Ha ho na phapang ea nako ea selemo ka mebala. Boholo ba boholo ba masiba ke a tšoeu, masiba a mantlha, a manyane a ka ntle, lehetla mme karolo ea masiba a koahelang sefahleho a sootho ka sheen ea tšepe. Metsoako ea ka ntle ea likholopane li na le masimo a botala bo ka thoko ho teranka (lets'oao lea fapana, hangata le bonahala ha le le haufi feela). Masiba molaleng le sefubeng ke a linonyana tse bolelele bo bokhutšoaane, tse monate (mohlala, nakong ea ho ruruha) hangata a a futhumatsang. Molomo le maoto a bokhubelu bo khanyang. Letlalo le se nang letho le pota-potileng leihlo le ka pele la letlalo la kharebe le letšo. Mahlo a sootho a sootho.

Seaparo sa pele se tlase. Kamora ho qhotsoa, ​​matsuane a koaheloa ka fluff e sa tloaelehang le e khubelu ea bosoeu. Maoto a 'mala o mopinki, ka mor'a matsatsi a se makae a ba a putsoa. Molala le letlalo le pota-potileng mahlo le le letšo, letlalo le lehloeng le le bokhubelu, iris e lefifi. Seaparo sa bobeli se tlase. Sebaka se tlase se tšoeu hantle, se tebile ebile se telele. Sebeka sa pele sebakeng se ka etsang beke.

Liaparo tsa Nesting. Nonyana e nyane e joalo ka 'mala ho motho e moholo, empa' mala o moputsoa ka har'a mouoane o nkeloa sebaka ke 'mala o moputsoa, ​​o sa khanye. Melomo le maoto a sootho ha a le lerootho, ka nako eo litsuonyana li tloha lihlaheng, hangata li ba bosootho bo bofubelu, empa hangata u ka bona matlooa a fofang ka molomo o motšo kapa o sootho ka hlooho e ntšo. Mahlo a pula a na le bohlooho.

Sebopeho le boholo

Ha e le molao, litekanyo tsa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa 'mele oa makhopho li phatlalatsoa ntle le ho arola sampole ka lihlopha tsa thobalano. Bolelele ba mapheo a litlatsetso tse ikhethang tsa mokolokotoane o mosoeu ka mokhoa ona bakeng sa sebaka sa pele. USSR ke ea batho ba 6, 585-605 mm (Spangenberg, 1951), bakeng sa Ukraine (Smogorzhevsky, 1979) - 534-574 mm. Sengoli sa ho qetela se tlaleha hore bolelele ba mohatla bo fapana pakeng tsa 206-232 mm, molomo ke -156-195, 'me li-lobes ke 193-227 mm. Tlhahlobo ea pokello ea Setsi sa pokello ea Zoo ea Univesithi ea Sechaba ea Kiev le Setsi sa Naha sa Ntoa ea Tlhaho ea Ukraine e fane ka liphetho tse latelang: bolelele ba mapheo (n = 14) - 513-587 mm, ka boleng bo bohareng ba 559.9 ± 5.8 mm, mohatla (n = 11) - 201 -232, ka karolelano 222.5 ± 4.2, molomo (n = 12) - 150-192, karolelano 166.4 ± 3.5, tarsus (n = 14) - 187-217, ka kakaretso 201.4 ± 2,5 mm (ea pele). Bakeng sa mokopu o mosoeu oa Asia, bolelele ba mapheo bakeng sa batho ba 9 ba lekantsoeng e ne e le 550-640, karolelano ea 589 mm.

Boholo ba mokopu o mosoeu ke lihlopha tsa thobalano le lits'oants'o tsa libaka tse fapaneng li fanoa ka tafoleng. 31.

Foromo ea lepheo (ha e bale semelo sa maqhubu a pele) IV? III? V-I-VI. Metsoako o ka ntle oa II le IV oa ntsintsi e ka sehloohong ke litlhapi. Mohatla o pota-potiloe hanyane, masiba a mohatla 12. Molomo o molelele, o otlolohile, o tobetsa holimo. Linko li telele, li otlile joalo-joalo. Boimana ba banna ba 41 ba tsoang Bochabela. Prussia 2 900-4 400 g (karolelano ea 3,571), basali ba 27 - 2 700-3 900 g (3 325). Boima bo eketseha hanyane nakong ea lehlabula. Boima ba banna ba 14 ka Phuptjane e ne e le 3,341 g, basali ba 14 - 3,150 g, ka Phupu-Phato 12 ba batona ba le boima ba 3,970 g ka karolelano, basali ba 12 - 3,521 g (Steinbacher, 1936).

Ka hona, e tona e batla e le kholo ho feta e tšehali, e na le molomo o molelele le ho feta. Ntle le moo, molomo oa ka ho e tona o na le sebopeho se fapaneng: molomo o ka pele oa seaplane o kobehile hanyane ka hanyane, ha molomo oa mosali o otlolohile (Bauer, Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Creutz, 1988). Ka bolelele ba molomo, botona ba linonyana tse 67% bo ka khethoa ka monyetla oa phoso e sa feteng 5% (Post et al., 1991). Ho tsebahala ha linonyana ka sebopeho sa letheba le letšo mokokotlong hoa khoneha (Fangrath, Helb, 2005).

Molting

E ithutoa ka mokhoa o sa lekanyetsoang. Ho linonyana tse nyane, ho qhibiliha ka ho fetesisa hoa bacha ho qala ho latela maemo, ho tloha ka December ho isa ho Mots'eanong oa selemo sa pele sa bophelo. Ho linonyana tsa batho ba baholo, molt o felletseng o nka boholo ba selemo. Linonyana tsa mantlha li lula li fapana ka nako e sa lekanyetsoang nakong ea lihlaha, tse ling mariha (Stresemann, Stresemann, 1966).

Ho qaqisa haholoanyane, ho qhibiliha ha masiba a fofa ho ile ha ts'oaroa ha mekolokotoane e mehlano e neng e bolokiloe sebakeng sa mahlale Switzerland (Bloesch et al., 1977). Kholo ea pen e etsahala ka lebelo la mots'eare. Lifofane tsa mantlha li hola ka 8-9 limilimithara ka letsatsi, tse bobeli - 6.5-6.9 limilimithara. Ho nka matsatsi a 50-55 ho isa ho a 65-75 ho nkela masiba a fofa sebaka. Ho linonyana tse hlokometsoeng, linonyana tse 6 tse mapheoana a mapheo le tse 13 tse holimo mapheo a tsona li ile tsa nkeloa sebaka selemo se seng le se seng. Nako ea ho roala masiba a fapaneng e fapane, bakeng sa ntsintsi ea mantlha, e ne e tloha ho lilemo tse 1,2 ho isa ho tse 2,5. Phetoho ea masiba e tsamaea butle. Bakeng sa lifofane tsa mantlha, e qala ka XI, bakeng sa lipulumo tse nyane, ho tsoa lintlheng tse 'maloa. Li-circling tsa ho hlatsa li qala ho tloha selemong sa bobeli sa bophelo; lithuto tsa bona tsa ho qetela li thehiloe feela ke lilemo tse 4-5. Nakong ea moqomo oa pele le oa boraro, phetoho ea masiba e qalile ka Hlakubele-Mmesa, ebe o bohareng ba Mots'eanong mme e bile ho fihlela qalong ea Pulungoana. Boholo ba masiba a fetohile likhoeling tsa lehlabula pakeng tsa ho qala ho hatching le ho tsamaea.

Ho kopantsoe ha mohono le ho hloloa hoa nesting ho ka etsahala hobane makhopho a tšoeu ka nako ena a na le mapheo a mangata ho feta nakong ea ho falla ha nako e telele kapa nakong ea bophelo ba bo-hloma-u-hlomole nakong ea mariha (Creutz, 1988).

Subspecies taxonomy

Ho na le lipeeletso tse peli tse fapaneng ka boholo le sebopeho sa molomo.

1.Cicortia cicottia ciconia

Ardea ciconia Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, c. 142, Sweden.

Fomu e nyane. Bolelele ba mapheo a ba batona ke 545-600 mm, bolelele ba foregip ke 188-226 mm, 'me bolelele ba molomo ke 150-200 mm. Molomo ha o theohele holimo haholo (Stepanyan, 2003). E tsamaisoa Europe, Leboea. Afrika, Bophirima Ea Asia.

2.Ciconia ciconia asiatica

Ciconia alba asiatica Severtzov, 1873, Izv. Imp. Lihlekehleke tsa ba ratang saense, anthropology le ethnography, 8, che. 2, leq. 145, Turkestan.

Sebopeho se seholo. Bolelele ba mapheo a banna ke 580-630 mm, bolelele ba foregip ke 200-240 mm, bolelele ba molomo o le 184-235 mm. Molomo, haholo-holo oa bohlokoa, o ntse o oela holimo koana le koana (Stepanyan, 2003). E lula masimong a Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan le Kyrgyzstan.

Ho jaleha

Metsi a makatsang. Europe, Leboea-Bophirima Afrika, Bophirima le Asia Bohareng.

Setšoantšo sa 78. Sebaka sa kabo ea tšoele e tšoeu:
sebaka sa nesting, b - libaka tsa mariha, c - litsela tsa mantlha tsa phallo ea hoetla, d - lits'oaetso tsa ntlafatso.

Likoporasi tsa Europe li ajoa haholo Europe ho tloha Hloahloeng ea Iberia ho ea Volga le Transcaucasia. Ka leboea, mabotho a eona a fihla Denmark, Boroa. Sweden, Estonia, leboea-bophirima ho Russia. Naheng ea Fora, makhopho a lula liprofinseng tse 'maloa, kahoo, libaka tsa liphallelo Spain, Portugal, Zap. Fora le Northwest Afrika e iphumana e arotsoe ho tsoa mokheng o ka sehloohong oa Europe. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la phalliso e ntseng e tsoela pele, ho ka etsahala hore likarolo tsena tse peli tsa boholo li koaloe. Leboea-bophirimaAfrika, sehlaha se tšoeu sa mohloaoa naheng ea Morocco, ka leboea ho Algeria le Tunisia. Bophirima. Asia - ho Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Isiraele, Iraq, Iran, ho Transcaucasia - ka boroa ho Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, le Rephaboliking ea Dagestan ea Russia Federation. Likhetsi tsa ho tsoalisa le tsona li tsejoa libakeng tsa mariha ka boroa. Afrika (Broekhuysen, 1965, 1971, Broekhuysen, Uys, 1966, Hancock et al., 1992). Ka 2004, ho ile ha etsoa boiteko ba ho lula ka leboea-bochabela ho Engelane seterekeng sa Yorkshire. Ena ke ketsahalo ea pele ea mofuta o mosoeu oa mofuta oa tšoele e tšoeu UK kamora 1416, ha linonyana li lula mokatong oa kereke ea Edinburgh.

Naheng ea Russia, mokolokotoane o mosoeu esale o lula sebakeng sa Kaliningrad. Libakeng tse ling, e hlahile haufinyane tjena, e holisa sebaka sa li-nesting libakeng tsa bochabela le tse ka leboea-bochabela. Nyeoe ea pele ea lihlaha meeling ea sejoale-joale ea Leningrad le Moscow. li hlokometsoe qetellong ea lekholo la XIX. (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983, Zubakin et al., 1992). Mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo mokolokotoane o mosoeu o ile oa qala ho lula libakeng tsa Pskov, Tver le Kaluga. (Zarudny, 1910, Filatov, 1915, Bianchi, 1922). Ka nako ena, e ne e se e tloaelehile haholo libakeng tsa bophirima tsa Smolensk (Grave, 1912, 1926) le karolong e ka boroa ea sebaka sa Bryansk. (Fedosov, 1959). Phalliso libakeng tse ncha e ne e sa senyehe. Nts'etsopele e matla ea libaka tse ncha e hlokometsoe lilemong tsa bo-1970-1990. Hajoale, sebakeng sa Russia, moeling o ka leboea le o ka bochabela oa batho ba tloaelehileng ba Europe Bochabela o ka huloa ka moeli moeling oa St. Petersburg - Volkhov - Tikhvin - Yaroslavl - Lipetsk - Voronezh - moeling oa Setereke sa Rostov. le Ukraine.

Setšoantšo sa 79. Mofuta oa mokopu o mosoeu ho Vost. Europe le Leboea. Asia:
- ho lula nesting, b - ho hlakisoa ha moeli oa sebaka sa tlhahiso, c - ho sa hlokehe. Subspecies: 1 - S. leq. ciconia, 2 - S. leq. asiatica.

Ho lelekoa nako le nako ha balekane ka bomong ho bonoa hole le moeli o boletsoeng: ka boroa. Karelia, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Perm, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Saratov, Volgograd le libaka tsa Rostov, Krasnodar Territory (Lapshin, 1997, 2000, Bakka et al., 2000, Borodin, 2000, Dylyuk, Galchenkov, 2000, Karjakin, 2000, Komlev, 2000, Mnatsekanov, 2000, Piskunov, Belyachenko, 2000, Sotnikov, 2000, Frolov et al., 2000, Chernobay, 2000a, jj.). Baahi ba Asia Bophirima ba likhetho tsa mabitso ba ajoa sebakeng se tlase sa Tersko-Sulak se Dagestan (Babayurt, Khasavyurt, Kizlyar, litereke tsa Tarumovsky), nako le nako lihlaha li hlaha ka ntle ho Dagestan - seterekeng sa Stavropol, Karachay-Cherkessia, le Proletarsky setereke sa Rostov. (Khokhlov, 1988a, Bichev, Skiba, 1990). Makhoaba a masoeu a ne a tlalehiloe mahaeng a Leboea. Ossetia (Komarov, 1986). Ho hlakile hore sebaka sa Rostov ke sebaka seo baahi ba Europe Bochabela le Bophirima ba tsoang libakeng tse fapaneng. Ea pele e kenella mona ho tsoa leboea ho theosa le Don le bophirima - ho tloha Ukraine, ea bobeli - ho tloha ka boroa-bochabela ho theosa le khatello ea maikutlo ea Kumo-Manychka. Ho netefatsoa ha tataiso ea moraonyana, tataiso e sa tsejoeng hantle ea ho tsamaea ha linonyana, e ka sebetsa e le seboka ka la 13 Motšeanong 1996 sebakeng sa Letša. Dadinskoye, ka leboea-bochabela ho Stavropol Territory, mehlape ea linonyana tse 18 tse ileng tsa tloha sebakeng se phahameng ka nq'a leboea-bophirima (Dylyuk, Galchenkov, 2000).

Naheng ea Ukraine, moeli oa sebaka sa hona joale o feta Leboea. le North-East. Crimea, libaka tse ka boroa ho Zaporizhzhya le Donetsk, setereke sa Lugansk (Grishchenko, 2005). Ka 2006, ho tlalehiloe linyeoe tsa pele tsa ho longoa ha mokoko o mosoeu ka boroa-bochabela ho Crimea haufi le Feodosia (M. M. Beskaravayny, puisano ea motho ka mong).

Mokotla o mosoeu oa Turkestan o atile Asia Bohareng - ka boroa-bochabela ho Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan le ka boroa ho Kazakhstan. Pejana, mokokotlo o ne o fihla Chardjou Turkmenistan, libaka tse tlase tsa Amu Darya, mme ho bile le linyeoe tsa nesting ka bophirima ho China - Kashgaria (Spangenberg, 1951, Dolgushin, 1960, Sagitov, 1987, Sernazarov et al., 1992). Nako le nako, liteko tsa nesting - ho bonahala e se e ntse e le tsa mofuta oa European - li tlalehiloe boroa-bochabela Turkmenistan (Belousov, 1990).

Setsi se senyane sa mokolokotoane o mosoeu (lipara tse ka bang 10) se ile sa hlaha ka nqa ea boroa ho Afrika. Linonyana li qala ho lula mona ka Loetse-Pulungoana - ka nako ea ho fihla ha makhopho a ka leboea nakong ea mariha (del Hoyo et al., 1992).Joaloka tabeng ea mokolokotoane o motšo, micropopulation ena e tsoa ho bajaki bao, ka lebaka le itseng, ba ileng ba qala ho ikatisa mariha.

Mariha

Libaka tse ka sehloohong tsa mariha bakeng sa baahi ba bophirima ba li-subspecies tsa Europe ke savannas ka boroa ho Sahara ho tloha Senegal bophirima ho ea Cameroon ka bochabela. Libaka tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa linonyana tse futhumetseng mariha ke liphula tsa Senegal, Niger le Lake District. Chad. Li-squorks tse fumanehang leboea-bophirima ho Afrika le mariha mona. Baahi ba bochabela mariha a ne a le Bochabela. le Boroa. Afrika ho tloha Sudan, Ethiopia le Somalia ho ea Afrika Boroa. Linonyana tse ngata li qeta likhoeli tsa mariha li le naheng ea Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Afrika Boroa. Makhopho a tsoang bophirima. Mariha a Asia ke karolo e 'ngoe ea Afrika, karolo e' ngoe e Asia boroa. Mariha subspecies ea mariha haholo India ka boroa ho Sri Lanka. Ho ea bochabela, linonyana tsena li ka fumanoa pele Thailand (Schulz, 1988, 1998, Ash, 1989, Hancock et al., 1992). India, libaka tse ka sehloohong tsa mariha tsa makhopho ke libaka tsa Bihar ka leboea-bochabela le Gujarat ka bophirima (Majumdar, 1989). Ho khahlisang, linonyana tse nang le likhoele tsa Europe le tsona li ile tsa fumanoa India (Lebedeva, 1979a). Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, bana ke makhoaba a lahlehileng tseleng ea Iskander Bay - a sa retelehele nqa boroa, empa a ntse a tsoela pele ho fallela ka boroa-bochabela.

Linonyana tse ling mariha li karolong e ka boroa ea mofuta oa mefuta. Spain nakong ea mariha ea 1991 le 1992 thabeng ea noka Batho ba ka bang 3,000 ba ile ba baloa Guadalquivir le lebopong la Andalusia (Tortosa et al., 1995). Portugal mariha a 1994/95 Li-squork tse 1,187 li hibernated (Rosa et al., 1999). Liketekete tsa litsu li ntse li le mariha Iseraeleng (Schulz, 1998). Armenia, linonyana tse makholo mariha nakong ea selemo sa Araks Valley (Adamyan, 1990). Naheng ea Bulgaria, makhopho a ile a lula mariha qetellong ea lekholo la XIX. Joale palo ea bona e eketsehile haholo. Ho na le sehlopha sa batho ba ka bang 10 (Nankinov, 1994). Nyeoe ea mariha e boetse e tsejoa libakeng tse ling tse ka leboea - Ukraine (Grishchenko, 1992), Czech Republic (Tichy, 1996), Jeremane, Denmark (Schulz, 1998). Sebakeng sa Russia, mariha a makhopho a masoeu a ile a bonoa Dagestan (T.K. Umakhanova, V.F Mamataeva, puisano ea botho). Asia Bohareng, mariha mariha ka lipalo tse nyane Phuleng ea Ferghana (Tretyakov, 1974, 1990). Ho fihla ho fihla linonyana tse 250 mona sebakeng sa Pungan - Urgench likhoeling tsa mariha tsa 1989. Ho lumeloa hore sebaka se sa lekanyetsoang sa makhoaba a masoeu sebakeng sa Ferghana Valley se ile sa etsa hore palo ea bona e eketsehe ka kakaretso tikolohong eo. Mariha a sa tloaelehang a mariha a ile a bonoa phuleng ea Syr Darya le nokeng. Panj e ka boroa. Tajikistan (Mitropolsky, 2007).

E kopantsoeng ea pele. Li-squork tse tšoeu tsa USSR li fumanoe nakong ea mariha haholo Afrika Boroa, linonyana tse ling - naheng ea Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Namibia, Zap. Afrika (Lebedeva, 1979; Smogorzhevsky, 1979).

Joalokaha H. Schulz (Schulz, 1988) a thehile, phetisetso ea makhopho libakeng tsa mariha a Afrika e khethoa haholoholo ke mehloli ea phepelo. Pele ho tsohle, linonyana li khetha li-biotope tse metsi, empa li ka lula le libakeng tse omeletseng tsa lijo. Mehlape e meholo e fumanoa esita le mahoatateng le lithabeng. Naheng ea Lesotho ka selemo sa 1987, ho ile ha fumanoa mohlape oa makhopho a 200 sebakeng se phahameng haholo. Limithara tse 2,5. Linonyana tse feptjoang matlong a polokelo a eketsehile ke li-amphibians. Libakeng tse nang le lijo tse ngata, makhopho a khona ho bokellana haholo. Ka Pherekhong 1987, naheng ea Tanzania molemong oa 252 km2, ho baliloe batho ba ka bang likete tse lekholo. Linonyana li iphepa masimong a alfalfa, moo lits'oants'o tsa lirurubele tsa moo li ata haholo. Ka boroa. Afrika selemong sena e batla e se litsuonyana tse tšoeu.

Ka lebaka la sephetho sa mehala ea thelefono le ea satellite, ho ile ha fumaneha hore libaka tsa mariha tsa baahi ba bophirima le ba bochabela ha li aroloe ho tse ling. Ho ea Setsing. Afrika e na le sebaka se kopaneng sa mariha moo linonyana tse tsoang ka bobeli li fumanoang teng. Mona, batho ka bomong ba ka tsamaisoa ke mehlape ea makhopho ho tsoa ho baahi ba bang mme ba khutle ka selemo ka tsela e fapaneng le libakeng tse ling tsa tsoalo (Berthold et al., 1997, Brouwer et al., 2003).

Ho falla

Ntsu e tšoeu ke motho ea fallang hole. Linonyana tse tsoang karolong e ka leboea-bochabela ea lebelo li fofa sebaka se fetang 10 000 km. Ho na le lipalo tse peli tsa mantlha tsa libaka tsa Europe, tse fapaneng mebileng le libakeng tsa mariha. Mohala o arohanyang pakeng tsa bona o feta Holland, Harz, Bavaria, Alps (Schuz, 1953, 1962, Creutz, 1988, Schulz, 1988, 1998). Linonyana tse fallang ka bophirima ho eona li falla ka hoetla li leba boroa-bophirima ho pholletsa le Fora, Spain, Gibraltar.Ebe sefofane se feta Morocco, Mauritania, ka bophirima ho Sahara. Linonyana tsena mariha li ea bophirima. Afrika. Makhopho a fumanehang ka bochabela moeling ona oa ho arola o fofa ka boroa-bochabela hoetla, 'me ho tloha ka boroa, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus le Baltic. Ho pholletsa le sebaka sa Ukraine hoetla, ho na le litsela tse tharo tsa mantlha tsa ho fofa tse kopaneng le phallo e matla ea phallo e tsamaeang lebopong le ka bophirima la Leoatle le Letšo (Grishchenko, Serebryakov, 1992, Grischtschenko et al., 1995). Ho feta moo, makhoaba a fofa ho pholletsa le Balkan le Turkey, ho pholletsa le Bosphorus, Asia Minor. Ho tloha Iskander ba ea lebopong la leoatle la Mediterranean, moo ba khutlelang n south'a boroa 'me ba haola ka molapo o patisaneng o haola le Lebanon, Israel, Hloahloeng ea Sinai ho ea Phuleng ea Nile. Haufi le noka ena le Rift Valley ho na le phallo e 'ngoe e eang libakeng tsa mantlha tsa mariha ka Bochabela. le Boroa. Afrika. Bochabela Li-squork tsa Sudan li emisa nako e telele bakeng sa libeke tse 4-6 mme li fepa ka matla ho khutlisetsa libaka tsa polokelo ea mafura hore li tsoelepele ho fallisoa (Schulz, 1988, 1998).

Mokotatsie, joalo ka naha e ntseng e phahama, e qoba ho fofa ka nako e telele holim'a leoatle, ka hona, ho falla ho phallela mabopong. Makhopho a tsoang libakeng tse ka bophirima, leboea le bohareng ba Ukraine a tloha lebopong la bophirima la Leoatle le Letšo le ho pholletsa le Bosphorus, le linonyana tse tsoang Bochabela. Ukraine e fofa ka boroa-bochabela ho ea lebopong le ka bochabela la Leoatle le Letšo. Makhopho a tsoang karolong e ka bochabela ea libaka Russia le 'ona a fofa mona. Tse ling tsa mekholutsoane, leha e le tse fokolang, li ntse li fofa ka ho fofa ka Leoatle ka kotloloho. Ho na le sefofane se “mahareng” se fetang Italy le Sicily se ea Tunisia. Ka 1990-1992 Cape Bon naheng ea Tunisia, ho ile ha tlalehoa makhoba a 1,378 a maiketsetso 'me a 67 pela Messina ho Sicily (Kisling le Horst, 1999). Ho 'nile ha fanoa ka maikutlo a hore linonyana tse tsoang libakeng tsa bophirima le tse ka bochabela li sebelisa mokhoa ona (Schulz, 1998). Ringe ea motho a le mong Latvia e fumanoe ka September haufi le Naples (Lebedeva, 1979). Mme mokopu o mong o nang le seterataete sa sefofane o ile oa fofa ka nqane ho Leoatle la Mediterranean ka kotloloho ho tloha St. Tropez naheng ea Fora ho ea Tunisia, tsela e fetang leoatleng e ne e le bonyane 752 km (Chemetsov et al., 2005). Mohlomong karolo ea makhopho e fofa Leoatleng le Letšo, e tšela Crimea.

Ho fallisoa ha makhopho a tsoang Transcaucasia, Iraq le Iran ha a utloisisehe hantle. Ho nahanoa hore li fofa boroa-bochabela ho ea Amerika Boroa. Asia (Schtiz, 1963, Schulz, 1998). Nonyana e nang le likhoele Armenia e ile ea fumanoa Nakhichevan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic lik'hilomithara tse 160 ho ea ka boroa-bochabela (Lebedeva, 1979). Khoele ea likarohano lipakeng tsa batho ba fallang Afrika le Asia e ntse e sa tsejoe. Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, e feta kae-kae ka bochabela ho Turkey. Bonyane sebakeng sena, mehlape ea linonyana e fallela ka boroa-bochabela le bophirima hoetla (Schtiz, 1963).

Hoetla, makhopho a Turkestan a fofa ka nqa ea boroa ho pholletsa le Afghanistan ho ea India, a tšela Hindu Kush ka Salang Pass (Schtiz, 1963, Schulz, 1998). Li-squork tsa Ringed ho Uzbekistan li ile tsa chekoa nakong ea selemo Afghanistan le Pakistan (Lebedeva, 1979).

Tlhahlobo ea ho latela lits'oants'o tsa satellite ea li-stork tsa Majeremane tse 140 e bonts'a hore litsela le mehla ea ho falla, libaka tsa mariha le libaka tsa ho emisa li ka fapana haholo har'a linonyana tsena, empa, haeba ho khonahala, li lula li le joalo kamehla. Liphetoho li bakoa ke lintho tsa tlhaho, haholo maemo a ho fepa (Berthold et al., 2004). Matsatsi a ho tloha libakeng tsa mariha a itšetlehile ka boemo ba leholimo. Tlas'a maemo a mabe, linonyana li ka 'na tsa lula. Ka hona, ka selemo sa 1997 se neng se sa ratehe haholo, makhoaba a qalile libakeng tsa mariha kamora khoeli e fetang e tloaelehileng (Kosarev, 2006). Ho ekelletsoa ho sena ke ho lieha ka lebaka la mariha a nako e telele a Bochabela bo Hare. Li -orks tse nang le li-transmitter li ile tsa emisa nako e telele Syria le Turkey. Ho ile ha bonoa sefofane sa ho khutla (Kaatz, 1999). Ka lebaka leo, ka 1997, ke mashome a mabeli feela a linonyana tse tsoang ho baahi ba bochabela tse fihlileng ka nako e tloaelehileng, boholo ba tsona ka ho lieha ha libeke tse 4-6 (Schulz, 1998).

Ho tloha libakeng tsa mariha, ho tsamaea ha bongata ka lehlakoreng le leng ho hlaha bofelong ba Pherekhong kapa ka Mphalane. Isiraele, qaleho ea selemo ea ho fallisoa ha linonyana tsa batho ba baholo e hlokomeleha bohareng ba Hlakubele, tlhoro ea ho falla e etsahala halofo ea bobeli ea Hlakubele, haholo-holo metsamao e hlokomelehang e fela bofelong ba Hlakubele, linonyana tse nyane li falla le Isiraele ka Mphalane-Mots'eanong (van den Bossche et al., 2002). Libakeng tsa lihlaha ka leboea ho Afrika, makhopho a hlaha ka Mots'eanong-Hlakubele.Tlhōrō ea Gibraltar e bonoa ka Hlakubele-Hlakubele, ho feta Bosphorus - ho tloha bofelong ba Hlakubele ho isa bofelong ba Mmesa (Schulz, 1998).

Moldova, makhopho a se a fihlile a bonoa ho tloha lilemong tse leshome tsa pele tsa Hlakubele (Averin et al., 1971). Naheng ea Ukraine, ba fihlang ba tlalehiloe ho tloha ka la 1 Hlakubele ho isa halofong ea bobeli ea Mmesa, matsatsi a mahareng a ho fihla a leng lilemong tse mashome a mararo tsa la Mmesa - qalong ea Mmesa. Pele ho tsohle, linonyana li hlaha libakeng tsa Lviv le Chernivtsi, li potoloha Carpathians, ebe ho falla ho etsahala ka melapo e 'meli: linonyana tse ling li fofa ho ea ka leboea-bochabela, tse ling li leba bochabela haufi le libaka tse ka boroa ho Ukraine. Hamorao, litsuonyana li hlaha libakeng tsa bochabela le Crimea (Grishchenko, Serebryakov, 1992, Grischtschenko et al., 1995). Ka leboea ho sebaka sa Sumy Ba fihlang ba tlalehiloe ho tloha ka la 18 Hlakubele ho isa la 26 Mmesa, letsatsi le tloaelehileng ho lilemo tse 16 ke la 30 Hlakubele (Afanasyev, 1998). Ka boroa-bophirima ho Belarus, makhopho a fihla lilemong tse leshome tsa boraro tsa Hlakubele - halofo ea pele ea Mphalane (Shokalo, Shokalo, 1992). Li-squorks tse sebakeng sa Europe sa Russia li fihla naheng ea habo tsona mathoasong a Hlakubele le halofo ea pele ea Mots'eanong. Tšimong ea sebaka sa Kaliningrad halofo ea pele ea lekholo la XX. linonyana tsa pele li hlahile ka lihlaha ho tloha ka la 19 Hlakubele ho fihlela la 12 Mmesa (data ea lilemo tse 23, Tischler, 1941). Ka bo-1970 ho fihla ha makhopho ho etsahetse ho tloha qalong ea Hlakubele (Belyakov, Yakovchik, 1980). Ka 1990, linonyana tsa pele ho lihlaha sebakeng sa Kaliningrad. e tšoailoe ka la 18 Hlakubele (Grishanov, Savchuk, 1992). Seterekeng sa Sebezhsky setereke sa Pskov. Bafihli ba ile ba bonoa qetellong ea Hlakubele le la leshome la pele la Mphalane (Fetisov et al., 1986). Bakeng sa nako ho tloha 1989 ho isa ho 1999. ngodiso ea pele ho setereke sa Kaluga e tlalehiloe ka la 20 Hlakubele (1990), tsa morao-rao la 8 Mmesa (1991 le 1997), ka karolelano ea la 30 Hlakubele. Lilemong tse ling, linonyana tsa pele-pele li hlaha nakong ea selemo ka sekoahelo sa lehloa masimong a cm 30- 40. Tlhoro ea ho fihla ha makhoaba a pele ho lihlaha sebakeng sa Kaluga. o oela bekeng ea bobeli ea matsatsi a mahlano a Mphalane (1990-1999) (Galchenkov, 2000). Sebakeng sa Voronezh likolobe tsa pele li ile tsa bonoa ka nako e le 'ngoe: ho tloha ka la 19 Hlakubele ho isa la 8 Mmesa, ka kakaretso ka la 30 Hlakubele (1995-1998) (Numerov, Makagonova, 2000). Ho ea moeling o ka leboea-bochabela oa mokokotlo, makhoaba a fofa libeke tse 2 hamorao. Ho ea sebakeng sa Yaroslavl linonyana li fihlile ka la 22 Mmesa 22-26 (1994), la 16 Tšitoe (1996), Mots'eanong 2 (1995) (Golubev, 2000). Libakeng tse ka bochabela tsa sebaka sa Leningrad. pele ho fihla e tlalehiloe ka la 20 Mmesa, 1999 (setereke sa Tikhvin), matsatsi a tloaelehileng a qala ka la 1 Mots'eanong ho isa la 8 Mots'eanong (1983-1999) (Brave, 2000). Libakeng tse ka boroa tsa Karelia, linonyana tsa pele li hlaha bofelong ba Mphalane - bohareng ba Mots'eanong, mathoasong a selemo sa 1990, nonyana e le 'ngoe e ile ea bonoa qalong ea lilemo tse mashome a mabeli tsa Mphalane (Lapshin, 2000). Sebakeng sa Kirov Ntsu e tšoeu ea pele e tlalehiloeng e bile ka la 17 Mmesa 1992 (Sotnikov, 2000). Lebopong la Leoatle le Letšo la Sev. Ho falla ha selemo sa Caucasus ho bonoa ho tloha lilemong tse leshome tsa pele tsa Hlakubele ho isa halofo ea bobeli ea Mmesa, sebakeng sa Rostov. le sebakeng sa Krasnodar, linonyana tsa pele li tlalehiloe ka Mphalane (Kazakov et al., 2004). Dagestan, batho ba pele ba hlaha mathoasong a bohareng ba Mphalane (Mamataeva, Umakhanova, 2000).

Ponahalo ea makhoaba a masoeu nakong ea selemo Amerika Bohareng e oela bofelong ba Hlakubele - qalo ea Hlakubele, 'me karolong e mengata e shejoa ka nako e ts'oanang (Dementiev, 1952, Mitropolsky, 2007). Li tlalehiloe Chokpak Pass ka la 11 Hlakubele 1974 (Gavrilov, Gissov, 1985), sefofane se matla se tlalehiloeng ka la 24 Hlakubele (Sema, 1989).

Setereke sa Kaluga maemong a 69%, ho fihla ha mokopu o mosoeu ho etsahetse ho latela mohlala oa 1 + 1: Nonyana e le 'ngoe ea pele e ile ea fihla ka mor'a nako - ea bobeli. Motho oa pele o hlaha ho tloha ka la 20 Hlakubele ho isa la 18 Mots'eanong, ka karolelano (n = 176) - ka la 10 Mmesa, oa bobeli - ho tloha ka la 25 Hlakubele ho isa la 26 Mots'eanong, ka karolelano (n = 150) - La 14 Mmesa. Nonyana ea bobeli e lula ka nako e telele ho isa ho matsatsi a 31, ka matsatsi a 4. Ka mokhoa o bonts'itsoeng oa ho fihla, ho na le mefuta e atisang ho kopana le ena: pele, e mong le e mong oa bona o fofa le nonyana e le 'ngoe kapa tse peli, tse sa luleng sehlaheng, empa li fofa, ka bobeli, tse peli li fofa ho sehlaha se le seng ebe li e leleka. Maemong a 31%, linonyana tse peli li ile tsa fofa sehlaheng hang.

Linonyana tse jang tsa Europe Bochabela li fofa ka Phato. Nyane, joalo ka molao, e fofa pejana ho feta linonyana tse kholo. Setereke sa Kaluga bacha ba tlohetse lihlaha tsa bona ho qala ka la 8 Phato, khafetsa selemong sa bobeli sa khoeli ena.Linonyana tse kholo li tloha naheng ea habo tsona hamorao; ho tloha ha batho ba ho qetela ho fela ka Phato 30 (1985-1999) (Galchenkov, 2000). Sebakeng sa Tver Makhopho a fofa a tloha ka Phato 28 - Loetse 5 (Nikolaev, 2000). Sebakeng sa Yaroslavl linonyana li ile tsa fofa ka la 23 Phato (1996) le la 29 Phato (1995) (Golubev, 2000). Batho ka bomong le balekane ba lieha ho fihlela ka Loetse - Mphalane. Libakeng tse ka boroa-bophirima ho Russia, pele ba tloha, ba bopa lihlopha tsa batho ba ka bang 100 kapa ho feta, joalo ka sebakeng sa Smolensk. (Bichev, Barnev, 1998). Ka leboea. Ka Caucasus, ho falla ha hoetla ho bonoa ho tloha halofo ea pele ea Phato ho fihlela qetellong ea Loetse (Kazakov et al., 2004). Litsela tsa phallo le libaka tsa mariha tsa mokhoabo oa Dagestan ha li e-so hlalosoe: hoa tsejoa hore ba ho qetela ba bona ba tloha sebakeng sa lihlaha ho tloha ka la 25 Mphalane ho fihlela la 10 Pulungoana, ka linako tse ling ba lieha ho fihlela bohareng ba khoeli kapa la bofelong ba khoeli ena (la 25 Pulungoana 2003 le la 15 Pulungoana 2004). nesting sebakeng se tlase sa Tersko-Sunzhenskaya ho latela lebopo le ka bophirima la Leoatle la Caspian, moo linonyana tsa mofuta ona li tlalehiloeng ka la 23 Mphalane 1998 sebakeng sa toropo ea Kaspiysk (E.V. Vilkov, puisano ea motho ka mong).

Moldova, ho tloha ho qala ho elella bofelong ba Phato le ho fihlela ho fihlela bohareng ba Mphalane. Linonyana ka bonngoe li ka lula ho fihlela halofo ea pele ea Mphalane. Kopano ea morao-rao e bile ka la 9 Mphalane, 1964 (Averin, Ganya, Uspensky, 1971). Ho la Ukraine, mehlape ea pele e ketekoa ho tloha matsatsing a pele a leshome a Phato ho fihlela ka Mphalane le qalong ea Mphalane. Matsatsi a qalang a ho tloha ke a lilemo tse leshome tsa Phato - lilemo tse leshome tsa pele tsa Loetse. Pele ho tsohle, ho fofa ho qala libakeng tsa Lviv, Zhytomyr le Poltava. Linonyana tsa ho qetela li ile tsa bonoa ho tloha halofo ea bobeli ea Phato ho fihlela Mphalane. Matsatsi a tloaelehileng a ho bonoa a ho qetela libakeng tse ngata tsa Ukraine a oela selemong sa pele le sa bobeli sa September. Li-squorks tse telele ka ho fetisisa sebakeng sa Zaporizhzhya. le Crimea (Grishchenko, Serebryakov, 1992, Grischtschenko et al., 1995). Batho ba bang ba morao ba ka bonoa ka November. Ka nako e 'ngoe u ka kopana le mehlape e felletseng haholo. Kahoo, ka la 4 Tšitoe 1985, mohlape oa likhahla tse 'maloa o ile oa bonoa Ivano-Frankivsk (Shtyrkalo, 1990). Ka la 5 Tšitoe 1997, mohlape oa batho ba 40 o ile oa bonoa ho feta Brest (Shokalo, Shokalo, 1992). Ho haola le lebopong le ka bochabela la Leoatle le Letšo ho ile ha hlokomeloa ho tloha ka Phato 29 ho fihlela la 4 Mphalane (Abuladze, Eligulashvili, 1986).

Malinyane a bohareng ba Asia a fofa ho tloha bofelong ba Phato ho isa bohareng ba Mphalane (Dolgushin, 1960, Tretyakov, 1990).

Lifofane tsa litsuonyana tse tharo tse kholo, tse tšoailoeng lihlaheng tsa Zelenograd le tsa Guryevsky setereke sa Kaliningrad. li-satellite transmitters, li ile tsa batloa ka 2000. Nonyana e ngoe e ile ea ea mariha ka la 10 Phato, tse ling tse peli ka la 14. Tsela ea sefofane e ne e feta ka leboea-bochabela ho Poland, karolong e ka boroa-bophirima ea Belarus, karolong e ka bophirima ea Ukraine, bochabela ho Romania le Bulgaria, ebe e fetela Bosphorus, Turkey, Palestina le Hloahloeng ea Sinai. Li-storks li fihlile Bosphorus Strait, ka ho latellana, ka la 23 Phato 25 le 26, ke. Matsatsi a 13, 11 le a 12 kamora ho qala ho falla. Qetellong ea boroa ea Hloahloa ea Sinai, litsu li bile ka la 29 Phato 31, le la 1 Loetse, ka tatellano (matsatsi a 19, 17 le 18 kamora ho qala ha phallo, kapa matsatsi a 6 kamora ho tšela Bosphorus ea nonyana e 'ngoe le e' ngoe), mona litsuonyana li emisitse. Ho feta moo, litsuonyana li ile tsa tšela Phula ea Nile naheng ea Egepeta. Mokha o potlakileng o ka boroa ho nonyana o emisitsoe ka la 6 Loetse 7 le 10, ka nako eo ba babeli ba bona ba neng ba le setsing. Sudan, e 'ngoe e ka bochabela ho Chad haufi le moeli oa Sudan (Chemetsov et al., 2004).

Ho ea ka datha ea telemetry, bolelele bo tloaelehileng ba ho falla ha letsatsi le letsatsi ha litsuonyana tse tsoang bochabela ke: Europe - 218 km (bakeng sa linonyana tse kholo ho tloha ho 52 ho isa ho 504, bakeng sa linonyana tse nyane - ho tloha ho 51 ho isa ho 475 km), Middle East - 275 km (bakeng sa linonyana tse kholo ho tloha ho 52 ho isa ho 490, bakeng sa bacha - ho tloha ho 55 ho isa ho 408 km), Leboea. Afrika - 288 km (bakeng sa linonyana tse kholo ho tloha ho 70 ho isa ho 503, bakeng sa linonyana tse nyane ho tloha ho 108 ho isa ho 403 km) (van den Bossche et al., 1999).

Phuputso e felletseng ea ho falla ha mokolane o mosoeu e bonts'itse hore mofuta ona, bonyane palo ea baahi ba oona ba bochabela, o na le mofuta o ikhethileng oa ho falla, o sa tsejoeng ke linonyana tse ling. E tšoauoa ka sefofane se lebelo haholo ho tloha libakeng tsa nesting ho ea sebakeng sa boithabiso se Vost. Afrika. Bolelele ba lik'hilomithara tse 4,600, ba baholo le linonyana tse nyane ba akaretsa matsatsi a 18-19.Tlas'a maemo a tloaelehileng, makhopho a fofa letsatsi le leng le le leng, a qeta lihora tse 8-10. Nako e telele, haholoholo ea ho emisa ka matsatsi a mangata, e fumanoa e le mokhelo mme e amana haholo le maemo a leholimo a mabe. Ho makhopho, ho fapana le linonyana tse ling tse fallang, mehloli ea mafura nakong ea ho falla ha e tsotelle. Hyperphagia e hlokomelehang nakong ea sefofane ha e bonoe. Li-Storks ha li khone ho fumana boima ba 'mele hape ho ea fihla Afrika (Berthold et al., 2001).

Bongata bo boholo ba bo-maleshoane ba qeta likhoeli tsa lehlabula ba le libakeng tsa nestre. Kamora mariha a pele a mariha, linonyana tsena lia falla li leba nq'a sebakeng sa lihlaha, empa ha se hangata li e fihlelang. Ke karolo ea boraro feela ea makhopho a selemo le selemo e ileng ea fumanoa haufi le 1000 km ho tloha sebakeng seo se llang. Ha lilemo li ntse li feta, karolo ea "bahloekisi" e fokotseha ka potlako. Karolo ea bohlokoa ea makhoaba a lilemo li 1-2 a qeta lehlabula ka boroa ho Sahara, empa linonyana tse lilemo li 3 nakong ea lihlaha ha li fumanehe ho hang. Batch e bonts'itse hore maemong a mangata makhopho a qala ho hlaha litsing tsa nesting a le lilemo li 3 (Libbert, 1954, Kania, 1985, Bairlein, 1992).

Makhoaba a tsoang linaheng tse ling a fumaneha leboea le botjhabela ba moeli oa mofuta oa mefuta. Naheng ea Russia, ba ile ba bonoa mabopong a Leoatle le Letšo sebakeng sa Murmansk. (Kokhanov, 1987), le. Kholmogory sebakeng sa Arkhangelsk (Pleshak, 1987), ho Bashkiria (Karjakin, 1998a), Tatarstan (Askeev, Askeev, 1999), Setereke sa Perm. (Demidova, 1997, Karjakin, 19986), sebaka sa Sverdlovsk. (Zelentsov, 1995), litepising tsa Boroa. Ural (Davygor, 2006). Ho latela data e sa ts'epahaleng, linonyana tse peli li ile tsa bonoa ka Phato sebakeng sa Kurgan. (Tarasov et al., 2003). Litlhaselo tse tšoeu tsa tšoele e tšoeu li boetse li tlalehiloe Finland, Sweden, Norway, Great Britain, Ireland, le Iceland (Hancock et al., 1992, Birina, 2003). Nakong ea ho falla, litlhaselo tsa 'nete li ka etsahala ha mehlape e meholo e hole le litsela tse kholo tsa sefofane. Kahoo, ka la 15 Loetse 1984, mohlape oa likhahla tse 3 000 o ile oa hlaha pela toropo ea Abu Dhabi ka bochabela ho Hloahloeng ea Arabia (Reza Khan, 1989). Ka la 27 Phato, 2000, sehlopha sa batho ba 300-400 se ile sa lula phuleng ea noka. Teberda ka Leboea. Caucasus (Polivanov et al., 2001). Ka linako tse ling mehlape e mengata e fofang e fofeloa ka leoatleng. Linonyana tse joalo li tlalehiloe esita le lihlekehlekeng tsa Seychelles, tse bohōle ba lik'hilomithara tse 1 000 ho tloha lebopong la Afrika (Stork, 1999).

Habitat

White stork - moahi ea tloaelehileng oa libaka tse bulehileng tsa naha, meru e teteaneng le makhoaba a koahelang. Lokisetsa libaka tse nang le li-biotope tse metsi - makhulo, mekhoabo, makhulo, linaha tse nosetsoang, masimo a raese, jj. E boetse e fumaneha matsatsong le masapong a nang le lifate tse kholo kapa tse ikemetseng tsa batho. Biotope e nepahetseng maemong a rona ke lipula tsa likhohola tse pharalletseng ka linoka tse nang le ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea hydro le ts'ebeliso e kholo ea temo. Libakeng tse joalo, bongata ba batho bo ka fihlela mashome a mabeli ka sebaka sa 100 km2. E aha, joalo ka molao, libaka tse bataletseng, empa e ka lula ebile e tlaase lithabeng ka maemo a loketseng.

Ho ea Setsing. Europe, makhooa a masoeu ha a fumanehe ka holimo ho 500 m n. m (Schulz, 1998). Ho Carpathians, e nyolohela ho 700- 900 m (Smogorzhevsky, 1979, Rejman, 1989, Stollmann, 1989), ho Armenia le Georgia - ho fihla ho 2 000 m ka holimo ho bophahamo ba leoatle. (Adamyan, 1990, Gavashelishvili, 1999), ho la Turkey ho fihla ho 2,300 m (Creutz, 1988), le ho Moroko le ho fihla ho 2 500 m ka holimo ho bophahamo ba leoatle (Sauter, Schiiz, 1954). Bulgaria, 78,8% ea matloana a maiketsetso e bophahamo ba 50 ho isa ho 499 m ka holimo ho leoatle. mme ke 0,2% feela - ho tloha ho 1 000 ho isa ho 1,300 m (Petrov et al., 1999). Naheng ea Poland, makhopho a lutse holimo-limo nakong ea kholo ea lipalo tsa tsona (Tryjanowski et al., 2005). Ntsu e tšoeu e rata ho fepa libakeng tse bulehileng ka limela tse fokolang tse nang le joang, metsing a sa tebang a metsi a emeng le a phallang butle. E sa tloaelehang mabopong a linoka tse kholo, melapo ea lithaba. Sebaka se nang le mobu le limela tse lenngoeng ka thata le masimong a joang bo sa tsoakoang le tsona li sebelisoa ke makhoaba ho fepa, empa nako e ntle ea ho bokella lijo libakeng tse joalo e haufinyane haholo - hang kamora ho lema kapa ho kotula.

Lihlaha tsa mekholutsoane li fumaneha haufi le mehloaa ea makhooa le linonyana tse ling tsa maqaqailana. Empa hangata e lula libakeng tse nang le baahi. E khona ho lula esita le ka har'a meaho e melelele metseng e meholo, ho tloha moo e fofang furu bakeng sa 2-3 km.Mokotla o mosoeu hangata o tloheloang ke batho hangata o tloha ha nako e ntse e tsamaea. Joale linonyana tsena li ile tsa emisa ho lula metseng e mengata e lelekiloeng tikolohong ea Chernobyl (Samusenko, 2000, Hasek, 2002).

Nakong ea ho falla, mokolokotoane o mosoeu o boetse o khetha sebaka se bulehileng, o leka ho fofa libaka tse kholo tsa metsi le meru, hobane, ka maikutlo a rona, ho fofa ka bona ka mouoane o khethehileng ho hloka matla a eketsehileng.

Palo

Palo ea likokoanyana tse tšoeu ho latela liphetho tsa ngoliso ea V Machabeng ka 1994-1995. bonyane ho ka hakanyetsoa lipere tse likete tse 170-180, tseo ho tsona ho nang le lipara tse likete tse 140-150 ho baahi ba bochabela (Grishchenko, 2000). Ha ho bapisoa palo ea batho ba pejana ka 1984, palo eohle ea batho e ile ea hola ka 23%. Ho feta moo, boholo ba baahi ba bophirima bo ile ba eketseha haholo - ka 75%, ea bochabela - ka 15% (Schulz, 1999). Palo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea makhopho a masoeu e tlalehiloe Poland. Ka 1995, ho ne ho tlalehiloe lipara tse ka bang 40, 900 moo, tse 34% ho feta ka 1984. Tekanyo e tloaelehileng ea nesting ho la Poland ke 13.1 lipara / 100 km2 (Guziak, Jakubiec, 1999). Spain, moo bongata ba baahi ba bophirima bo neng bo le teng, ka 1996 palo e ile ea hakanyetsoa ho babali ba 18,000. Naheng ena, kholo ea kholo ea tsona e lemohuoa: lipakeng tsa lipalo tse peli tsa machaba e na le makhetlo a fetang a mabeli mona (Marti, 1999).

Ho latela liphetho tsa pele tsa VI International Accounting, e ts'oeroeng ka 2004-2005, palo e felletseng ea makhopho a masoeu e hakantsoe ho limilione tse likete tse 230. Baahi ba kholo ka ho fetisisa Poland ke lipara tse likete tse 52,5, tse lateloang ke Spain - lipara tse likete tse 33,2, Ukraine - khakanyo Li-pairs tse likete tse 30, Belarus - lipara tse likete tse 20,3, Lithuania - lipara tse likete tse 13, Latvia - lipara tse likete tse 10,7, Russia - lipara tse likete tse 10,2. Kholo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea baahi e tlalehiloe Fora - 209%, Sweden - 164%, Portugal - 133%, Italy - 117%, Spain - 100%. Ke (Denmark) feela palo e fokotsehileng. Ho setse masala a 3 feela. Bakeng sa subspecies ea Asia, datha li hlahisoa feela bakeng sa Uzbekistan, moo ho ileng ha nkuoa lipara tse 745, palo e fokotsehile ka 49%.

Ho ea ka tlhaiso-leseling ea tlhaiso-leseling, nakong ea Boto ea Machaba ea VI: Setereke sa Kursk - lipara tse 929 (+ 186% ha li bapisoa le accounting ea V International, data ka V.I. Mironov), setereke sa Bryansk. - 844 (+ 31%, S.M. Kosenko), setereke sa Kaluga. - 285 (+ 58%, Yu. D. Galchenkov), Setereke sa Leningrad - 160 (+ 344%, V.G. Pchelintsev), sebaka sa Oryol - 129 (S.V. Nedosekin), Setereke sa Moscow - 80 (+ 248%, M.V. Kalyakin).

Palo ea hona joale ea batho ba Armenia e hakanyetsoa ho lipara tse 1-1,5, ho Azbria - lipara tse likete tse 1-5, Moldova - lipara tse 400-600 (Linonyana Europe, 2004).

Ho theosa le lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, palo ea likokoanyana tse tšoeu e se e bile le liphetoho tse kholo (bona Grishchenko, 2000). Karolong ea pele ea lekholo lena la lilemo (le libakeng tse ling esita le pele ho moo), ho fokotseha ha eona ka potlako ho ile ha qala linaheng tse ngata tsa Europe. Qetellong ea lilemo tsa bo-1940 Europe Bohareng, e ile ea batla e emisa. E tšoaroa ka 1934, 1958, 1974, 1984 Lipatlisiso tsa machabeng tsa mokopu o mosoeu li bontšitse ho fokotseha ho hoholo hoa palo ea lihlaha tse tšoarelitsoeng. Kahoo, haeba ka 1907 Jeremane ho ne ho e-na le lipara tse likete tse 7008 (Wassmann, 1984), joale ka 1984 palo ea bona e ne e theohile ho fihla ho 649 ho FRG (Heckenroth, 1986) le 2 724 ho GDR (Creutz, 1985) . Netherlands le lekholong la XX la lilemo. mokopu o mosoeu e ne e le e 'ngoe ea linonyana tse tloaelehileng; ho ne ho e-na le lihlaha tse likete naheng. Empa haesale ka 1910 ho ne ho na le lipara tsa 500 feela tsa tsoalo, palo eo e ile ea tsoela pele ho fokotseha ka potlako: lipara tse 209 ka 1929, 85 ka 1950, 5 ka 1985 (Jonkers, 1989). Kamora 1991, ha ho le sehlaha sa "hlaha" se ileng sa sala, ke linonyana feela tse lokolotsoeng litsing tse khethehileng tsa ntloaneng (Vos, 1995). Likokoana-hloko li ile tsa khaotsa ho lula Belgium, Switzerland, Sweden, li se li le mothating oa ho felisoa Fora, Denmark le linaha tse ling. Batho ba neng ba hlaseleha habonolo ke baahi ba bophirimela ba makhopho a tšoeu. Ho latela datha ea Ngoliso ea Machabeng ea IV ka 1984, ke ka lilemo tse 10 feela palo ea eona e ileng ea fokotseha ka 20%, palo ea batho ba bochabela - ka 12% (Rheinwald, 1989).

Phetoho e matla maemong e qalile ka bo-1980, haholo Spain. Hoo e ka bang ka 1987, keketseho ea palo ea makhopho a qala. Ka lilemo tse 11, e ile ea eketseha ka makhetlo a fetang 2,5 mme haufinyane e feta boemo ba halofo ea kholo e fetileng (Gomez Manzaneque, 1992, Martinez Rodriguez, 1995). Linako tse fetang 2 li ekelitse palo ho Portugal (Rosa et al., 1999). Sena sohle se entsoe haholo ke maemo a leholimo. Karolong ea bobeli ea 1980s. qetellong, nako e telele ea komello sebakeng sa Sahel e ile ea emisa, ea mpefatsa le ho feta maemo a mariha a bo-maleshoane ba basoeu ba bophirima. E khothalelitse kholo ea lipalo le ntlafatso e kholo phepelong ea lijo libakeng tsa nesting.Ka mohlala, Spain, sebaka sa libaka tse nosetsoang se ile sa eketseha, 'me ka ntle, Procambarus clarkii ea Amerika Boroa, e jang nama ka boithaopo, e se e kene ka metsing a marang-rang (Schulz, 1994, 1999). Spain le Portugal, linonyana tse ling tse ngata li ile tsa qala ho lula mariha, tseo le tsona li fokotsitseng lefu (Gomez Manzaneque, 1992, Rosa et al., 1999). Ho qhomela ha palo ea bohloa bo tšoeu Hloahloeng ea Iberia ho kentse letsoho kholong e potlakileng ea baahi bohle ba bophirima. Haufinyane, keketseho ea lipalo le ho fallisoa ha linonyana tsena ho ile ha qala Fora, mme khokahano le lits'ebetso tse etsahalang Spain tsa tiisoa: ka 1990 le 1991. a fumana litsuonyana li lula lebōpong la leoatle la Atlantic le Fora, 'me li le mapheoana Spain. Ho nahanoa hore makhopo a mang a lutseng mafapheng a pel'a lebopo la Bay la Biscay, a lula Spain. Ka leboea-bochabela le bohareng ba France, ho ile ha hlaha makhoaba a tsoang Alsace, Switzerland le Netherlands. Ka 1995, lefapha la Stork Charente le ile la beha mokolokotoane, o neng o ts'oaroe ka 1986 ke litsuana Poland. Ho ile ha boela ha lemohuoa phallo e potlakileng ea makhopho Holland, Switzerland, Italy, Jeremane le linaheng tse ling. Fora ho tloha 1984 ho fihlela ka 1995 bongata bo eketsehile ka 830% (Duquet, 1999).

Baahi ba ka bochabela ba ne ba se na lipalo tse matla joalo ka bophirima, empa mokhoa ona o motle o ile oa bonoa. Re tiisa hore, ka ho fokotseha ho akaretsang ha lipalo, makhopho a ile a tsoela pele ho tsamaea ka bochabela ho Russia le Ukraine le kholo ea eona haufi le moeli oa mefuta. Keketseho ea boholo ba baahi ba bochabela e qalile hoo e ka bang ka nako e ts'oanang le ea baahi ba bophirima, leha boemo ba kholo bo ne bo le tlase haholo. Hoo e batlang e le ka nako e tšoanang, maemo a fetohile litlalehong tsa Asia. Ho tloha ka 1984 ho isa 1994, palo ea makhoaba a masoeu Asia Bohareng e ile ea eketseha ka makhetlo a fetang a 7 (Shemazarov, 1999), mme ka 2005, palo ea linonyana tsena e hakanyetsoa ho li-pairs tse 700-1000 (Mitropolsky, 2007).

Ho latela tlhaiso-leseling ea tlhaiso-leseling libakeng tsa liteko tsa sa feleng Ukraine, ka 1990. leqhubu la kholo ea baahi le fetile. E ne e se e hlalositsoe ka halofo ea pele ea lilemo tsa bo-1990, pejana ho tse ka Leboea-bochabela ho Ukraine, 'me haufinyane libakeng tsa bophirima. Ka 1992-1994 metsaneng e haufi le noka Lijo tsa 'mele sebakeng sa Sumy keketseho ea 25-30% e ile ea bonoa selemo le selemo (Grishchenko, 1995a, 20006). Ho tloha ka 1994, keketseho ea karolelano ea Ukraine e ntse e eketseha ka linako tsohle (ho theoha ho ile ha lemohuoa feela ka 1997, e neng e sa tšoanelehe haholo ka mokotatsie o mosoeu ho pholletsa le Europe), ho fihla sehlohlolong ka 1996 le 1998. - ka tatellano 13.7 ± 2.9 le 16.3 ± 3.6%. Joale sekhahla sa kholo se ile sa qala ho theoha, mme ka 2001-2003. sechaba se tsitsitse. (Grishchenko, 2004).

Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho lula ka bochabela ho ile ha matlafala libakeng tse ka bochabela tsa Ukraine le Russia. Karolong ea Kharkov ka 1994, phetoho ea moeli oa phallo e lebileng bochabela e bonts'itsoe ha e bapisoa le kabo ea 1974-1987; ka 1998, lihlaha li fumanoe lebopong le letona la noka. Oskol (Atemasova, Atemasov, 2003). Sebakeng sa Lugansk., Moo mokolokotoane o mosoeu o fumanoe ka bochabela ho noka. Aidar, ka selemo sa 1998 ho fumanoe lihlaha tse peli kahare ho noka. Derkul moeling le Russia (Vetrov, 1998). Sebakeng sa Rostov ka 1996, mokotatsie o ile oa boela oa hlahella kamora lilemo tse 5 tsa hiatus - sehlaha se fumanoe phuleng ea Manych (Kazakov et al., 1997). Terekeng ea Krasnodar, makhoaba a ile a qala ho ba bohareng ba bo-1990. (Mnatsekanov, 2000). Ka 1993, nesting e ile ea rekisoa ka lekhetlo la pele setereke sa Kirov. (Sotnikov, 1997, 1998), ka 1994 - mo kgaolong ya Tambov. (Evdokishin, 1999), ka 1995 - ho Mordovia (Lapshin, Lysenkov, 1997,2000), ka 1996 - sebakeng sa Vologda. (Dylyuk, 2000). Ka 1996, ho bile le keketseho e matla palong ea linonyana (ka 20.1%) Seterekeng sa Kaluga. (Galchenkov, 2000).

Ts'ebetso ea letsatsi le letsatsi, boits'oaro

Ntsu e tšoeu ke nonyana ea mots'eare, leha ho le joalo, linyeoe tsa ho fepa malinyane li boetse li tsejoa ka bosiu bo khanyang (Schuz le Schuz, 1932). Bosiu, linonyana li ka ba mafolofolo sehlaheng: likoporasi, tlhokomelo ea maqhubu, liphetoho tsa balekane ba hatching, joalo-joalo li ile tsa bonoa .. Nakong ea ho falla, mokolokotoane oa fofa motšehare, empa ka leboea-bophirima ho Afrika ka mocheso o phahameng oa motšehare, mehlape e fofang e ne e boetse e tlalehiloe bosiu (Bauer, Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966). Mehlape e meholo hangata e na le batho ba bangata, ba ferekaneng ebile ba fofa ka linako tse fapaneng (Molodovsky, 2001).

Ha e le fatše, mokolokotoane o mosoeu o tsamaea ka methati, hangata ha o matha.Ho fofa ka mafolofolo ho boima haholo, 'me mapheo a eona a mapheoha butle. Tlas'a maemo a matle, batho ba rata ho hloa, haholo ha ba fofa sebaka se selelele. Ha linonyana li nyoloha, ka tloaelo ho ba lihlopha tsa linonyana tse ntseng li eketseha. Ntsu e tšoeu e khona ho sesa le hoja e sa tsilatsile. Ka moea o motle o khona ho tlosa holim'a metsi (Bauer, Glutz von Blotzheim, 1966, Creutz, 1988).

Nakong ea se sa tsoetsoeng, mokolokotoane o mosoeu o tataisa mohlape oa bophelo. Nakong ea lihlaha, likolone le lihlopha li ka hlaha libakeng tsa phepo. Linonyana tse sa tsoaloeng lehlabula li boloka lipakete, palo ea tsona e fihla ho mashome le ho batho ba makholo. Ba lula libakeng tse nang le lijo tse ngata, ba phela bophelo bo khelohileng. Palo ea mehlape e joalo e nyoloha butle ho tloha ka Mots'eanong ho isa ka Phuptjane, ka Phupu boholo ba tsona bo eketseha ka bongata, ba ba ngata le ho feta ka Phato, ka lebaka la ho theoa ha lihlopha tsa pele ho sefofane. Ho latela lipatlisiso sebakeng sa Kaluga. ka bo-1990, palo e tloaelehileng ea linonyana mehlapeng ea lehlabula e ne e le: ka Mots'eanong - batho ba 3.4, ka Pherekhong - 4.0, ka Phupu - 7.8, ka Phato - 10.5 (n = 50). Li-Broods kamora ho tsamaea li kopanngoa le mehlape, eo butle-butle e bang kholo nakong ea ho falla. Kahoo, haeba Ukraine boholo bo tloaelehileng ba mehlape e fallang hoetla bo boholo, hangata batho ba makholo, joale lebopong la Leoatle le Letšo la Bulgaria boholo ba mohlape ke batho ba 577,5 (Michev le Profirov, 1989). Bochabela bo Hare le North-East. Afrika hangata e na le lihlopha tse kholo tsa batho ba fetang likete tse lekholo (Schulz, 1988, 1998). Ho netefalitsoe hore katleho ea ho falla (lebelo la ho sisinyeha, puseletso bakeng sa ho khannoa ke moea, joalo-joalo) e phahame likolong tse kholo (tse baloang batho ba likete tse 'maloa) ho feta ka lihlopha tse nyane kapa ho linonyana ka bomong (Liechti et al., 1996).

Makhopho a phomola haholo bosiu. Nakong ea lihlaha, nako e setseng ea ho phomola le ho hlatsoa masiba e itšetlehile ka bongata ba lijo le palo ea malinyane. Ka bongata ba eona, mekholutsoane e ka phomola lihora tse ngata kapa ea hloekisa plumage ka lihora tse ngata. Sebaka sa nonyana e phomotsang se na le tšobotsi e kholo: hangata mokokotlo o ema leotong le le leng, o hula hlooho mahetleng 'me o patile molomo oa eona mokhoabong oa masiba. E le molao, makhoaba a phomola holim 'a litheko tse phahameng tse nang le ponahalo e ntle - lifateng tse omileng, lipalo, marulelong.

Li-squork tse tšoeu li sebelisa mokhoa o sa tloaelehang oa thermoregulation - li ikotla ka maoto. Ka letsatsi le chesang, o khona ho bona linonyana tse ngata tse "li-stockings" tse tšoeu liaparong tsa tsona. Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, mokelikeli oa metsi o fetoha mouoane, o pholisa bokaholimo ba lesapo la mokokotlo. Letlalo la hae le kenngoa ka bongata ke methapo ea mali, e fetang moo mali a phodileng (Prinzinger, Hund, 1982, Schulz, 1987). Joalokaha liteko tse entsoeng ka mokolokotoane oa moru oa Amerika (Mycteria americana) li bonts'itse, ka motsamao o matla oa maoto le matsoho, mocheso oa 'mele oa fokotseha (Kahl, 1972). X. Schulz (1987), ha a shebella litsuonyana Afrika, o fumane hore maqhubu a metsamao ea methapo a ipapisitse le mocheso oa moea. Monyako oa mocheso oo ka mor'a moo linonyana tse nang le marotholi a qalikaneng a qalang ho kopana khafetsa li ka ba 28 ° C. Ka 40 °, hangata maqhubu a metsamao ea "bowel" a fihla makhetlo a 1.5 ka motsotso. Ho feta moo, litšila tse tšoeu li sireletsa maoto mahlaseling a letsatsi a bataolang. Ha le koaheloa ke maemo a leholimo a leholimo, mekhafu ea metsamao ea maoto e ea fokotseha. Phuputso e entsoeng Ukraine e bontšitse hore libakeng tsa lihlaha, mekholutsoane le eona e qala ho sebelisa mokhoa ona oa ho futhumatsa ka mocheso oa likhato tse 30 tsa C (Grischtschenko, 1992).

Ha likokoanyana tse tšoeu le tse ntšo li fula hammoho, mokopu o mosoeu oa busa (Kozulin, 1996).

Phepo e nepahetseng

Phepo e nepahetseng ea mokopu o mosoeu e fapana haholo. E ja liphoofolo tse fapaneng tse fapaneng ho tloha ho likokonyana tsa lefatše ho isa litoeba le linonyana tse nyane: lows, mollusks, spider, crustaceans, likokoana-hloko le mahe a tsona, litlhapi, amphibians, lihahabi, joalo-joalo. E ka senya lihlaha tsa linonyana tse jang matloana kapa ea tšoara lerapo. Le libatana tse nyane, joalo ka weasel (.Mustela nivalis) (Lohmer et al, 1980, Shtyrkalo, 1990), li bonoa lijong. Ka boholo ba tlhahiso e lekanyelitsoe feela ke bokhoni ba ho e metsa. Lijo li itšetlehile ka sebaka le palo ea lintho tse tsomang. Libakeng tse omileng, e kanna ea ba le likokoanyana hohle, makaleng le mokhoeng karolo ea tsona e nyane haholo. Kahoo, ho latela E. G.Samusenko (1994), kwa Belarus karolo ea lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa liphoofolo lijong tsa mofuta oa tšoeu e fapana haholo. Linakong tsa likhohola tsa Sozh le Berezina, li-invertebrates li ikarabella khafetsa ka 51.6-56.8% khafetsa ha li kopana, le ho fihla ho 99% ho li-biotopes tse se nang likhohola.

Makhoaba a metsa phofu eohle. Liphoofolo tse nyane li metsoa hanghang, likokoanyana tse kholo le litoeba li bolaoa pele ke likomo tsa molomo. Ka nako e 'ngoe u ka bona kamoo mokolokotoane o mosoeu ka nakoana o "ts'oanang" ka molomo oa eona o tlotsitsoeng ke moholi kapa moholi. Nama e kholo e omileng ka pel'a metsi a haufi, nonyana e sesa ka nakoana, ho fihlela e ka metsoa habonolo. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, makhoaba a hlatsoa lihohoane kapa li-pbi6y tse silafetseng (Creutz, 1988).

Likarolo tse sa koaeloang ke letho li tla ka foromo ea litšila. Li-Pogods li theha nako e fetang lihora tse 36-48. Li na le masalla a likokoanyana, boea le masapo a liphoofolo tse anyesang, tlhapi le makhapetla a phoofolo ea tlhaho, li-bristles tsa seboko, jj. Boholo ba lipuzzle ke 20-100 × 20-60 mm, mme boima ke 16-65 g. Bakeng sa litsuonyana, li nyane hanyane - 20-45 × 20-25 mm (Creutz, 1988, Muzinic, Rasajski, 1992, Schulz, 1998).

Makhoaba a fepa ka mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea li-biotope - makaleng, makhulong, matamong, mabopong a matamo, masimong, lirapeng, jj. Libaka tse ntle tsa ho fepa ke libaka tse nang le limela tse sentsoeng kapa mobu, moo ho nang le liphoofolo tse bonolo tse se nang matlo. Katleho ea ho tsoma maemong a joalo e ka ba ea bohlokoa haholo. Ka mohlala, naheng ea Poland, mokolokotoane ea fephileng kotulang koro ka metsotso e 84 o ile a tšoara litoeba tse 33 ka metsotso e 84 (Pinowski et al., 1991). Ho latela se hlokometsoeng sebakeng sa likhohola sa Elbe, Jeremane, ts'ebetso e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea ho tsoma (ka karolelano 5 g ea tlhahiso ka motsotso) e ne e le nakong kapa hang hang ka mor'a ho fula (Dziewiaty, 1992). Ka hona, lihlopha tsa meroho e fepa li ka bonoa joang bo botala, masimong a lenngoeng esita le har'a joang bo tukang. Afrika, linonyana tsena li bokana moo batho ba moo ba chesang savannah nakong ea komello. Ho lekane hore ba bone mosi, joalo ka mekotatsie e tsoang hohle, e tebetse kamoreng ea mollo. A ntse a tsitsa a ntse a tsuba a bile a ts'oasa likokoanyana. Ka linako tse ling batho ba makholo ba bokana likopanong tse joalo (Creutz, 1988). Ka boomo, makhoaba a tsamaea le mehlape ea liphoofolo tse hlaha kapa ea liphoofolo tse hlaha makhulong Ungulates e tšosa liphoofolo tse nyane, e nolofalletsa phofu ea eona. Makhulong a mangata, mekholutsoane hangata e fepa libakeng tse nang le joang bo tlase kapa metsing a sa tebang. E tebile ho feta 20-30 cm ka seoelo ha e lelere. Makhoaba a bokella litsokotsane tse ngata hangata ka mor'a lipula, ha li khasa li ea holimo, kapa masimong a sa tsoa lema. U ka iphepa ka ho lema masimong a nosetsoang a tletse likokoana-hloko. Leha palo ea likokoanyana tse limeleng tse holimo e phahame, matla a ho tsoma a tšoele e tšoeu ea fokotseha. Kahoo, ho la Austria, e ne e le 61% merohong 25 cm ka bolelele le 52% ka bolelele ba semela sa 25-30 cm (Schulz, 1998).

Mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa ho tsoma mokolokotoane o mosoeu ke ho batla phoofolo e sebetsang. Nonyana e tsamaea ka thata jareteng kapa metsing a sa tebang, ebe ea theola butle, ebe e potlakisa lebelo, e ka etsa likhoele tse bohale kapa tsa hatella sebakeng. Hangata, litsuonyana li shebella liphofu, haholo-holo litoeba le likokoanyana tse kholo. Lijo tsa likhoho li bokelloa naheng, metsing a sa tebang, hangata - lijalong. Li ka tšoasa ka libomo le liphoofolo tse fofang - linonyana, bo-maleshoane le likokoanyana tse ling. Ka linako tse ling li bile li thunngoa ka mapheo a tsona. Makhoaba a koaletsoeng botlamuoeng ka potlako a ithuta ho nka lijo tseo a li tlotseng ka melomo ea bona ha a fofa. Le ha ho hlalositsoe linyeoe tsa ho tsoma ha moluoane bakeng sa lirobele tse fofang le linonyana tse ling tse nyane (Niethammer, 1967, Creutz, 1988, Berthold, 2004). Nonyana ena e ikutloa e le litsie tsa lefats'e le li-invertebrates tse ling tsa mobu ka molomo oa eona, 'me e e thellela lisentimithareng tse' maloa (Schulz, 1998). Ho ile ha boela ha hlokomeloa hore makhoaba a sefofane a ile a tšoasa litlhapi holim'a metsi (Neuschulz, 1981, Schulz, 1998).

Ho latela lipatlisiso tsa P. Zakl (Sackl, 1985, ea qotsitsoeng ke: Schulz, 1998) ho la Austria, lebelo le tloaelehileng la mokokotlo nakong ea ho fepa ke 1,7 km / h. Ka nako e ts'oanang, o etsa likhato tse 1 ho isa ho tse 90 ka motsotso, karolelano ea 39.3. Nako ea ho boloka tlhahiso e fapana ho tloha metsotso e 10,5 ho isa ho 720, ka makhetlo a 151.8 metsotsoana. Nako le nako, linonyana li ka hoamisa hofihlella ka nako e ka etsang metsotso e 12 kapa e 20. Mokotatsie o fepang o etsa boholo ba liponto tse 5,3 ka motsotso, 'me tse 4 tsa tsona li atlehile.Ha u fepa ka marata le lihohoana metsing a sa tebang nokeng ea noka. Sava naheng ea Croatia hangata e ne e le 5.9 ka motsotso, mme ba 2,9 ba atlehile (Schulz, 1998).

Nonyana e fumana phofu ea eona hangata ka pono. Ka nako e 'ngoe ka metsing a khale ka metsing a sa tebang, makhoaba a masoeu le' ona a sebelisa technolocation, e ts'oanang le lits'oants'o tsa mofuta oa Mycteria (Luhrl, 1957, Rezanov, 2001). Ho latela se hlokometsoeng ke A. G. Rezanov (2001) ka nqa ea boroa ho Ukraine, molumo oa metsi a seretse le seretse fatše o ile oa etsoa ntle le ho emisoa ka molomo o fokolang o bulehileng hanyane. Makhopho a ne a tsamaea ka metsing a sa tebang, a nka mehato e 43-89 ka motsotso, a ntse a lula a ntse a lula fatše pela bona. 98.9% ea li-peck e ne e le molumo o le mong oa tactile. Sekhahla sa katleho ea phepo e ne e le 2.3%.

Makhoaba a ka ja liphoofolo tse shoeleng, mohlala, litlhapi tse tšetsoeng ka letsoho tse ntšo, kapa matsuane a bolailoeng nakong ea ho sesa, le ho ja litšila. Spain mane 1990s li na le litšisinyeho tsa mobu, 'me joale li fepa moo ka likhofu tsa leoatleng le li-corvid. Linonyana tse ling esita le mariha li oela lifateng (Martin, 2002, Tortosa et al., 2002).

Ho hlalosoa maemo a kleptoparasitism. Ka hona, ka tsatsi le leng ba ile ba bona mokolokotoane, ea neng a lelekisa mokoko o moputsoa moeeng, a leka ho tlosa panya e tšoeroeng. Boitšoaro bona bo nahanoa hore bo amana le ho haella ha lijo (Creutz, 1988). Likokoanyana le tsona li ka hapa liphofu tsa letša (Ranner, Szinovatz, 1987).

Makhoaba a fepa ka bonngoe le ka mekotleng. Libakeng tse nang le lijo tse ngata, lihlopha tse kholo li ka theha, tseo ka linako tse ling li fihlang batho ba mashome a likete nakong ea mariha. Ho feta moo, ka lihlopha, ts'ebetso ea ho fepa ea mekholutsoane e ea eketseha, kaha e sirelelitsoe hamolemo ho libatana mme e sebelisa nako e nyane ho hlahlojoeng (Carrascal et al., 1990).

Nakong ea lihlaha, makhoaba a fula, hangata haufi le sehlaha, empa a khona ho fofa bakeng sa lijo le lik'hilomithara tse 'maloa. Katleho ea ho ikatisa e itšetleha haholo ka hore na o ea furu e kholo hakae. Phuputso e mabapi le Elbe Jeremane e bontšitse hore sebaka se pakeng tsa sehlaha ho ea libakeng tsa pokello ea lijo se lekana le palo ea matsuane a holisitsoeng (Dziewiaty, 1999). Kamano e kholo e fumanoe lipakeng tsa palo ea matsuane a ileng a falla le liperesente tsa maro a metsi a mabe, marang-rang le litopo tsa metsi sebakeng sa ho ikatisa (Nowakowski, 2003). Ho ea ka se hlokometsoeng ke se seng sa lihlaha tsa Silesia naheng ea Poland, linonyana hangata li ne li fofa ho ea batla lijo libakeng tse 'maloa tse ratoang li le bohareng ba 500 ho isa ho 3,3 m, karolelano ea 1,900 m (Jakubiec, Szymocski, 2000). Ha ho bonoa banyalani ba bang Pomerania ka leboea ho Poland ho bontšitse hore makhopho a ne a fepa sebakeng se boholo ba lihekthere tse 250. Maemong a fetang halofo, ba ile ba batla liphofu libakeng tse 'maloa tse ratoang, tse etsang 12% feela ea sebaka se felletseng. 65% ea nako eo ba fephileng makaleng le makhulong, 24% - masimong le 11% - letamong. Sebaka se phahameng sa sefofane sa nama ke 3,600 m, ka karolelano ke limithara tse 826. Ho 53% ea linyeoe, makhopho ha a felle ho feta 800 m ho tloha sehlaheng. Li ile tsa fofa hole ha matsuonyana a se a se a holile. Ho khahlisang, e tona le e tšehali li ne li fapana ka litakatso tsa tsona, ba fepa haholo libakeng tse fapaneng (Oigo, Bogucki, 1999). Elba, maemong a 80%, makhopho a ile a bokella lijo tse sa feteng 1 km ho tloha sehlaheng (Dziewiaty, 1992). Sebaka se phahameng sa ho fofa ka morao ho se fepa, se ikemiselitseng linonyana tse nang le mapheo ho Zap. Europe ke 10 km (Lakeberg, 1995).

Tlhahlobo ea sampole tse 242 tsa lijo tse bokelitsoeng nakong eo e seng ea tlhaho ea ho ikatisa Ukraine e bontšitse hore nakong ea selemo li-amphibians le thebe ke tsa bohlokoa haholo, ka Phato - orthoptera le likokoana-hloko tse fapaneng. Malinyane a likhama a fepa litsuonyana haholo le likokoanyana mehatong e fapaneng ea kholo. Ho likokoana-hloko, orthopterans le maleshoane ke tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetesisa; hohle, baemeli ba malapa a 19 a litaelo tse 3 ba fumanoe lijong (Smogorzhevsky, 1979).

Ka liphiri tse bokelitsoeng libakeng tse holimo tsa Kiev Vdhr. setereke sa Chernihiv, 96.1% ea likotoana tsa palo yohle e ne e le masala a arthropod. Ho feta moo, phepo e nepahetseng ea mekholutsoane e ne e fapane haholo: ho fihlela ho mefuta e 100 ea liphoofolo, ho kenyelletsa le tse nyane joalo ka bohloa, li fumanoe molemong o le mong. Har'a likokoanyana, li-coleopterans (35.3%), hymenoptera (21.0%) le lintsintsi tsa caddis li atile (19.6%). Vertebrates ba bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho phepo e nepahetseng (Marisova, Samofalov, Serdyuk, 1992).

Ho latela tlhahlobo ea lipuzzle tse 337 tse bokelitsoeng likarolong tse ka boroa le tse bohareng tsa Belarus ka 1986-1992, li-invertebrates li entse motheo oa phepelo ea mokopu o mosoeu - 99% ea palo eohle ea mefuta ea lijo. Likokoanyana tsa metsi le litšitšili li ne li le ngata, mefuta e mengata ea likokoanyana tsa fatše tse lulang tikolohong e mongobo haholo, mollusks. Malapeng, karolo ea liphoofotsoana tse anyesang le likokoanyana tse ikhethang tsa li-biotope tse omileng lia eketseha (Samusenko, 1994). M.I. Lebedeva (1960) ka liphiri tse bokelletsoeng morung oa Bialowieza, o fumanoe har'a tse 187 tse nang le lijo tse 80. mollusks, 75 - likokoanyana, lihoho tse 24, mekholutsoane e 8 e phelisang. Ho likokoanyana, bo-maleshoane ba 42, likhaba tse 20 tsa bo-maleshoane ba ho sesa le likokoana-hloko tse metsing, libere tse 9, likhaba tse 2, seongoane se le seng li fumanoe. Ho latela A.P. Li-nettles (1957), lijong tsa litsuonyana tse tšoeu tsa mofuta o mong ho Belovezhskaya Pushcha, li-vertebrates li ne li le 72,5% ka boima, 60,6% ea tsona e le lihohoana. Karolo ea earthworms e ne e lekana le 1% feela.

Setereke sa Kaluga tlhahlobo ea maiketsetso ea lits'oants'o e bonts'a boteng ba baemeli ba mefuta e 17 ea malapa a 7 a taelo ea Coleoptera (Coleoptera). Ba atileng haholo e ne e le baemeli ba lelapa la likokoanyana tsa fatše (Carabidae) - 41%. E latelang ho hlaha likokoanyana tsa lamellar (Scarabaeidae) - 22%, hydrophilic (Hydrophilidae) - 15%, maleshoane a makhasi (Chrysomelidae) le li-staphylins (Staphylinidae) - 7% ka 'ngoe, basomi ba marang-rang (Dytiscidae) le li-mockweed (4th). Mefuta e hlahisitsoeng ea maleshoane e ne e le baahi ba libaka tse ngata tse kolobileng ebile tse sa omang, hammoho le sebaka se setle sa lefats'e, mme e le sebopeho sa mobu - 44%, matangoana a manyane le likotopo, kapa makhoaba a litonopo - 19% e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, e lateloang ke mapheo a thata, a ahileng masimong le a ahileng ho ona. ka limela, hammoho le ba lulang merung e tsoakaneng 'me ba phela ka makhapetla le makhasi - 7% ka' ngoe. Sebakeng sa Tver baemeli ba malapa a 7 a likokoana-hloko ba ile ba tsebahala lijong, boholo ba tsona ke maleshoane a lamellar le fatše (61.3%) (Nikolaev, 2000).

Mazuria naheng ea Poland, lithoteng tse 669 tse bokelletsoeng, karolo ea 97.3% e na le masalla a likokoanyana (baemeli ba malapa Carabidae, Silphidae, Dytiscidae, Scarabeidae predomony), 72,2% - liphoofolo tse anyesang tse nyane (haholo-holo limmoulo, litoeba le li-voles), 1,6% - mollusks, 1,0% - linonyana tse nyane, 0,7% - li-amphibians. Karolelano ea likokoana-hloko lijong e ne e le kholo masimong nakong ea kholo ea lijo-thollo le alfalfa hape le meeling le masimong kamora ho kotuloa, hape e le holimo masimong a lemiloeng (Pinowski et al., 1991). Austria, nakong ea sehlaha, palo ea bo-'mankhane ba mapheo (67,7%) le maleshoane (24.1%) e ile ea ata lijong, 'me li-vertebrates (55,5%), haholo litoeba tse nyane (33,2%), li ne li le boima. Har'a likokoanyana, makhoaba a khetha litsie, maleshoane a ka tlas'a lefatše, bo-maleshoane ba makhasi le likokoanyana tsa lamellar. Ka Mphalane-Phuptjane, lijo li ne li fapane haholo, li na le litoeba tse nyane; ka Phato-Phato, li-orthopterans li etelletsoe pele (Sackl, 1987). Likokoanyana (83%) li etelletse pele palo ea linonyana tse sa tsoeleng lehlabula mehlolong naheng ea Poland, haholo-holo maleshoane, liphoofolo tse anyesang tse fumanehang boemong ba limela, hangata ke li-voles (58%), likokoanyana (22%) le Earthworms (11.5%) ) (Antczak et al., 2002). Boithuto Greece bo bonts'a phapang e fapaneng ea lijo libakeng tse fapaneng tsa tikoloho, empa likokoanyana, haholo-holo orthoptera le likokoanyana, li ne li atile hohle lithoteng (Tsachalidis le Goutner, 2002).

Lijo tsa likokoanyana li ka fapana selemo le selemo, ho latela maemo a leholimo. Kahoo, Jeremane leboea ka 1990, ha ho ne ho e-na le keketseho palong ea litoeba tse tšoanang le litoeba, tsa morao li ne li nka 59.1 le 68% ea boima ba lijo libakeng tse peli tseo lithuto li neng li tšoareloa ho tsona, mme ka 1991 ke 3,6 le 3 feela feela, 8%. Ka 1991, ho ne ho le mongobo haholo, liphoofotsoana tsa lefats'e li ile tsa atleha lijong - 50 le 61.6% ka boima (Thomsen le Struwe, 1994). Ka boroa ho Jeremane ka lilemo tse fapaneng, karolo ea boima ba 'mele oa lefatše ha e le lijong tsa tšoele e tšoeu e tloha ho 28,9 ho isa ho 84%, li-arthropods ho tloha ho 8,9 ho isa ho 28,5%, leeches - 0 ho isa ho 51,9%, litoeba - ho tloha 1.5 ho fihla ho 55,2%, lihoho - ho tloha ho 1,2 ho isa ho 5.4% (Lakeberg, 1995).

E 'ngoe ea lihlopha tse ka sehloohong tsa likokoanyana tse tšoeu li jang ke orthoptera, haholo-holo litsie. E na le bohlokoa bo matla ka ho fetisisa lijong lijong libakeng tsa mariha Afrika, ka hona, lipuong tsa batho ba bang ba Afrika, mokolokotoane o mosoeu o bitsoa "nonyana ea tsie."Makhoaba a ka ja litsie tse ngata, ka linako tse ling a ja haholo e le hore a se ke a fofa. Nakong ea tlhaselo ea litsie Hortobágy naheng ea Hungary ka 1907, batho ba ka bang sekete ba ile ba fumanoa sethaleng sa e 'ngoe ea likokoanyana tse kotuliloeng. tsie. Mala a nonyana le esophagus li ne li tletse 'metso. Ho ile ha fumanoa li-mandibles tse 1,600 ho e 'ngoe ea litšebeletso tsa mokolokotoane (Schenk, 1907). Ho ea ka sengoli sa ho qetela, mohlape oa likhahla tse 100 o khona ho senya likopi tse likete tse 100 ka letsatsi. tse senyang lijalo. Libakeng tsa lihlaha, mokolokotoane o mosoeu o senya le likokonyana tse ngata tsa temo, haholo bere (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa), weevils le wireworms. Ho latela A.P. Nettle (1957), ka morung oa Bialowieza ho fepeng litsuane, libere li entsoe ka 8% ka palo le hoo e ka bang 14% ka boima. Seterekeng sa Letša la Masurian, Poland, 31% ea lipuzzle e ne e na le masala a wireworms, 14% - weevils, 16% - bere (Pinowska et al., 1991). Bophirima. Naheng ea Fora, lijo tse longoang ke litsuonyana li ne li laoloa ke maleshoane le libere tsa metsing (Barbraud le Barbraud, 1998).

Ha e bolokiloe kholehong, tlhoko ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea lijo tsa mokokoana o moholo e tloha ho 300 g nakong e futhumetseng ho fihlela ho 500 g mariha. Nonyana e hloka ligrama tse 110-130 ka selemo (Bloesch, 1982). Tlhokahalo ea matla a letsatsi le letsatsi a marang-rang a fepa litsuonyana tsa tsona a hakantsoe ho 4,660 kJ. Bongata bo joalo bo fa tšebeliso ea likhilone tsa 1,4 kg, li-1,044 g tsa li-cogs kapa 742 g ea litoeba tse nyane (Profus, 1986). Ho latela mehloli e meng, para e nang le malinyane a 1-2 e ja hoo e ka bang 5200 kJ (B5hning-Gaese, 1992). Nokeng Sava e Croatia, marang-rang a marang-rang a ne a tlisa lijo tse ka bang boima ba li-kilo tse 1,4 ka letsatsi bakeng sa litsuonyana tse nang le libeke tse 3-6 (Schulz, 1998), le 1,2 kg leboea ho Jeremane (lilemo tsa matsuane e ne e le libeke tse 3-8) (Struwe, Thomsen, 1991).

Bakeng sa mokopu o mosoeu, lijo tse molemo ka ho fetisisa ka matla ke li-vertebrates. Libakeng tse nang le mongobo, hangata ke a amphibians. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la lits'ebetso tsa mobu le mesebetsi ea hydraulic, palo ea bona linaheng tse ngata e fokotsehile haholo. Kahoo, lijo tsa marang-rang tse bonoang Swiss Jura ka 2/3 li ne li entsoe ka lintsintsi tsa lefatše, li-vertebrates li entsoe feela ke 0,4% (Wermeille and Biber, 2003). Maemong a joalo, litoeba li ntse li tsoela pele ho ba tsa bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa makhopho. Ho shebiloe phuleng ea noka. Li-Obras tse ka bophirima ho Poland li bontšitse hore katleho ea ho tsoala esita le palo ea lihlaha tse nang le baahi e ne e phahame ka lilemo ka bongata ba li-vole tse tloaelehileng (Microtus arvalis) (Tryjanowski, Kuzniak, 2002).

Lira, lintho tse bohloko

Ntsu e tšoeu e na le lira tsa tlhaho tse 'maloa. Linonyana tse kholo tsa nama, li-corvid, li-martens li ka senya lihlaha. Linonyana tse kholo li fetoha bahlaseluoa ba litlhaselo tsa ntsu, ntsu, libatana tse kholo tsa maoto a mane - liphokojoe, lintja tse khelohileng, liphiri, jj. Leha ho le joalo, lefu la likhahla tse tšoeu tse kholo li amana ka kotloloho le batho ka kotloloho.

Mehala ea matla ke eona e ikarabellang bakeng sa lefu. Ka 1986-1989 Naheng ea Ukraine, ho batho ba 489 ba bolailoeng ke makhopho a batho ba baholo ba nang le lebaka le tsebahalang, ba 64.0% ba ne ba le melaleng ea motlakase. Har'a bahlaseluoa ba likhoele tsa motlakase, 80,8% e shoele lipalong ka lebaka la motlakase oa motlakase mme ba 19.2% ba oetsoe ke lithapo. Kotsi e kholo ho mohala oa motlakase ke linonyana tse sa sebetseng hantle tse fofang: 72.8% ea lefu e bolaoa ke bo-maleshoane ba sa tsoa siea sehlaha. Sebakeng sa bobeli ho bile le timetso e tobileng ke batho - 12,7%. Karolo ea 8,8% ea makhopho a shoa ka lebaka la ntoa ea ho lihlaha le nakong ea ho theha mehlape pele e tloha, 7.6% ka lebaka la maemo a leholimo a mabe, 2.9% ka lebaka la chefo ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana, 1.6% ka lebaka la qhoebeshano. ka lipalangoang, 1,2% - ka lebaka la mafu, 0,8% - ho tsoa ho linyanyatsi, 0.4% - ka lebaka la ho oela liphaepheng tse kholo. Kahoo, ka kakaretso, ka mabaka a sa amaneng le ts'ebetso ea batho, ke karolo ea 18,4% ea maobane feela e shoeleng. Lebaka le ka sehloohong la ho shoa ha matsuane (linyeoe tse 742 tse nang le sesosa se tsebahalang) ke ho sutumetsa ha malinyane a batsoali ba bona ho tsoa lihlaheng. E nka karolo ea 41,9%. 20,2% ea matsuane a hlokahala ka lebaka la maemo a leholimo a leholimo a mabe, a 12,9% - ka lebaka la lihlaha tse oelang, 7% - nakong ea ntoa lipakeng tsa liphokojoe tsa batho ba baholo lihlaheng, 6.2% - e sentsoe ke batho, 4.5% - ka lebaka la bakeng sa lihlaha tse tukang, 2.7% ka lebaka la lefu la batsoali, 2.0% e bolailoe ke liphoofolo tse jang nama, 1.5% e bolailoe ke chefo, 1.1% e shoele ka lebaka la lisebelisoa tse tlisitsoeng sehlaheng (Grishchenko, Gaber, 1990).

Setereke sa Kaluga setšoantšo se fapane. Ho latela data e bokelletsoeng ka 1960-99, sesosa se ka sehloohong sa ho shoa ha linonyana tse kholo ke ho ts'oasa poone. E ikarabella bakeng sa linyeoe tse 74% tse nang le lebaka le ikemiselitseng la lefu (n = 19). Maemong a 21%, linonyana li ile tsa shoa ka mehala ea motlakase, ha nonyana e kholo e shoa nakong ea ntoa ea sehlaha le makhopho a mang.Sesosa se ka sehloohong sa lefu la lisele ke ho kopana le mehala ea motlakase: ho tloha ho makala ka motlakase ho li-switchers tse bulehileng le lithaelese tsa phetiso ea motlakase, hammoho le khoebong le lithapo. Maemo a mang a ho lahleheloa ke linonyana tse nyane nakoana kamora ho tloha lihlaheng a kanna a hlahisoa ka lebaka la poaching. Phapang e joalo e amana le taba ea hore masimong a sa tsoa fuoa ke makhopho, maikutlo a batho ho bona ha a ratehe. Le maemong a timetso ea lihlaha tse hlahileng lia tsebahala. Ka hona, sehlaha sa pele ho Mordovia se ile sa senngoa ke baahi ba moo ka lebaka la tšabo ea hore makhopho a tla senya lijalo tsa likomkomere (Lapshin, Lysenkov, 1997). Sebakeng sa Nizhny Novgorod sesosa se ka sehloohong sa lefu la sehla ke tlhokofatso ea batho (Bakka, Bakka, Kiseleva, 2000). Ho felisoa ha linonyana tsa batho ba baholo le ho senyeha ha lihlaha ho hlokometsoe ka boroa-bochabela ho Turkmenistan, moo bo-'mankhane ba ileng ba leka ho lula teng ka bo-1980. (Belousov, 1990). Leha ho le joalo, libakeng tseo moo mokolokotoane o mosoeu o phetseng nako e telele, maikutlo a baahi ba moo a fetohileng le ho feta. Sena se pakahatsoa ke bonyane liperesente tse phahameng tsa timetso ea linonyana ke batho har'a lisosa tsa lefu le tšenyo ea lihlaha litseng tsa motlakase.

Har'a lisosa tsa lefu la matsuane, joalo ka ha ho boletsoe kaholimo, ke sebaka sa pele sa lefu la masea. Karolo e kholo ea litsuonyana e lahleloa ka ntle ho lihlaha kapa esita le ho jeoa ke malinyane a batho ba baholo. Ka hona, Morung oa Bialowieza hoo e ka bang 30% ea lipara li ile tsa akheloa, 'me ka linako tse ling esita le malinyane a mangata a bana a ile a senngoa (Fedyushin, Dolbyk, 1967). Spain, lefu la masea le ile la bonoa ho 18,9% ea lihlaha li bonoe. Maemong ohle, lesea le fokolang ka ho fetisisa le ile la akheloa. Karolelano ea lilemo tsa makhopho a lahliloeng ke matsatsi a 7.3 (Tortosa le Redondo, 1992). Ka tloaelo, boitšoaro bona bo amahanngoa le khaello ea phepo. Ho latela D. Lack (1957), tšekamelo ea tlhaho ea ho ntša mpa ea karolo ea mahe a behiloeng kapa malinyane a hlekiloeng ke sesebelisoa se u lumellang ho tlisa boholo ba lelapa ho latela palo ea lijo tse fumanehang. Ho ata ha lefu la makhopho a tšoeu ho nahanoa hore ho amana le ho se be teng ha ngoan'eso le tlholisano ea lijo malapeng. Batsoali ba tlisa limatlafatsi tse nyane, mme malinyane a maholo a ke ke a khona ho a laola. Kaha matsuane a fokolang ka ho fetisisa ha a iphepe, "a tlameha" ho felisoa ke batsoali ba bona (Tog-tosa, Redondo, 1992, Zielicski, 2002).

Boemo bo tšoanang ha bo hlokomeloe feela ho ba pele. USSR, empa le linaheng tse ling. Malinyane a mangata a baholo-holo a shoa ka mehala ea matla, likhoele tsa motlakase tse kotsi ka ho fetisisa ke tsa linonyana tse fokolang tse sa fofang hantle. Sena se bontšoa Bulgaria (Nankin, 1992), Jeremane (Riegel, Winkel, 1971, Fiedler, Wissner, 1980), Spain (Garrido, Femandez-Cruz, 2003), Poland (Jakubiec, 1991), Slovakia (Fulin, 1984), Switzerland (Moritzi, Spaar, Biber, 2001). Ho mats'oao a 116 a makhopho a shoeleng Jeremane Bochabela Jeremane Bochabela, 55,2% e entsoe ke batsoali ba bona, ba 20,7% ba hlokahetse ka lebaka la lihlaha tse oeleng, mme 9.5% e bolailoe ke hypothermia (Zollick, 1986). Litseleng tsa sefofane le libakeng tsa mariha, lisosa tse ka sehloohong tsa lefu la mokotatsie ke ho thunya le mefuta e meng ea mahloriso a batho, lefu ka mehala ea matla le chefo ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana (Schulz, 1988). Haeba liketekete tsa litsie tse fallang li haola sebaka se nang le marangrang a mangata a likhoele tsa motlakase, batho ba bangata ba shoa ka nako e le 'ngoe (Nankinov, 1992).

Linaheng tse ngata tsa Afrika, mohloa o mosoeu ke moetapele oa mofuta oa ho tsoma. Ho latela lipehelo tsa mehele, ho Sev. le Bophirima. Afrika, hoo e ka bang 80% ea batho ba shoang ba bolaoa. Ho latela lipalo tsa H. Schulz (1988), ka bo-1980. Limilione tsa 5-10 tsa likolobe li ile tsa thunngoa selemo le selemo tseleng e ka bochabela, eo ba 4-5 ba bona ba neng ba le Lebanon.

Lefu le leholo la makhopho a ka bakoa ke liketsahalo tse bohloko tsa leholimo - sefefo, sefako se seholo, jj. Ka la 5 Phato 1932, haufi le motsana o ka leboea Bulgaria, nakong ea sefefo sa sefefo se neng se e-so ka se e-ba teng (likotoana tsa leqhoa li ile tsa oela ho tloha leholimong ho ea halofo ea kilofo ka boima ba tsona!), Li-stork tse ka bang 200 li ile tsa shoa mme tse ka bang lekholo li ile tsa sala li na le maoto le mapheo a robehileng (Schumann, 1932). Ka 1998, metsaneng e 'meli ea sebaka sa Lviv. hoo e batlang e le litsuonyana tsohle tsa lihlaha tse 19 tse hlokometsoeng li hlokahala nakong ea lipula tse matla (Gorbulshska et al., 2004).Tšenyo e kholo e ka baka ho khutla ha mariha a batang kamora ho fihla ha makhopho. Kahoo, ka 1962 seterekeng sa Lviv. batho ba makholo ba ile ba shoa ka lebaka la serame le ho oa ha lehloa lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng tsa Hlakubele (Cherkashchenko, 1963).

Ka linako tse ling malinyane a shoa a leka ho metsa nama e ngata e tlisoang ke batsoali ba bona. Mohlala, ho kile ha e-ba le nyeoe ea lefu la mokokoana, o bipetsa noha (Kuppler, 2001). Kotsi ea litsuonyana ke tse ling tsa lisebelisoa tse tlisoang ke batsoali sehlaheng - likotoana tsa twine, thae, moo likokoana-hloko li ka tsokotsoang, likhechana tsa filimi kapa lesela la oli ka seqhoaneng seo metsi a bokelloang ho sona.

Ntsu e tšoeu e ka ba lehlatsipa la kleptoparasitism. Mohlala, ho Dnieper sebakeng sa Cherkasy. Re ile ra bona nyeoe ea tlhaselo ea ntsu e 'mala o mosoeu (Haliaeetus albicilla) e fofa noka. Mokotatsie o ile oa hlasela liphofu tsa hae, tse peli tseo ntsu e ileng ea li hula holim’a metsi (Loparev, 1997).

Lintho tse bohloko li kenyelletsa liphetoho tikolohong e etsahalang lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena. Meaho e nang le marulelo a lekhulo le lehlaka, eo liphokojoe li neng li lula ho 'ona ka boithatelo, e ne e batla e nyamela metsaneng. Palo ea lifate tsa khale tse loketseng nesting libakeng tsa bolulo le eona ea fokotseha. Ho eketseha ha metsi a mangata ka bongata, likhohola tsa likhohola tsa noka ke libaka tsa bolulo, tlolo ea molao o tloaelehileng oa hydro ea mebele ea metsi ho lebisa ho phehelleng ha phepelo ea lijo. Sena ke nnete haholoholo bakeng sa linaha tse ngata tsa Bophirimela. Europe, moo ho hlokahalang ho lema ka ho khetheha li-amphibians bakeng sa fepa ea moroalo. Haufinyane, bothata bo bong bo kenyellelitsoe - phokotseho ea sebaka sa setso se sebelisitseng makhulo le makhulo libakeng tse ngata tsa Bochabela. Europe le Leboea. Asia ka lebaka la ho putlama ha moruo. Khemikhale e ntseng e eketseha ea temo e baka ho bokellana ha chefo e bolaeang likokonyana liketaneng tsa lijo, e bakang chefo le mafu ho linonyana. Sena se bonahala ka bongata libakeng tsa mariha, moo ntoa e sebetsang e etsoang ke litsie le likokonyana tse ling tsa temo, tse sebeletsang e le lijo tse ka sehloohong tsa mokotatsie.

Asia Bohareng, ntho ea bohlokoahali e amang phetoho maphelong a batho ba bangata le phepelo e kholo ke ntšetso-pele ea naha e ncha bakeng sa lijalo tsa temo ka sepheo sa temo e le 'ngoe ea k'hothone, ho oela hoa lifate liphuleng tsa noka, likhoerekhoere le phokotso sebakeng sa masimo a raese. Ka lebaka la keketseho ea masimo, mabanta a mangata a moru a ile a rengoa. Meetso ea sejoale-joale le mekhoa ea ntšetso-pele ea litoropo ha e kenye letsoho ho fumaneng mohloa o mosoeu meaho (Sagitov, 1990, Sernazarov et al., 1992).

Naheng ea Russia, lebaka la bohlokoa le fokotsang palo ea lipara tse hlahisoang ke ho senya lihlaha ka likerekeng mabapi le ho khutlisetsoa, ​​lipalong tsa telegraph le litsing tsa phetiso ea motlakase nakong ea tlhokomelo ea likhokahanyo tsa motlakase, hammoho le ho heletsoa ha litora tsa metsi bakeng sa ho kenngoa sebakeng se secha kapa bakeng sa tšepe. Lisosa tsa morao-rao li sokela ka ho khetheha, kaha ho feta halofo ea makhopho a matšoana a tšoeu a Russia matlong a metsi.

Lintho tse bohloko li kenyelletsa ho senyeha ha maikutlo a matle ho makhopho a masoeu a baahi ba moo, le tahlehelo ea litloaelo tsa khale tsa batho. Kahoo, e tšoaretsoeng sebakeng sa Kiev. tlhahlobo e bonts'itse hore karolo e kholo ea baahi ba mahaeng ha ba tsebe feela ho hohela mokotatsie o mosoeu ho sehlaha, empa hape ha ba batle ho ba le sehlaha holima ntlo (Grishchenko et al., 1992). Hona ntle le taba ea hore boteng ba sehlaha bo kile ba nkuoa e le bohare bo boholo, ho hohela mokotatsie o mosoeu ho sehlaha e ne e le e 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa boloi ba khale ba agrari (Grishchenko, 19986, 2005). Uzbekistan, mokopu o mosoeu o ne o nkuoa e le nonyana e halalelang, empa joale baahi ba libakeng tse ling ba kentse letsoho timetsong ea lihlaha le ho bokella mahe (Sagitov, 1990).

Ka boroa ho Ukraine, mokopu o mosoeu o ile a tlaleha mefuta e 4 ea li-helminth: Dyctimetra discoidea, Chaunocephalus ferox, Tylodelphys excavata, Histriorchis tricolor (Kornyushin et al., 2004).

Baemeli ba ka bang 70 ba mefuta e fapaneng ea likokoanyana, boholo ba bo-maleshoane (Coleoptera), ba fumanoe lihlaheng tsa mokolokotoane o mosoeu (Hick, 1959).

Boleng ba moruo, ts'ireletso

Ntsu e tšoeu e senya likokoanyana tse ngata tsa temo, haholo-holo likokoanyana le litoeba. O tsejoa ka ho pharaletseng e le e mong oa ba loanang ka ho fetesisa litsie. Mokotatsie o ka baka tšenyo e itseng ka lebaka la litlhapi le ho tsoma, ho ja litlhapi, matsuane, le mebutlanyana, joalo-joalo, sena ke ntho e iketsahallang, 'me lijo tse joalo ha li lule sebakeng se itseng sa lijo tsa mokolokotoane o mosoeu. Tšenyo e kholo kapa e tlase haholo ho batšoasi ba litlhapi e etsahala feela moo litlhapi tse kholo tsa "mekholutsoane li hlahisoang 'me ha ho na lijo tse ling (ka mohlala, mapolasing a litlhapi Iseraeleng). Dinaheng tsa Botjhabela. Europe le Leboea. Asia, sena ke seoelo.

Ntsu e tšoeu ke molekane oa monna oa khale, e na le boleng bo botle, e nkoa e le e 'ngoe ea linonyana tse ratoang ka ho fetesisa le tse hlomphuoang tsa lichaba tse ngata. Bolumeli ba hae bo thehiloe mehleng ea khale, e kanna ea ba nakoana ka mor'a ho hlaha ha moruo oa tlhahiso (Grishchenko, 19986, 2005). Stork ke ntho e ntle haholo bakeng sa thuto ea tikoloho le khōliso, e amohela thuso ea motho, e ama hantle maikutlo a batho ba lulang haufi. Ho sireletsa mokolokotoane, phatlalatso ea mafolofolo le mosebetsi oa ho itlhalosa lia hlokahala, ho tsosa moetlo oa setso sa khale sa ho thusa nonyana ena. Ntle le moo, ka lebaka la botumo bo boholo ba mokolopane o mosoeu, hoa khonahala ho hohela palo e kholo ea batho mesebetsing ea tikoloho. Matšolo a maholo a saense le liphatlalatso tse kholo, mohlala, ts'ebetso "Leleka" ("Stork") le "Year of White Stork" e etsoang Ukraine (Grishchenko, 1991, 1991, Grishchenko et al., 1992), e sebetsa haholo. Ts'ebetso ea leshano le thuso e sebetsang sebakeng sa phalliso li bohlokoa haholo ho sireletsa linonyana libakeng tse ncha tsa nesting.

White Stork e thathamisitsoe ho Libuka tse Khubelu tsa Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, le Russia Russian Bukeng e Khubelu ea Karelia, Mordovia, Chechnya, Krasnodar le Stavropol Territories, Belgorod, Volgograd, Kaluga, Kirov, Lipetsk, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Rostov, Rovazan, Tov , Tver le libaka tse ling.

Litšobotsi tsa 'mele

'Mele o moholo o oeleng fatše oa mokolokotoane o mosoeu oa 100-115 cm, ho tloha ntlheng ea molomo oa hae ho isa pheletsong ea mohatla, o boima ba 2,5 - 4,4 kg, mapheo a 195 - cm 215. Nonyana e kholo ea marole e na le masiba a tšoeu a bosoeu, masiba a mapheo a mapheo a mapheo. 'Mala oa pigment melanin le li-carotenoid tsejoeng tsa makhopho a' mala o motšo.

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Malinyane a batho ba baholo ba tšoeu a na le melomo e khubelu e bolelele bo bokhubelu, menoana e melelele e mefubelu e nang le menoana e metšoaneng ea boea, le molala o molelele o tšesaane. Li na le letlalo le letšo haufi le mahlo a tsona, meqathatso e lerootho ebile e shebahala joalo ka lipekere. Tse tona le tse tšehali li shebahala li tšoana, tse tona li le kholoanyane. Masiba sefubeng a malelele mme a etsa mofuta oa sebaka seo linonyana li se sebelisang ha se itlhopha.

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Ha e le mapheo a malelele ebile a sephara, mokopu o mosoeu o fofa habonolo moeeng. Linonyana li fofa mapheo a tsona butle butle. Joalo ka mehala e mengata ea metsi, e nyoloha leholimong, litsu tse tšoeu li shebahala li tsoteha: mehatla e melelele e otlolohile, 'me maoto a malelele a otlolletse morao hole le mohatla o molelele. Ba tsitsa mapheo a bona a maholo, a sephara hangata, ho boloka matla.

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Ha e le fatše, mokolokotoane o mosoeu o tsamaea butle, ka mokhoa o tšoanang, o phahamisa hlooho. Ha a phomola, o inamisa hlooho ho ea mahetleng. Masiba a mantlha a sefofane selemo le selemo; nakong ea pelehi, masiba a macha a hola.

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Ke libaka life moo li-tšoeu tse tšoeu li ratang ho lula teng

Ntsu e tšoeu e khetha libaka:

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• libanka tsa linoka
• makhopho
• dikanale
• Meadows

Malinyane a tšoeu a tloha libakeng tse koahetsoeng ke lifate tse telele le lihlahla.

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Ntsu e tšoeu e baleha

Lijo tsa mokokoane

Ntsu e tšoeu e sebetsa motšehare, e rata ho fepa libakeng tse nyane tse nang le limela le tsa temo libakeng tse nang le joang bo botala. Ntsu e tšoeu e jang tse jang nama:

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• li-amphibians
• mekholutsoane
• linoha
• lihoho
• likokoanyana
• lihlapi
• linonyana tse nyane
• liphoofolo tse anyesang.

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