E 'ngoe ea likarolo tse kholo tsa phepelo ea mafura le matla ke indasteri ea mashala.
Le mehleng ea USSR, Russia e ile ea fetoha moetapele ea tsebahalang lebaleng la meepo ea mashala le ho e lokisa. Mona, lichelete tsa mashala li beha sebaka se ka bang 1/3 sa mehloli ea lefatše, ho kenyelletsa sootho, le mashala le anthracites.
Rephaboliki ea Russia e maemong a botšelela lefatšeng ho latela tlhahiso ea mashala, 2/3 eo e sebelisoang ho hlahisa matla le mocheso, 1/3 - indastering ea lik'hemik'hale, karolo e nyane e isoa Japane le Korea Boroa. Ka karolelano, li-tonne tse fetang limilione tse 300 ka selemo li chekoa likamoreng tsa mashala tsa Russia.
Tšobotsi ea Tšimo
Haeba u sheba 'mapa oa Russia, joale lipalo tse fetang 90% li karolong e ka bochabela ea naha, haholo Siberia.
Haeba re bapisa bophahamo ba mashala a mashala a mashala, boholo ba lona, maemo a tekheniki le a sebaka, ba bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ho bona bo ka bitsoa setsi sa Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsk, Tunguska, Pechora le Irkutsk-Cheremkhov.
Kuzbass
Theko ea Kuznetsk, ho seng joalo Kuzbass, ke sejana se seholo ka ho fetisisa sa mashala Russia, mme ke e kholohali lefatšeng.
E fumaneha Siberia Bophirimela mo beseng e bohareng ea moeli. Karolo e kholo ea beisine ke ea libaka tsa Kemerovo.
Bohlokoa ba bohlokoa ke sebaka se tlohang ho bareki ba mafura ba mantlha - Kamchatka, Sakhalin, libaka tse bohareng ba naha. E hlahisa mashala a 56% le hoo e ka bang 80% ea mashala a koahelang, hoo e ka bang lithane tse limilione tse 200 ka selemo. Mofuta oa liminerale o bulehile.
Li-amana tsa lefats'e tsa mashala
Palo e kholo ea mashala e chekoa USA ho li-depositi Kentucky le Pennsylvania, Illinois le Alabama, Colorado, Wyoming le Texas. E hlahisa mashala le lignite, hammoho le anthracite. Sebaka sa bobeli moo ho ntšoang liminerale tsena ho lula Russia.
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Mohlahisi oa boraro oa kholo ea mashala ke Chaena. Li-depositi tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa China li fumaneha ka beseng ea mashala a Shanxin, Great Plain ea China, Datong, Yangtze le tse ling. Ho sebelisoa mashala a mangata Australia - liprofinseng tsa Queensland le New South Wales, haufi le toropo ea Newcastle. India ke molemi o moholo oa mashala 'me li-amana li fumaneha leboea-bochabela ho naha.
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Mashala a mashala le a sootho a entsoe ka meahoaheng ea Saar le Saxony, Rhine-Westphalia le Brandenburg naheng ea Jeremane ka lilemo tse fetang 150. Ho na le likamore tsa mashala tse tharo Ukraine: Dnieper, Donetsk, Lviv-Volynsky. Anthracite, mashala a khase le sekhutlo sa coking li chehiloe mona. Ho behiloe li-depositi tse kholo tsa mashala Canada le Uzbekistan, Colombia le Turkey, Korea Leboea le Thailand, Kazakhstan le Poland, Czech Republic le Afrika Boroa.
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Besene ea mashala ea Kansk-Achinsk
E namela hammoho le seporo sa Trans-Siberian hammoho le Setereke sa Krasnoyarsk, Kemerovo le Irkutsk. 12% ea mashala 'ohle a sootho a Russia ke a beisine ena, ka 2012 palo ea eona e ne e le lithane tse limilione tse 42.
Ho latela tlhaiso-leseling e fanoeng ke tlhahlobo ea geoloji ka 1979, mehloli eohle ea mashala ke lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 638.
Re lokela ho hlokomela hore mashala a lehae ke a theko e tlaase ka ho fetisisa mabapi le meepo e bulehileng, e na le lipalangoang tse tlase ebile e sebelisetsoa ho fana ka matla ho likhoebo tsa lehae.
Li-amana tsa mashala Russia
Karolo ea boraro ea mehloli ea mashala ea lefatše e fumaneha 'Musong oa Russia. Palo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea li-depositi e karolong e ka bochabela ea naha, Siberia. Li-depositi tse kholo tsa mashala a Russia ke tse latelang:
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- Kuznetsk - karolo ea bohlokoa ea beisine e sebakeng sa Kemerovo, moo 80% ea mashala a koahelang le 56% ea mashala e etselitsoeng,
- Kansk-Achinsk beseke - 12% ea mashala a sootho e chekile,
- Tunguska besin - e karolong e ka Bochabela ea Siberia, li-anthracites, sootho le mashala li entsoe,
- Pechora besin - e ruile ka mashala a koaeleng,
- Beske ea Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky - ke mohloli oa mashala bakeng sa likhoebo tsa Irkutsk.
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Merafo ea mashala ke indasteri e tšepisang haholo kajeno. Litsebi li re moloko oa batho o sebelisa chelete e ngata ea mashala, ka hona ho na le kotsi ea hore mehloli ea lefatše e ka sebelisoa hang-hang, empa linaheng tse ling ho na le mehloli ea bohlokoa ea merafo ena. Ts'ebeliso ea eona e its'etleha ts'ebelisong, 'me haeba u fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea mashala, e tla tšoarella nako e telele.
Beseke ea mashala a Tunguska
E 'ngoe ea likamore tse kholo le tse kholo ka ho fetisisa Russia, e lula sebakeng sa Yakutia, Krasnoyarsk Territory le Irkutsk.
Haeba u sheba 'mapa, ua bona hore sena se feta halofo ea Siberia ea Bochabela.
Mehloli ea mashala ea lehae e ka ba limilione tse likete tse 2345. Mona mashala a mashala le a mashala a sootho, palo e nyane ea anthracite.
Hajoale, mosebetsi ka beseng ha oa nepahala (ka lebaka la tšibollo e mpe ea ts'imo le boemo bo bobe ba leholimo). Hoo e ka bang lithane tse limilione tse 35.3 li halikiloe ka tlas'a lefatše setsing sa mashala sa Tunguska selemong se fetileng.
Beisine ea Pechora
E lutse letsoapong le ka bophirima la Pai-Khoi Ridge, ke karolo ea Nenets Autonomous Okrug le Rephaboliking ea Komi. Li-depositi tse ka sehloohong ke Vorkutinskoye, Vorgashorskoye, Intinskoye.
Li-depositi li emeloa haholo ke mashala a boleng bo holimo a koahelang, a bakoang ke meepo ka mokhoa oa mine.
Lithane tsa mashala tse limilione tse 12,6 li chekoa selemo le selemo, e leng 4% ea kakaretso. Bareki ba Pechora mafura a mafura ke likhoebo tsa karolo e ka leboea-Europe ea Russia, haholo Setei sa Cherepovets.
Beseke ea Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky
E namela nqa ea Upper Sayan ho tloha Nizhneudinsk ho ea Letšeng la Baikal. E arotsoe ka makala a Pribaikalskaya le Prisayanskaya. Bophahamo ba tlhahiso ke 3,4%, mokhoa oa tlhahiso o bulehile. Chelete e boloka hole le bareki ba baholo, ho tlisa thepa ho thata, ka hona, mashala a lehae a sebelisoa haholo likhoebong tsa Irkutsk. Setoko se ka ba lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 7.5 tsa mashala.
Liphephetso tsa indasteri
Kajeno, merafo ea mashala e sebetsang e ntse e etsoa li-Kuznetsk, Kansk-Achinsk, Pechora le libato tsa Irkutsk-Cheremkhov, ho reriloe nts'etsopele ea beisine ea Tunguska. Mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa merafong o bulehile, khetho ena e bakoa ke theko e tlase le polokeho ea basebetsi. Bothata ba mokhoa ona ke hore boleng ba mashala bo hlokofala haholo.
Bothata bo ka sehloohong boo liseke tse boletsoeng kaholimo li tobaneng le bona ke bothata ba ho tsamaisa mafura libakeng tse hole; ntlheng ena, ho hlokahala hore ho be le literene tsa Siberia tsa sejoale-joale. Leha ho le joalo, indasteri ea mashala ke e 'ngoe ea likarolo tse khothatsang haholo moruong oa Russia (ho latela likhakanyo tsa pele, li-depositi tsa mashala a marang-rang li lokela ho ba lilemo tse fetang 500).
(1 litekanyetso, ka karolelano: 3,00 ho tsoa ho 5)
Liropo tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa mashala Russia le lefats'e
Leha taba ea hore kajeno mehloli e meng ea matla e ntse e sebelisoa ka bongata, ho ntšoa ha mashala ke sebaka sa nnete sa indasteri. E 'ngoe ea libaka tsa bohlokoahali tsa ts'ebeliso ea mofuta ona oa peterole ke mosebetsi oa limela tsa matla. Li-depositi tsa mashala li linaheng tse fapaneng tsa lefatše, 'me tse 50 tsa tsona li mafolofolo.
Palo e kholo ea mashala e chekoa USA ho li-depositi Kentucky le Pennsylvania, Illinois le Alabama, Colorado, Wyoming le Texas. E hlahisa mashala le lignite, hammoho le anthracite. Sebaka sa bobeli moo ho ntšoang liminerale tsena ho lula Russia.
Mohlahisi oa boraro oa kholo ea mashala ke Chaena. Li-depositi tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa China li fumaneha ka beseng ea mashala a Shanxin, Great Plain ea China, Datong, Yangtze le tse ling. Ho sebelisoa mashala a mangata Australia - liprofinseng tsa Queensland le New South Wales, haufi le toropo ea Newcastle. India ke molemi o moholo oa mashala 'me li-amana li fumaneha leboea-bochabela ho naha.
Mashala a mashala le a sootho a entsoe ka meahoaheng ea Saar le Saxony, Rhine-Westphalia le Brandenburg naheng ea Jeremane ka lilemo tse fetang 150. Ho na le likamore tsa mashala tse tharo Ukraine: Dnieper, Donetsk, Lviv-Volynsky.
Anthracite, mashala a khase le sekhutlo sa coking li chehiloe mona. Ho behiloe li-depositi tse kholo tsa mashala Canada le Uzbekistan, Colombia le Turkey, Korea Leboea le Thailand, Kazakhstan le Poland, Czech Republic le Afrika Boroa.
Karolo ea boraro ea mehloli ea mashala ea lefatše e fumaneha 'Musong oa Russia. Palo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea li-depositi e karolong e ka bochabela ea naha, Siberia. Li-depositi tse kholo tsa mashala a Russia ke tse latelang:
- Kuznetsk - karolo ea bohlokoa ea beisine e sebakeng sa Kemerovo, moo 80% ea mashala a koahelang le 56% ea mashala e etselitsoeng,
- Kansk-Achinsk beseke - 12% ea mashala a sootho e chekile,
- Tunguska besin - e karolong e ka Bochabela ea Siberia, li-anthracites, sootho le mashala li entsoe,
- Pechora besin - e ruile ka mashala a koaeleng,
- Beske ea Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky - ke mohloli oa mashala bakeng sa likhoebo tsa Irkutsk.
Merafo ea mashala ke indasteri e tšepisang haholo kajeno.
Litsebi li re moloko oa batho o sebelisa chelete e ngata ea mashala, ka hona ho na le kotsi ea hore mehloli ea lefatše e ka sebelisoa hang-hang, empa linaheng tse ling ho na le mehloli ea bohlokoa ea merafo ena. Ts'ebeliso ea eona e its'etleha ts'ebelisong, 'me haeba u fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea mashala, e tla tšoarella nako e telele.
Li-depositi tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa 10 tsa lefatše
Naha ea Rashea e na le li-depositi tse ngata ka ho fetisisa tse fumanehang, empa hangata li fumaneha libakeng tse hole, e leng se etsang hore o hole le tsona.
Ntle le moo, ha se li-amana tsohle tse ka fumanehang ka mabaka a tlhaho.
Re u hlokomelisa ka tekanyo ea likamore tsa mashala tsa lefatše, tse ipatileng ka leruo le leholo la tlhaho, boholo ba eona bo tla sala bo le kahara lefatše, bo sa huleloe holimo.
Seketsoana sa Tunguska, Russia (mehloli ea mashala - lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 2,2)
Boeta-pele ba lefatše bo sa rarolloang ka boemeli ba bophahamo ba lipolokelo tsa mashala ke a sehlekehleke sa Tunguska sa Russia, se koahelang sebaka sa lik'hilomithara tse fetang milione 'me se akaretsa sebaka sa sebaka sa Irkutsk, Yakutia le Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Libaka tsa polokeho ea kakaretso li ka ba lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 2,8 tsa mashala le mashala a sootho. Ke pele ho nako re ka bua ka nts'etsopele ea likarolo tsohle tsa basin, kaha libaka tse ngata tse ka hlahisoang li ntse li sa ithutoe hantle ka lebaka la sebaka sa tsona libakeng tseo ho leng thata ho fihla ho tsona.
Libakeng tseo tse seng li ntse li phenyekolotsoe, merafo e etsoa ka mekhoa e bulehileng le e ka tlas'a lefatše.
Ke moepo oa mashala a Kayerkan, Setereke sa Krasnoyarsk
Beisine ea Lensky, Russia (lithane tse likete tse 1,647)
Yakutia le karolo e 'ngoe Seterekeng sa Krasnoyarsk, sebaka sa bobeli sa litheko tse kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng - se Lensky - se nang le pokello ea lithane tse likete tse 1,647 tsa mashala a sootho le a thata. Karolo e ka sehloohong ea block e fumaneha betheng ea noka ea Lena, seterekeng sa Central Yakut Lowland.
Sebaka sa beisine ea mashala se fihla lik'hilomithara tse likete tse 750. Joalo ka beseng ea Tunguska, setene sa Lensky ha se sa ithutoa ka ho lekaneng ka lebaka la ho se khonehe ha sebaka. Mining e etsoa ka merafong le likoting tse bulehileng.
Motseng oa Sangarsky, o koetsoeng ka 1998, lilemo tse peli hamorao, mollo o ile oa phatloha, o e-so ka o tima.
Sebaka sa mahae se lahliloeng "Sangarskaya", Yakutia
Besene ea Kansk-Achinsk, Russia (lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 638)
Boemo ba boraro boemong ba mabatooa a maholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng bo ile ba ea beseng ea Kansk-Achinsk, eo mehloli ea eona e leng lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 638, boholo ba tsona e le bokhubelu. Bolelele ba beisine e ka ba lik'hilomithara tse 800 tseleng ea Trans-Siberian Railway.
Setopo se setereke sa Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk le Kemerovo. Ho fumanoe li-depositi tse ka bang leshome le metso e meraro sebakeng sa eona. Beseke e tšoauoa ka maemo a tloaelehileng a geological bakeng sa nts'etsopele.
Ka lebaka la tšubuhlellano ea likarolo, nts'etsopele ea merero e etsahala ka tsela ea mosebetsi.
Moepo oa mashala Borodinsky, Setereke sa Krasnoyarsk
Illinois Basin, USA (lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 365)
Sebaka sa bohlano se seholo sa mashala lefatšeng ke seketsoana sa Illinois se nang le sebaka sa lisekoere-k'hilomithara tse likete tse 122, se sebakeng sa lebitso le tšoanang, le libakeng tsa libaka tse haufi - Kentucky le Indiana.
Mehloli ea majoe a tlhaho e fihlella lithane tse limilione tse likete li 365, tseo ho tsona ho nang le lithane tse libilione tse 18 bakeng sa meepo e bulehileng. Botebo bo tebileng ba meepo bo kahare ho limithara tse 150. Ho fihla ho 90% ea mashala a koahetsoeng e hlahisoa ke lisams tse peli ho tse robong tse fumanehang - Harrisburg le Herrin.
Hoo e ka bang palo e lekanang ea mashala e ea ka litlhoko tsa indasteri ea mocheso le ea motlakase, lipalo tse setseng lia felisoa.
Crown III Coal mine, Illinois, USA
Setsi sa Ruhr, Jeremane (lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 287)
Sebaka se tsebahalang sa Ruhr sa Jeremane se teng ka beseng ea noka ea lebitso le le leng, e leng sebaka se nepahetseng sa Rhine. Ena ke se seng sa libaka tsa khale tsa meepo ea mashala, tse tsejoang ho tloha lekholong la leshome le metso e meraro la lilemo. Mehloli ea liindasteri ea mashala e sebakeng sa likete tse 6,2.
lisekoere-k'hilomithara, ka botebo ba lik'hilomithara tse peli, leha ho le joalo, ka kakaretso, strata ea jioloji, eo boima ba eona bo leng kahare ho lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 287, e fihla lik'hilomithara tse tšeletseng. Hoo e ka bang 65% ea li-depositi li koahela mashala. Merafo e etsoa feela ke meepo e ka tlas'a lefatše.
Botebo bo phahameng ba merafong sebakeng sa ho tšoasa litlhapi ke limithara tse 940 (mine ea Hugo).
Basebetsi ba Meepo ea Liqhomane Auguste Victoria, Marl, Jeremane
Sebaka sa Appalachian, USA (lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 284)
United States e ka bochabela, liprofinseng tsa Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky le Alabama, beisine ea mashala ea Appalachian e nang le mehloli ea mafura a libilione tsa 284 a mafura. Sebaka sa beisine se fihla ho likete tse 180.
lisekoere-k'hilomithara. Ho na le libaka tse ka bang makholo a mararo tsa meepo ea mashala sebakeng sena. Ho Appalachians, 95% ea liqhomane tsa naha e tsepamisitsoe, hammoho le li-85% tsa liemahale. Ho likhoebo tsa meepo ea mashala, 78% ea basebetsi ba indasteri ba hiriloe.
Tlatsetso ea 45% ea mashala e etsoa ka tsela e bulehileng.
Ho tlosa litlhoro tsa lithaba bakeng sa meepo ea mashala, Virginia Bophirimela, USA
Beske ea Taimyr, Russia (lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 217)
Sebaka se seng sa mashala a marang-rang sa Russia se kene lefatšeng ka holimo ho leshome - beseke ea Taimyr, e seterekeng sa hloahloeng ea lebitso le le leng mme e akaretsa sebaka sa lik'hilomithara tse likete tse 80.
Sebopeho sa seams se rarahane, karolo ea li-amana tsa mashala e loketse ho ts'oaroa, 'me boholo ba polokelo ke matšoao a matla. Leha ho na le palo e kholo ea polokelo ea mafura - lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 217 - hajoale li-depositi tsa beisine ha li ntlafatsoe.
Monyetla oa nts'etsopele ea block ena o sa hlaka ka lebaka la hole le eona ho tsoa ho bareki ba ka bang teng.
Likarolo tsa mashala lebopong le letona la Noka ea Shrenk, Hloahloeng ea Taimyr
Donbass - Ukraine, Russian Federation, DPR le LPR (lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 141)
E koala litekanyetso tsa likamore tsa mashala tse kholo tsa Donbass ka litheolelo tsa litone tse 141 billion, tse akaretsang sebaka sa sebaka sa Russia Rostov le libaka tse 'maloa tsa Ukraine.
Ka lehlakoreng la Seukraine, karolo ea sebaka sa tsamaiso seterekeng sa basin e koahetsoe ke ntoa ea libetsa, ha e laoloe ke ba boholong Kiev, ha e ntse e le tlas'a taolo ea republics tse sa tsejoeng - DPR le LPR libakeng tsa Donetsk le Lugansk, ka ho latellana. Sebaka sa beisine ke lisekoere-k'hilomithara tse likete tse 60.
Sebaka sena se na le mefuta eohle ea mashala. Donbass e tseba hantle ka nako e telele - ho tloha qetellong ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo.
Le "" Houkhovskaya ", g.
Zverevo, Setereke sa Rostov
Tekanyetso e kaholimo ho hang ha e supe boemo ba 'nete le matšoao a nts'etsopele ea li-depositi, empa e bonts'a sekhahla sa libaka tsa polokelo e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng ntle le ho bua ka maemo a nnete a ho sibolla le ho hula liminerale naheng e itseng. Chelete eohle e bolokiloeng e bolokiloe hohle moo e ka reng ke baetapele khoebong ea meepo ea mashala e tlase haholo ho feta palo ea li-geological tse fumanehang ka beseng e le 'ngoe e kholo.
Ho tsoa ho setšoantšo se kaholimo ho hlakile hore ha ho na khokahano eseng feela lipakeng tsa mehloli ea chelete e netefalitsoeng le e felletseng.
Hape ha ho na kamano pakeng tsa tekanyo ea liseke tse kholo ka ho fetisisa le palo ea mashala a netefalitsoeng linaheng tseo ba leng ho tsona.
Mohlala, leha ho le joalo le hore Russia e na le likotlolo tse 'ne tse kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng, naha ena e tlaasana le boetapele ba Amerika ho latela mehloli e netefalitsoeng.
Litekanyetso li bonts'a leruo la tlatlapo ea Russia, empa ho hang ha ho na monyetla oa kholo ea tsona. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, litekanyetso tsa tlhahiso li latela lintlha tse ling. Mohlala, re hopola hore "Phedra" e ngotse pejana hore Russia ka 2017 e tla eketsa thomello ea mashala.
Liqeto tsa mofuta ona li etsoa ho ela hloko maemo a mangata a ikemetseng a palo ea metšoasong. Re bua ka ho rarahana ha mosebetsi masimong, mahlale a sebelisitsoeng, ho khoneha ha moruo, leano la ba boholong le boemo ba basebetsi ba indasteri.
Li-amana tse kholo tsa mashala Russia, ha li bohlokoa naheng ea rona feela, empa le bakeng sa lefatše lohle
E 'ngoe ea likarolo tse kholo tsa phepelo ea mafura le matla ke indasteri ea mashala.
Le mehleng ea USSR, Russia e ile ea fetoha moetapele ea tsebahalang lebaleng la meepo ea mashala le ho e lokisa. Mona, lichelete tsa mashala li beha sebaka se ka bang 1/3 sa mehloli ea lefatše, ho kenyelletsa sootho, le mashala le anthracites.
Rephaboliki ea Russia e maemong a botšelela lefatšeng ho latela tlhahiso ea mashala, 2/3 eo e sebelisoang ho hlahisa matla le mocheso, 1/3 - indastering ea lik'hemik'hale, karolo e nyane e isoa Japane le Korea Boroa. Ka karolelano, li-tonne tse fetang limilione tse 300 ka selemo li chekoa likamoreng tsa mashala tsa Russia.
Mashala
Mashala e bitsoang lefika la sedimentary, le thehiloe nakong ea ho bola ha litšila tsa semela (li-ferns tsa sefate, li-peretails le grouse, hammoho le li-gymnosperms tsa pele).
Mehloli e meholo ea mashala e ntseng e chekoa hona joale e thehiloe nakong ea Paleozoic, lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse 300-350 tse fetileng. Coal e entsoe ka makholo a lilemo 'me ke e' ngoe ea liminerale tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa.
E sebelisoa e le mafura a tiileng.
Coal e na le motsoako oa metsoako e meholo e boima ea limolek'hule (haholo k'habone), hammoho le metsi le lintho tse sa tsitsang tse nang le litšila tse nyane. Ho latela sebopeho sa mashala, boholo ba mocheso o lokolloang nakong ea matla a lona, hammoho le palo ea molora o entsoeng, le tsona lia fetoha. Boleng ba mashala le li-depositi tsa eona li itšetlehile ka karo ena.
Bakeng sa theho ea liminerale ho ne ho hlokahala hape ho hlokomela boemo bo latelang: thepa ea semela e bola e ne e tlameha ho bokellana ka potlako ho feta ho bola ha eona.
Ke ka lebaka leo mashala a ileng a thehoa haholo ka mekotleng ea khale ea peat, moo metsoako ea khabone e bokelletsoeng, mme ts'ebeliso ea oksijene e ne e le sieo. Mohloli oa thepa ea ho hlaha ha mashala ke ha e le hantle e ikhethile, e neng e boetse e sebelisoa e le mafura.
Ho ne ho etsoa mashala haeba mashala a peat a fumaneha tlasa lintho tse ling tse sebelisoang. Peat e ile ea hatelloa, ea lahleheloa ke khase le metsi, ka lebaka leo ho entsoe mashala.
Kholeke e etsahala ha libethe tsa peat li ba teng ka botebo bo boholo, hangata bo feta 3 km. Ka botebo bo boholo, ho thehoa anthracite - sehlopha sa mashala se phahameng ka ho fetisisa.
Leha ho le joalo, sena ha se bolele hore li-amana tsohle tsa mashala li sebakeng se tebileng.
Ha nako e ntse e ea, tlasa ts'usumetso ea lits'ebetso tsa tectonic tsa likarolo tse fapaneng, likarolo tse ling li ile tsa bona ho phahama, tsa etsa hore e be haufi le holimo.
Mokhoa oa meepo oa mashala o ipapisitse le botebo ba majoe a nang le mashala. Haeba mashala a lutse ka botebo ba limithara tse 100, hangata meepo e etsoa ka tsela e bulehileng.
Lena ke lebitso la ho tlosoa ha karolo e kaholimo ea lefats'e kaholimo ho tšimo, moo liminerale li leng holim'a lefatše.
Bakeng sa liminerale tse tsoang botebong bo boholo, ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa mine, moo ho fihlella liminerale ho tsamaisoang ka ho theha libaka tse khethehileng tse ka tlasa lefatše - liqhomane. Liqhomane tse tebileng tsa mashala ho la Russia li hole le limithara tse 1200 ho tloha holimo.
Li-amana tsohle tsa mashala tse kholo ka ho fetisisa Russia
Tšimo ea Elginskoye (Sakha)
Letlole lena la mashala, le ka boroa-bochabela ho Rephabliki ea Sakha (Yakutia) lik'hilomithara tse 415 ka bochabela ho toropo ea Neryungri, ke lona le tšepisang ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa meepo e bulehileng. Sebaka sa tšimo ke 246 km2. Tšimo ke moalo o bonolo oa asymmetric.
Carboniferous ke li-amana tsa Upper Jurassic le Low Cretaceous. Li-seams tse ka sehloohong tsa mashala li ka har'a moholi oa Neryungri (li-seams tse 6 tse nang le botenya ba 0.7-17 m) le Undyktan (li-seams tsa 18 tse nang le botenya ba limithara tse 0.7-17).
Metsoako mona boholo ba eona e boreleli ebile e na le se phahameng haholo sa ntho e bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa - vitrinite (78-98%), e bohareng le e phahameng-molora, sebabole bo tlase, phosphorous, sintered hantle, ka boleng bo phahameng ba calorific.
U sebelisa theknoloji e ikhethang, mashala a Elgin a ka ruisoa, e leng se tla etsa hore ho khonehe ho fumana sehlahisoa sa boleng bo holimo se fihlelang maemo a machabeng.
Li-seams tse matla tse sa tebang li koaheloa ke li-amana tsa matla a tlase, e leng tsa bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa liminerale tse bulehileng tsa pit.
Lekala la Elegest (Tuva)
O Rephaboliking ea Tuva. Tšimo ena e na le lithane tse ka bang limilione tse likete tse 20. Boholo ba libaka tsa polokelo (tse ka bang 80%) li sebakeng se le seng se bophara ba limithara tse 6.4 Ntšetso-pele ea tšimo ena e ntse e tsoela pele, ka hona, merafo ea mashala mona e lokela ho fihlela boemo ba eona bo phahameng ho pota 2012.
Li-amana tse kholo tsa mashala (sebaka seo boholo ba sona e leng km2) se bitsoa libate tsa mashala. Ka tloaelo, li-depositi tse joalo li fumaneha ka sebopeho se seng se seholo sa tectonic (mohlala, deflection).
Leha ho le joalo, ha se moetlo ho kopanya li-amana tsohle tse haufi le tse ling ho matamo, 'me ka linako tse ling li nkuoa e le li-depositi tse arohaneng.
Hangata sena se etsahala ho ea ka litumelo tsa nalane (li-depositi li fumanoe ka linako tse fapaneng).
Beisine ea mashala ea Minusinsk sebakeng sa khatello ea maikutlo ea Minusinsk Rephabliking ea Khakassia. Merafo ea mashala mona e qalile ka 1904. Li-depositi tse kholo ka ho fetisisa li kenyelletsa Chernogorskoye le Izykhskoye. Ho latela litsebi tsa mafika, libaka tsa polokelo ea mashala sebakeng seo ke lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 2,7.
Ka beseng, mashala a mollo a malelele a nang le mocheso o phahameng oa matla a matla a phatsimang. Mashala ke molora o bohareng. Likahare tsa molora o phahameng li tsebahala bakeng sa mashala a polokelo ea Izykh, bonyane - bakeng sa mashala a polokeho ea Beisk.
Ho cheketsoa ha mashala ka beseng ho etsoa ka litsela tse fapaneng: ho na le likoting le liqhomane tse bulehileng ka bobeli.
Besin Kuzkts mashala (Kuzbass) - e 'ngoe ea liemahale tse kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. Kuzbass e ka boroa ho Siberia Bophirimela ka mokoting o sa tebang pakeng tsa lithaba tsa Kuznetsk Alatau, Mountain Shoria le Salair Ridge.
Ona ke sebaka sa setereke sa Kemerovo. Kakaretso "Kuzbass" ke lebitso la bobeli la sebaka seo. Seteishene sa pele seterekeng sa Kemerovo se ile sa fumanoa morao ka 1721, 'me ka 1842 poleloana e reng "Kuznetsk basin mashala" e hlahisitsoe ke setsebi sa jiology Chikhachev.
Merafo e boetse e etsoa ka litsela tse fapaneng. Ho na le merafo e 58 le likarolo tse fetang 30 ka beseng. Mabapi le boleng, mashala a Kuzbass a fapane mme ke a mang a mashala a molemohali.
Metsoako e nang le mashala ea besine ea mashala ea Kuznetsk e na le lits'oants'o tsa mashala a ka bang 260 tsa boholo bo fapaneng, tse arolelanoang ka mokhoa o sa lekanang. Bophahamo bo teng ba seams tsa mashala bo tsoa ho 1,3 ho isa ho 4.0 m, empa ho na le li-seams tse matla le ho feta tsa 9-15 esita le 20 m, le libakeng tse ling ho fihla ho 30 m.
Botebo bo phahameng ba liqhomane tsa mashala ha bo feta 500 m (bolelele bo ka bang 200 m). Boholo ba bohareng ba seams tsa mashala tse tsoetseng pele ke lisenthimithara tse 2.1, empa li-seams tse fetang 6.5 m li nka sebaka sa ho fihla ho 25% ea meepo ea mashala.
Libaka tse ka sehloohong tsa meepo ea mashala Russia
Ka makholo a lilemo, mashala a khale a khale e ntse e le e 'ngoe ea mefuta ea bohlokoa haholo ea mafura.
Bokaholimo ba linaha tsa Russia bo na le lithane tsa limilione tsa mashala a mefuta e fapaneng - mashala, mashala a sootho, anthracite, ka lebaka leo Russia e amoheloang e le e mong oa baetapele ba lefats'e libakeng tse bolokehileng tsa mafura.
Lits'oants'o tsohle tsa mashala naheng ea rona li ka ba limilione tse likete tse 200, mme ka liperesente tse 5.5% ea li-depositi tsa lefatše.
Libaseke tse ka sehloohong tsa mashala a naha
Karolo ea setsi sa mashala mohloling oa mafura le matla a naha e khethoa ke boleng ba mashala, boholo ba polokelo, matšoao a mantlha a liminerale, maemo a ikhethileng a sebaka seo lefatše le bolokiloeng ho sona le maemo a mang. Ka kakaretso e felletseng ea lintlha tsohle, libaka tse etellang pele tsa meepo ea mashala Russia li etella pele:
- Setereke sa Krasnoyarsk ka ho kenyelletsa karolo ea libaka tsa Kemerovo le Irkutsk (li-depositi tsa Kansk-Achinsk le Kuznetsk), tse hlahisang ho fihlela ho 70% ea tlhahiso e matla ea mafura naheng ena.
- Polar Urals (beisine ea Pechora),
- Rostov, Lugansk le Donetsk libaka (Donbass),
- Ka boroa ho sebaka sa Irkutsk (beske ea Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky),
- Setereke sa Neryungrinsky sa Yakutia (beisine ea Yakutsk Boroa).
Bohlokoa ba liminerale tsa mashala a mashala a fapaneng Russia
Setsi sa Kuznetsk (Kuzbass) se amoheloa ka nepo e le sebaka sa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa sa meepo ea mashala Russia - se nka karolo ea 50% ea tlhahiso ea mafura-Russia kaofela. Li-depositi tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa mashala a boemo bo phahameng, ho kenyeletsa le mashala a koahelang, li tsepame mona.
Li-depositi tsa beisine ea Kansk-Achinsky li fana ka mashala a sootho a theko e tlaase haholo naheng, kaha meepo e etsoa ka meepo e bulehileng ea moepo.
Haeba re bua ka libaka tsa Europe tsa merafo ea mashala Russia, e kholo ka ho fetisisa libakeng tsena ke beisine ea Pechora, e fanang ka 4% ea tlhahiso e matla ea mafura Russia.
Libaka tsa Kuznetsk le Donetsk li na le mehloli ea mantlha ea anthracite - mashala a boleng bo holimo ka ho fetisisa: ka lebaka la khase e phahameng, anthracite e khona ho chesa ntle le malakabe, e hlahise mocheso ka nepo.
Merafo ea anthracite
Southern Coal Company LLC e sebetsa ka kotloloho tlhahiso ea anthracite sebakeng se nang le merafo ea mashala a mangata Russia - East Donbass.
Boleng bo phahameng ba mashala le mehloli e meholo ea li-anthracite tsa boleng bo holimo likhoebong tsa SUE li thehile motheo oa nts'etsopele e atlehileng ea k'hamphani le katleho e phahameng.
Bakeng sa tšebelisano, ka kopo ikopanye le mohala oa fono. +7 (495) 721 37 40, imeile: [email protected].
Li-amana tsa liminerale - mofuta oa Russia
Koala e sootho e bitsoa lefika la sedimentary, le thehoang ke ho bola hoa masala a limela tsa khale (lifeme tse kang sefate, lifeme le grouse, hammoho le boikoetliso ba 'mele ba pele). Ts'ebetso ea ho boptjoa le ho boptjoa ha mashala a sootho ho tšoana le lejoe, empa brown ha e na thuso.
Leha ho le joalo, ho na le li-depositi tse ngata tsa mashala tse sootho polasing, 'me li tebile ka botebo. Metsoako e sootho e na le motsoako oa metsoako e boima ea limolek'hule tse ngata (haholo khabone - ho fihla ho 78%), hammoho le metsi le lintho tse sa tsitsang tse nang le litšila tse nyane.
Ho latela sebopeho sa mashala, boholo ba mocheso o lokolloang nakong ea matla a lona, hammoho le palo ea molora o entsoeng, le tsona lia fetoha.
Thepa e le 'ngoe feela ea mashala e fumanehang Altai. Mehloli e hakanngoang e hakanyetsoa ho lithane tse limilione tse 250. Koloi ea mashala e chekoa mona ka meepo e bulehileng ea moepo.
Hajoale, mehloli e netefalitsoeng ea mashala a sootho merafong e 'meli e bulehileng e ka ba lithane tse limilione tse 34. Ka 2006, ho ile ha chekoa mashala a likete tse 100 mona. Ka 2007, palo ea tlhahiso e lokela ho fihla ho lithane tse likete tse 300, ka selemo sa 2008 - e se e ntse e le lithane tse likete tse 500.
Sebaka sa mashala se fumaneha lik'hilomithara tse makholo a 'maloa ka bochabela ho beisine ea Kuznetsk sebakeng sa Setereke sa Krasnoyarsk le karolo e Karolong ea Kemerovo le Irkutsk.
Sebaka sena sa Central Siberian se na le mehloli ea bohlokoa ea mashala a sootho a mafolofolo.
Meepo e etsoa haholo ka tsela e bulehileng (karolo e bulehileng ea beisine ke likete tse likete tse 45² - 143 billion ea li-seams tsa mashala tse nang le matla a 15 - 70 m.). Li-depositi tsa mashala le tsona lia fumanoa.
Kakaretso ea libaka tse bolokiloeng e ka ba lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 638. Botebo ba likarolo tse sebetsang bo tsoa ho 2 ho isa ho 15 m, bophahamo ke limilimithara tse 85. Metsoako e thehiloe nakong ea Jurassic.
Sebaka sa beisine e arotsoe likarolo tse 10 tsa liindasteri le tsa jioloji, moo karolo e ngoe le e ngoe e ntlafatsoang.
E Rephaboliking ea Sakha (Yakutia) le sebakeng sa Krasnoyarsk. Karolo e ka sehloohong ea eona e sebakeng sa Central Yakut Lowland ka beseng ea Noka ea Lena le literekere tsa eona (Aldan le Vilyuya). Sebaka se ka bang 750,000 km².
Kakaretso ea polokelo ea mafika e ka ba botebo ba limitara tse 600 - tse fetang lithane tse 2 trillione.
Ho ea ka sebopeho sa geoloji, sebaka sa beisine ea mashala se arotsoe likarolo tse peli: e 'ngoe ka bophirima, e lulang sebakeng sa Vilyui sethaleng sa Siberia, le e ka bochabela, e kenyelelitsoeng tikolohong e potiloeng ea Verkhoyan-Chukotka.
Li-seams tsa mashala li entsoe ka majoe a thellang ho tloha Lower Jurassic ho ea Paleogene. Ho ba teng ha majoe a nang le mashala ho kopantsoe ke ho phahamisa le ho sithabela maikutlo ka bonolo.
Ka sejelong sa Priverkhoyansk, mohoma o nang le mashala o bokelloa ka makhetjo a rarahaneng ka ho phatloha; bokima ba ona ke 1000-2525 m.
Palo le botenya ba seemo sa mashala a Mesozoic libakeng tse fapaneng tsa beisine li fapane: karolong e ka bophirima ho tloha ho 1 ho isa ho 10 seams ka bophara ba 20 m, karolong e ka bochabela ho isa ho 30 seams ka bophara ba 1,2 m.
Metsoako e sootho e na le mongobo o tsoang ho 15 ho isa ho 30%, moholi oa molora oa mashala ke 10-25%, boleng ba khalori ke 27.2 MJ / kg. Li-seams tsa lamunu tse sootho li na le lente ka tlhaho; botenya bo fapana ho tloha ho 10 m ho isa ho 30 m.
Li-depositi tsa mashala a brown hangata li lula haufi le mashala. Ka hona, e boetse e chekoa likamoreng tse tummeng joalo ka Minusinsky kapa Kuznetsk.
Libaka tsa meepo ea mashala Russia
Boholo ba tšebeliso ea eona bo pharaletse haholo. Coal e sebelisoa ho hlahisa motlakase, joalo ka thepa e sebelisoang ea indasteri (coke), bakeng sa tlhahiso ea graphite, molemong oa ho hlahisa mafura a metsi ka hydrogenation.
Naha ea Rashea e na le mehloli e mengata ea matlooa a mashala le libate tsa mashala.
Beseke ea mashala ke sebaka seo (hangata se fetang kilometara tse likete tse 10) sa nts'etsopele ea li-depositi tsa mashala, tse bōpiloeng tlasa maemo a itseng ka nako e itseng. Polokelo ea mashala e na le sebaka se fokolang mme ke sebopeho se fapaneng sa tectonic.
Sebakeng sa Russia ho na le matamo a mapolanka, a mene le a phetoho.
Palo e kholo ea li-amana tsa mashala e fumanoe Siberia ea Bophirima le Bochabela.
60% ea libaka tsa polokelo ea mashala a Russia ke mashala a humus, ho kenyelletsa le mashala a koahelang (Karaganda, Yakutstky Boroa, besere ea Kuznetsk). Mashala a sootho a boetse a fumanoa (Ural, Siberia ea Bochabela, Setereke sa Moscow).
Mehloli ea mashala e qhalakanngoa ka likamoreng tse 25 tsa mashala le li-depositi tse 650.
Merafo ea mashala e etsoa ka tsela e koetsoeng kapa e bulehileng. Meepo e koetsoeng e ts'oaroa merafong, meepo e bulehileng e litlamong (likeretse).
Bophelo ba 'maeneng bo pakeng tsa lilemo tse 40-50. Karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea mashala e tlosoa morafong nako e ka bang lilemo tse 10, e lateloe ke nts'etsopele ea karolo e tebileng ka ho aha bocha. Ho nchafatsa bophahamo ba moepo ke ntho ea pele ho boloka tikoloho le ho netefatsa polokeho ea basebetsi.
Ka likoting tse bulehileng mashala a entsoe ka metsero e latellanang.
Bakeng sa nako ea 2010, mashala Russia a ile a chekoa liminerale tse 91 le merafong ea 137 ea opencast. Boholo ba selemo le selemo e ne e le lithane tse limilione tse 380.
Kamora ho cheka mashala merafong kapa li-opencasts, e ea ho moreki ka kotloloho kapa e ea likhoebong tsa ntlafatso ea mashala.
Lifekthering tse ikhethang, likotlo tsa mashala li hlophisoa ka boholo li bile lia matlafatsoa.
Ts'ebetso ea ho ntlafatsa ke tlhoekiso ea mafura lefikeng le litšila.
Kajeno, mashala Russia a chekoa haholo masimong le likamoreng tse 10 tse kholo. Setsi sa polokelo ea mashala se seholo le se koahelang ke setsi sa Kuznetsk (lebatooa la Kemerovo), mashala a sootho a chekoa setsing sa bosholu sa Kansk-Achinsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Siberia ea Bochabela), Anthracites - setulong sa Gorlovsky le ho Donbass.
Mashala a matangoaneng ana ke a boleng bo holimo ka ho fetisisa.
Libaka tse ling tse tsebahalang tsa mashala Russia li kenyelletsa seketsoana sa Pechora (Arctic), beiske ea Irkutsk-Cheremkhov e sebakeng sa Irkutsk, le beis ea South Yakut e Bochabela bo Hare.
Libaka tsa Taimyr, Lensky le Tunguska li thehiloe ka mafolofolo Siberia ea Bochabela, hammoho le li-depositi Seterekeng sa Trans-Baikal, Primorye, le Setereke sa Novosibirsk.
Indasteri e kholo ka ho fetisisa (ho latela palo ea basebetsi le litšenyehelo tsa thepa e sa tsitsitseng ea tlhahiso) ea indasteri ea mafura ke meepo ea mashala Russia.
Indasteri ea mashala e hlahisa, lits'ebetso (ho ruisa) mashala, mashala a sootho le anthracite.
Ho etsoa mashala a makae le bokae 'Musong oa Russia
Liminerale lena le entsoe ka mochini ho latela botebo ba sebaka: mekhoa e bulehileng (ka likarolo le mekhoa e ka tlasa lefatše (ka merafong).
Pakeng tsa 2000 le 2015, tlhahiso e ka tlasa lefatše e eketsehile ho tloha ho lithane tse 90.9 ho isa ho limilione tse 103.7, 'me tlhahiso e bulehileng e eketsehile ka lithane tse fetang limilione tse 100 ho tloha ho lithane tse limilione tse 167,5 ho isa ho 269,7. Palo ea mesaletsa ea mashala naheng ka nako ena, ka mekhoa ea tlhahiso, oa bona. 1.
Sa feiga. 1: Merafo ea mashala 'Musong oa Russia ho tloha 2000 ho fihlela 2015, e sa aroloe ka mekhoa ea tlhahiso, ho milione
Ho latela Fuel and Energy Complex (FEC), lithane tse limilione tse 385 tsa liminerale tse sootho li ile tsa chekoa ho la Russian Federation ka 2016, e leng 3,2% e phahameng ho feta selemong se fetileng. Sena se re lumella hore re phethe ka phetoho e ntle ea indasteri lilemong tsa morao tjena le ka tebello, leha ho sa na le koluoa.
Mefuta ea peo ena ea khale e tsejoang ka har'a naha ea rona e arotsoe ka matla le mashala bakeng sa ho ts'oara koae.
Ka kakaretso eohle ho tloha nakong ea selemo sa 2010 ho fihlela 2015, kabelo ea tlhahiso ea matla e eketsehile ho tloha ho lithane tse limilione tse 197.4 ho isa ho limilione tse 284.4 Bongata ba tlhahiso ea mashala Russia ka mofuta bo bonts'oa ho setšoantšo sa feiga. 2.
2: Sebopeho sa meepo ea mashala 'Musong oa Russia ka mofuta oa 2010-2015, ka lithane tse limilione
Fosile e ntšo e kae naheng le moo e kenngoe teng?
Ho latela Rosstat, Rephabliki ea Russia (limilione tse 157)
t.) e nka sebaka sa bobeli kamora hore United States (237.3 billion t.) lefats'eng litheko tsa mashala. Rephaboliki ea Russia e nka karolo ea 18% ea mehloli eohle ea lefatše. Bona setšoantšo sa 3.
Sa feiga. 3: Mehloli ea Lefatše e Bolokiloeng ke linaha tse etellang pele
Tlhahisoleseling e tsoang ho Federal State Statistics Service bakeng sa 2010-2015 e fana ka tlhahiso ea hore tlhahiso naheng e etsoa ka mekhatlo e 25 ea Federation libakeng tse 7 tsa federal.
Ho na le likhoebo tsa mashala tse 192. Har'a tsona ke tse 75 tse nang le 'na, le li-opencast tse ngata tsa mashala. Boholo ba matla a bona a tlhahiso ke lithane tse limilione tse 408. Ho feta 80% ea eona e chekoa Siberia. Merafo ea mashala Russia ke sebaka se bontšoa tafoleng ea 1.
Setereke sa Siberian (Setereke sa Kemerovo, Setereke sa Krasnoyarsk, Setereke sa Trans-Baikal) | 83,60%, | 83,90% | 83,80% | 84,50% | 84,50% | 83,50% |
Setereke sa Federal East | 9,90% | 9,60% | 9,90% | 9,40% | 9,50% | 10,80% |
Setereke sa Leboea-bophirima (Rephaboliking ea Komi) | 4,20% | 4,00% | 3,80% | 4,00% | 3,70% | 3,90% |
Likarolo tse ling | 2,30% | 2,50% | 2,50% | 2,10% | 2,30% | 2,80% |
Ka 2016, likete tse 227,400
Ho etsoa ka sekepe seterekeng sa Kemerovo (litoropo tse joalo tse kopaneng le indasteri e le 'ngoe li bitsoa li-monotown), tseo ho tsona ho ileng ha romelloa lithane tse ka bang likete tse likete tse 125,000.
Kuzbass e hlahisa hoo e ka bang 60% ea tlhahiso ea mashala a malapeng, ho na le merafo le li-opencasts tse ka bang 120.
Mathoasong a Hlakubele 2017, ho ile ha qala sekoti se secha se bulehileng Seterekeng sa Kemerovo - Trudarmeysky South se nang le bokhoni ba meralo ea likete tse 2 500.
Ka selemo sa 2017, ho reretsoe ho hlahisa lithane tse likete tse 1,500 tsa sekoti ka sekoting se bulehileng, mme ho ea ka bolepi esale pele, sekoti se bulehileng se tla fihlela bokhoni ba sona ba moralo ka selemo sa 2018. Hape, ka selemo sa 2017 likhoebo tse ncha tse ncha li reriloe ho tsebisoa Kuzbass.
Kenya kantle ho naha
Rephaboliki ea Russia ke e 'ngoe ea barekisi ba marang-rang ba maholo ka ho fetisisa ba tsoang Australia ka karolelano ea limilione tse 390
lithane) le Indonesia (lithane tse limilione tse 330) ka selemo sa 2015. Kabelo ea Russia ka 2015 - lithane tse limilione tse 156 tsa liminerale tse ntšo e ile ea romeloa kantle. Letšoao lena bakeng sa naha le ile la hola ka lithane tse limilione tse 40 lilemong tse hlano. Ntle le Russian Federation, Australia le Indonesia, linaha tse tšeletseng tse etelletseng pele li kenyelletsa United States of America, Colombia le Afrika Boroa.
Sebopeho sa lihlahisoa tsa lefats'e li hlahisoa ho sa feiga. 5.
Sa feiga. 5: Sebopeho sa lihlahisoa tsa lefats'e ka bophara (linaha tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tse romellang kantle ho naha).
Lefapha la Central Dispatch la mafura le boima ba litlaleho le fana ka tlaleho ea hore ka selemo sa 2016 palo eohle ea thepa e romelloang kantle ho naha e ile ea eketseha, ha thepa e ntse e fokotseha.
Tlhahiso-leseling mabapi le kenyelletso ea kantle ho naha ka 2016 e hlahisitsoe ho tafole ea 2.
Kenya | 20,46 | -10,6% |
Rekisa | +9% |
Hlooho ea lefapha la tlhaiso-leseling le lefapha la lefapha la indasteri ea mashala le peat ea Lekala la Matla a Naha V.
Grishin e bolela esale pele keketseho ea lihlahisoa tse romelloang kantle ho naha ka 6% ka 2017, bophahamo ba eona bo ka fihla ho lithane tse limilione tse 175, ke hore, e hola ka lithane tse limilione tse 10.
Ke lik'hamphani life tse hlahisang kholo ka ho fetisisa
Likhamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa oli Russia li tsebahala haholo, 'me lik'hamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tse hlahisang mashala naheng eo ka 2016 ke: SUEK OJSC (105.47), Kuzbassrazrezugol (44.5), SDS-mashala (28.6) ), Vostsibugol (13.1), Kuzbass Boroa (9), Yuzhkuzbassugol (11.2), Yakutugol (9.9), Raspadskaya OJSC (10.5), e bonts'itsoeng ka mabokoseng palo ea mashala a hlahisitsoeng ka lithane tse limilione
Sa feiga. 6. Bahlahisi ba kholo ka ho fetisisa 'Musong oa Russia ka 2016, milione
Likhamphani OJSC SUEK, Kuzbassrazrezugol le SDS-Ugol e bile baetapele ho hlahiseng lilemong tse fetileng.
Bahlahisi ba kholo ka ho fetisisa ba 2014-2015 ba hlahisoa ho Fig.
7. Har'a bona, ho ekelletsa ho baetapele ba babeli ba indasteri ba boletsoeng kaholimo, ho boetse ho na le likhoebo tse sebetsang: Kuzbass Fuel Company, Holding Sibuglement, Vostsibugol, Coal Russian, EVRAZ (ke e 'ngoe ea likhamphani tse kholo ka ho fetisisa naheng eo), Mechel Mining, SDS-mashala.
7. Bahlahisi ba kholo ka ho fetisisa 'Musong oa Russia bakeng sa 2014-2015, ka lithane tse limilione
Ka Pherekhong 2016, sehlopha sa Evgeny Kosmin sa Karolo ea 1 ea seqhomane se bitsoang V.D.
Yalevsky JSC "SUEK-Kuzbass" e thehile rekoto e ncha ea tlhahiso ea Russia bakeng sa selemo ho tloha sefahlehong se le seng - lithane tse likete tse 4,810.
Kakaretso le sephetho
- Metsoako ea mashala ea Russia e ntse e eketseha ka mafolofolo.
- Tlhahiso e fokotsehile hanyane lilemong tsa morao tjena, ha lihlahisoa tsa kantle ho naha le tlhahiso li se li holile.
- Ka ho rekisa, Rephaboliki ea Russia ke e 'ngoe ea linaha tse tharo tse etellang pele ka mor'a Australia le Indonesia.
- Lilemong tse tlang, ho reriloe ho bula likhoebo tse ncha tsa meepo le tse sebetsang.
- Baetapele ba bararo ba kenyelletsa lik'hamphani tse tikolohong ea Siberia, tse ikarabellang bakeng sa tlhahiso e fetang 80% ea naha.
Lorentha Poberezhny, 2017-03-29
Likamore tsa mashala tsa Russia
Karolo ea beisine ea mashala sebakeng seo basebetsi ba arohanang ho sona e ipapisitse le boleng ba mashala, boholo ba polokelo, matšoao a tlhahiso ea moruo, tekanyo ea litokisetso tsa polokelo ea ts'ebetso ea indasteri, boholo ba tlhahiso, le likarolo tsa tsamaiso le lefelo la sebaka.
Kakaretso ea maemo ana e totobala haholo metheo e pakeng tsa mashala a mahareng - Likne tsa Kuznetsk le Kansk-Achinsk, tseo hammoho li hlahisang 70% ea tlhahiso ea mashala Russia, hammoho le mabatooa a Pechora, Donetsk, Irkutsk-Cheremkhov le South Yakut.
Mohlahisi oa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa oa mashala Russia ke Kuznetsk Coal Basin.
Letamo la Kuznetsk
Lichelete tse bolokiloeng tsa makaleng a Kuzbass A + B + C1 li hakangoa ho lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 57, e leng 58,8% ea mashala a Russia.
Ka nako e ts'oanang, libaka tsa polokelo ea mashala a koahelang ke lithane tse libilione tse 30,1, kapa liperesente tse 73 tsa naha kaofela.
Ho Kuzbass, hoo e batlang e le mefuta eohle ea limaraka tsa mashala e entsoe. Bokaholimo ba Kuzbass bo na le liminerale tse ling, joalo ka manganese, tšepe, phosphorite, opheline ores, shale ea oli le liminerale tse ling.
Mashala a Kuznetsk ke a boleng bo holimo: litaba tsa molora tsa 8-22%, serethe sa 0,3-0.6%, mocheso o khethehileng oa moholi - 6000 - 8500 kcal / kg.
Botebo bo bohareng ba meepo e ka tlas'a lefatše e fihla ho 315m. Hoo e ka bang 40% ea mashala a mashala a jangtsoa sebakeng sa Kemerovo ka boeona mme 60% e romelloa libakeng tse ling tsa Russia ebe e romeloa kantle ho naha.
Kuzbass e etsa lipalo tse fetang 70% ea bophahamo ba eona ba mmele ka sebopeho sa thepa ea kantle ea mashala e tsoang Russia. Mona ho na le mashala a boleng bo holimo, ho kenyelletsa le koae.
Hoo e batlang e le 12% ea tlhahiso e etsoa ka tsela e bulehileng.
Setereke sa Belovsky ke e 'ngoe ea litereke tsa khale tsa merafo ea mashala Kuzbass.
Linaha Tse Phelang tsa Merafo ea mashala
Sehloohong sena re tla tloaelana le lethathamo la linaha tseo e leng baetapele ho meepo ea mashala. Ntle le moo, re tla sheba likarolo tsa mantlha tsa ts'ebetso ena le mathata a teng khoebong ea meepo ea mashala, hape re tla fumana hore na mashala a entsoe joang Russia.
Litšobotsi tsa meepo ea mashala
Coala ke liminerale, e leng e 'ngoe ea lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa tsa mafura polaneteng ea rona. E thehoa ka lipelong tsa mongobo oa lefatše ka lebaka la hore ka nako e telele masala a limela tsa khale le likokoana-hloko tse bokelletsoeng ho ona a sena oksijene. Hajoale ho na le likhetho tse 'maloa bakeng sa ho hula ambue ena.
Merafo ea pele ea mashala e bile teng mathoasong a lekholo la bo18 la lilemo. Lilemo tse lekholo hamorao, ho ile ha thehoa le ho theha indasteri ea mashala qetellong.
Ka nako e telele, basebetsi ba merafong ba ne ba tlosa mashala mantleng a lefatše ka thuso ea likharafu tse tloaelehileng, ba ne ba sebelisa litšoantšo tsa pikoko ka mafolofolo. Nakong e tlang, lihamore tse bonolo li ile tsa nkeloa sebaka ke lihamore tsa jack.
Hajoale, lisebelisoa tsohle tsa sejoale-joale li sebelisoa merafong, e lumellang meepo ka lebelo le phahameng haholo.
Ho boloka chelete ea mashala
Mekhoa e sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa merafong ea mashala ke:
Tsela e theko e tlaase ea ho cheha mashala ke mohala o bulehileng. Mokhoa ona o bonolo ka ho fetisisa, o theko e tlaase ebile o sireletsehile. Bafuputsi ba baholo ba khaola bokaholimo ba lefats'e, bo thibelang ho fihlella ho li-amana tsa mashala. Ebe joale mashala a ntšoa ka meqomong ebe a kenngoa likoloing tse khethehileng.
Merafo ea Opencast
Ka tlasa (mine). Ho fapana le ea pele, mokhoa ona o nka nako ebile o kotsi. Mokhoa o ka tlas'a moepo oa ts'ebetso ea meepo o tlameha ho sebelisoa hobane palo e kholo ea libaka tsa polokelo e lutse ka tlasa lefatše. Bakeng sa liminerale, ho chekoa limmapa tse ngata ho tloha moo ho huloang litšepe tsa mashala.
Merafo ea mashala merafong
Mokhoa oa hydraulic o sebelisoa ka bongata, o ipapisitse le hore phallo ea metsi e fepeloa ka tlasa khatello e phahameng, e roaloang marokho a mashala mme e fepuoa ka pipe e khethehileng mabenkeleng a tlhahiso.
Linaha Tse Phelang tsa Merafo ea mashala
Moeta-pele ea ke keng a fumaneha ke China. Hoo e ka bang halofo ea mehloli ea mashala a lefats'e e chekoa naheng ena, e nang le sekhahla sa selemo le selemo sa lithane tse limilione tse 3,700. Linaha tse ling li ka mora China haholo.
Mehloli ea mashala lefatšeng 'me e na le matšoao a latelang:
- China - lithane tse limilione tse 3,700
- US - lithane tse limilione tse 900,
- India - lithane tse limilione tse 600,
- Australia - lithane tse limilione tse 480,
- Indonesia - lithane tse limilione tse 420.
Russia ha se e 'ngoe ea baetapele ba bahlano mme e sebakeng sa 6 le letšoao la lithane tse limilione tse 350 ka selemo. Kamora eona, kamora ho lahleheloa hanyane, ho tla Afrika Boroa, ebe Jeremane le Poland, le Kazakhstan, hammoho le Ukraine le Turkey, li koala ba leshome ba holimo.
Meepo ea mashala lefatšeng, lithane tse limilione
Ke linaha life tsa Europe tse nang le mehloli e meholo ea mashala?
Europe, mashala a mangata a chekoa Jeremane le Poland. Palo eohle ea mashala a koahetsoeng European Union ke feela lithane tse fetang limilione tse 500 ka selemo. Kakaretso ea tlhahiso ea lefatše ka bophara ke lithane tse limilione tse 9,000. Ka karolelano, moahi e mong le e mong oa polanete eo o na le mashala a likete tse 1000 ka selemo.
Chelete ena, e fanoang ke baetapele ba linaha merafong ea mashala, e lekane ho fana ka matla le mafura ho lefats'e lohle, kaha hammoho le oli le khase, ho hlahisoa lisebelisoa tse lekaneng tse ka khotsofatsang litlhoko tsa sechaba. Hajoale, ho shebiloe haholo mekhoa ea tikoloho e sireletsehileng haholoanyane le e sireletsehileng hore e se ke ea senya tikoloho.
Merafo ea mashala Russia
Meepo ea mashala Russia, lithane tse limilione
Naha ea heso e na le liminerale tse ngata 'me e li ntša ka bobeli bakeng sa litlhoko tsa rona le ho romella linaheng tse ling. Russia ke e 'ngoe ea linaha tse leshome tse kaholimo ho baetapele tlhahiso ea mashala' me selemo le selemo e hlahisa lithane tse limilione tse 350. Ka mehloli ea merafo ena, naha ea rona e sebakeng sa bobeli, ebile ea bobeli ho la United States.
70% ea mashala e chekoa ke meepo e bulehileng ea moepo. Joalokaha ho se ho boletsoe, e bolokehile ebile e nka nako e fokolang. Empa ho na le ntho e le 'ngoe e ka khutlisetsang morao, e leng ts'enyo e mpe tikolohong. Ka meepo e bulehileng, li-crats tse tebileng li lula li le teng, bots'epehi ba lefats'e bo senyehile, 'me ho oela hoa lejoe ho hlaha.
Karolo ea boraro e setseng ke meepo ea mashala e ka tlas'a lefatše merafong. Mokhoa ona ha o hloke litšenyehelo tse phahameng feela ho tsoa ho basebetsi ba merafong, empa le theknoloji ea sejoale-joale e tsoetseng pele. Ho bohlokoa ho tseba hore halofo ea lisebelisoa tsohle le li-fixtures li siiloe ke nako haholo 'me li hloka ho ntlafatsoa.
Li-amana tsa mashala Russia
Mekhatlo e latelang ke baetapele ba morafong oa mashala:
- Krasnoyarsk Territory, Karolo e 'ngoe ea Irkutsk le Kemerovo,
- Ural
- Sebaka sa Rostov,
- Sebaka sa Irkutsk
- Yakutia.
Sebaka se ka sehloohong sa meepo ea mashala se nkoa e le Kuzbass. Ho feta halofo ea tlhahiso eohle ea mashala Russia e chekoa moo. Li-amana tsohle le li-amana tsa mashala li kholoa sebakeng sena.
Qeto
Lithane tsa limilione tsa mashala li chekoa selemo le selemo lefatšeng. Linaha tse lihloohong tsa lenane ebile li etella pele linaha ho latela mehloli ea mashala, ha li sebelise liminerale feela ka litlhoko tsa tsona, empa hape li romella linaheng tse ling ka mafolofolo, ka ho etsa joalo li ntlafatsa boemo ba tsona ba moruo le ho fumana phaello ea lidolara tse ngata.
Ho ntšoa ha mashala ke mosebetsi o boima le o rarahaneng o hlokang tsebo le mahlale a itseng.
Bakeng sa sena, lisebelisoa tse khethehileng le lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa theknoloji le tsona lia hlokahala, tse ka fokotsang haholo nako ea ho ntša liminerale tse tsoang ka tlas'a lefatše le ho eketsa chelete ea polokelo ea mashala.
Linaha tse fapaneng li sebelisa mekhoa e fapaneng ea liminerale tsa mashala. Motho e mong o khetha mokhoa o sireletsehileng, oa ho tela kapele, ha ba bang ba itšetleha ka molumo o tlositsoeng.
Dinaga tse di eteletseng pele tsa meepo ya mashala ka 2017 di ile tsa sala di sa fetoge. Tekanyetso ena e lutse e sa fetohe ka lilemo tse ngata. Boemo bo etelletseng pele ke China, mme naha ea rona e sebakeng sa 6, empa naha ea rona e maemong a mararo a holimo ho ea ka mehloli. Russia e fana ka mashala linaheng tse ngata, e ba fa lipalo tse hlokahalang tsa mafura.
'Musong oa Russia
Peter I o kopane ka lekhetlo la pele le mashala ka 1696, a khutla letšolong la pele la Azov sebakeng sa toropo ea Shakhty (pele ho phetohelo Aleksandrovsk-Grushevsk). Ha a ntse a phomotse lebopong la Kalmius, morena o ile a bontšoa sekotoana sa liminerale tse ntšo, tse tukang hantle.
Mohlahisi oa lihlahisoa tsa morafo, e leng Grigory Kapustin ka 1721 o ile a fumana mashala pela setlamo sa Seversky Donets - Noka ea Kundryuchey mme a paka bonnete ba eona hore e ka sebelisoa ts'ebetsong ea bofifi le ho etsa tšepe. Ka December 1722, Peter I o ile a romela Kapustin ka taelo e ngolisitsoeng bakeng sa disampole tsa mashala, 'me joale ho ile ha ngolisoa lisebelisoa tse khethehileng tsa ho tsamaisa mashala le mashala.
Ka 1722, College ea Berg e ile ea kopa V. I. Gennin, ea neng a okametse lifeme tsa Ural le Siberian, "ho leka ho fumana mashala ka tsela e tšoanang le linaheng tse ling tsa Europe hore mashala ana a ka thusa".
Sehlopha sa S. Kostylev ka 1720-1721 e batlile liminerale libakeng tse ka leboea tsa Altai. Ka Pherekhong 1722, M.Volkov o entse kopo ea ore ea tšepe, eo a e fumaneng Tomsk Ivozd, le mashala ao a a fumaneng "thabeng e chesitsoeng" lik'hilomithara tse supileng ho tloha teronkong ea Verkhotomsky seterekeng sa toropo ea kajeno ea Kemerovo.
Ho thehoa ha indasteri ea mashala Russia ho tloha khale kotara ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, ha likheo tsa mantlha tsa mashala li se li bulehile.
Mehloli ea likhopo Russia
Naheng ea Rashea, 5.5% ea matlo a polokelo ea mashala a lefats'e a koahetsoe, e leng lithane tse fetang limilione tse likete tse 200. Phapang ena le liperesente tsa libaka tsa polokelo ea mashala tse netefalitsoeng ka 2006 ke hobane boholo ba eona ha e ea lokela nts'etsopele, kaha e fumaneha Siberia sebakeng sa permafrost. 70% e oela meahong ea mashala a sootho.
Li-amana tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tse tšepisang
Sepolesa sa Elga ka boroa-bochabela ho Rephabliki ea Sakha (Yakutia), lik'hilomithara tse 415 ka bochabela ho toropo ea Neryungri. Ke ea Mechel OAO. Ntho e tšepisang ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa nts'etsopele e bulehileng.
Sebaka sa polokelo ke 246 km ², ke lesaka le bonolo la asymmetric brachysisynclinal. Li-seams tse ka sehloohong tsa mashala li na le litselana tsa Neryungri (li-seams tse 6 tse nang le botenya ba 0.7-17 m) le Undyktan (li-seams tsa 18 tse nang le botenya ba limithara tse 0.7-17). Boholo ba lisebelisoa tsa mashala li tsepamisitsoe mehatong e mene ea y4, y5, h15, h16 hangata e rarahaneng. Mashala a boholo ba mabenyane a koahetsoeng ka poleiti e nang le selika-likoe se nang le sehlooho se phahameng haholo sa karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa - vitrinite (78-98%). Ka tekanyo ea metamorphism, mashala a karolo ea sethala sa III (mafura). Sehlopha sa mashala Ж, sehlopha sa 2Ж. Metsoako ea mashala e bohareng- le e phahameng-molora (15-24%), sebabole bo tlase (0,2%), phosphorous e tlase (0.01%), e sintered hantle (Y = 28-37 mm), e nang le boleng bo phahameng ba khalori (28 MJ / kg).
Likhoele tsa Elgin li ka ruisoa ho fihlela litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa lefatše le ho hlahisa mashala a boleng bo holimo a tsoang kantle. Tšimo e emeloa ke seams se matla (ho fihlela ho limitara tse 17) se nang le li-depositi tse nang le polokeho ea boholo bo nyane (boima bo fetang ba m3 ka toni ea mashala a tala), e leng molemo haholo molemong oa liminerale tse bulehileng.
Letlole la Elegestskoye (Tyva) le pokello ea mashala a "c" a lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 1 (mehloli e felletseng e hakanyetsoa ho lithane tse limilione tse likete tse 20). 80% ea mehloli e sebakeng se le seng se nang le bophara ba 6.4 m (li merafo tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa Kuzbass li sebetsa ka lehare le bophara ba 2-3 m, Vorkuta mashala e tsoa meqomong ho tloha maroleng a manyane ho feta 1 m). Kamora ho fihlela bokhoni ba eona ba moralo ka 2012, Elegest e lebelletsoe ho hlahisa lithane tse limilione tse 12 tsa mashala selemo le selemo.
Laesense ea nts'etsopele ea mashala a Elegest ke ea Yenisei Industrial Company, e leng karolo ea United Industrial Corporation (OPK). Ka la 22 Hlakubele 2007, Khomishene ea Mmuso bakeng sa Ts'ebetso ea Tsetelo ea 'Muso oa Russia e amohetse ho kengoa tšebetsong ha merero bakeng sa kaho ea seporo sa terene ea Kyzyl-Kuragino hammoho le nts'etsopele ea setsi sa mehloli ea liminerale Rephaboliking ea Tuva.