Leoatle le Letšo ke leoatle le ka leboea la Russia, e leng Leoatle la Arctic, e leng e 'ngoe ea maoatle a manyenyane haholo a naha: lisekoere tse likete tse 90. km sebaka, limithara tse likete tse 4,4. km bophahamo. Botebo bo tebileng ke limithara tse 343. Meeli ea Leoatle le Letšo le Barents e pakeng tsa Cape Svyatoy Nos Hloahloeng ea Kola le Cape Kanin Nos. Lisebelisoa tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa tsa bioloji tsa moruo li kotuloa mona - mehloli ea leoatle (fucus, kelp, kelp), mollusks, tlhapi (herring, salmon, saffron cod, flounder, jj.), Liphoofolo tse anyesang (beluga whales, seal, harepa).
Mosebetsi oa limela tsa motlakase le likarolo tse ling tsa hydraulic
Limela tsa motlakase oa hydroelectric li theha matamo litsietsing. Meaho ena e sitisa ho hasoa ha mefuta e mengata ea lihlapi, ho kenyelletsa le ea khoebo, e lebisang ho fokotseheng hoa palo ea mehlape. Matamo a boetse a baka ho sisinyeha ha metsi, e fokotsang boleng ba eona le phapang ea tlhaho ea metsi a lebopong.
Kaho ea lijalo tsa motlakase oa motlakase e nkoa e le mofuthu tikolohong. Leha ho le joalo, seteishene sa metsi sa Mezen se fetotse ho potoloha ha metsi. Sena se ile sa lebisa ho abelantsoeng ha lits'oants'o tsa lefu la seoa, maqhubu a moea a fokotsitseng, ao butle-butle a lebisang ho foqoha ha seretse.
Ha ho ntse ho hahuoa, litšisinyeho tsa lefats'e tsa tlhaho li thehiloe lebopong, 'me lihlahisoa tsa lona tse nang le metsi a pula le tsona li oela ka leoatleng.
Mesebetsi ea Plesetsk cosmodrome
Ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea cosmodrome, marang-rang a litšila a lutse mabopong - masalla a makoloi a ho qala, mafura a heptyl rocket. Qhekello ea Heptyl e lebisa ho kobeheng hoa metsingmathata a bophelo bo botle hara batho. Lintho tse chefo tse tsoang mokhoeng oa mafura, ebe li kenella ka matšoafong, li baka lits'ebetso tsa oncological.
Indasteri ea mapolanka
Leoatle le silafetse haholo ke litšila tsa indasteri ea ho betla patsi. Ena ke e 'ngoe ea lintlha tsa bohlokoa tikolohong ena. Lekholong la bo19 la lilemo, litšila tse hahiloeng ka mapolanka li ile tsa lahleloa ka metsing, 'me nakong ea maratso a moru tse ling tsa maballo li ne li sa supuoe, li khokhotlelloa mabopong ebe li teba ha li ntse li bola. Kwa tlase ga Lewatle le lesweu go na le mabitla a logong otlhe. Hlatsoa makhapetla le sawdust libakeng tse ling e koahela ka tlase ka limithara tse fetang tse peli.
Liphehisano tse joalo li thibela litlhapi ho thea libaka tse qalang, li monya oksijene metsing, le ho hlahisa ethanol le phenols. Ho bola ha sefate ho nka mashome a lilemo. Sena sohle se lebisa ho fokotseheng ha tlhahiso ea lihlapi tsa khoebo. Bothata ba lehong le enngoeng le entsoe ka saw ha e so rarolloe ho tla fihlela joale.
Tšilafalo ea oli
Indasteri ea oli e na le litšenyehelo, ka lebaka leo metsi a koahelang ka filimi ea oli e thibelang phihlello ea oksijene metsing. Ho na le tlala ea oksijene ea litlhapi le liphoofolo tse anyesang. Ntle le moo, filimi e mafura e koahela liphoofolo le liphoofolo tsa metsing, ka lebaka leo ba lahleheloa ke bokhoni ba ho fofa le ho sesa ka tloaelo.
Lihlahisoa tsa oli le tsona li tsoa lipapatsong tsa metsi. Litlolo, mafura le litlolo, oli ea enjene e sebelisitsoeng - tsena tsohle li kena ka metsing, ka linako tse ling li fetola sebopeho le sebopeho sa metsi, li etsa seo ho thoeng ke "libaka tse shoeleng".
Ka lebaka la liphetoho tsa sebopeho sa metsi, algae le li-crustaceans tse nyane li shoa holim'a metsi le boteng ba tsona, ka lebaka leo phepelo ea lihlapi e fokotsehang, mme palo ea litlhapi e fokotseha.
Tšilafalo ea likhoere-khoere
Metsi a litšila a tsoang linōkeng tse fepelang leoatle le likhoebo tse fumanehang lebopong la leoatle ha a tšoaroe hantle. Ba nkile lihlahisoa tsa peterole, phosphorus, tšepe tse boima. Boholo ba emong bo oela Dvina Bay. Metse e meholo e silafatsang leoatle ke Arkhangelsk, Kandalaksha, Severodvinsk.
Metsi a litšila a tsoang indastering ea meepo a baka tšenyo e kholo: ho tsoa likhoebong tsena ho koaloa litšitiso tsa tšepe, loto, koporo, chromium le tšepe tse ling.
Sulphate le phenols li fumanoa mefuteng ea li-mills tsa pulp. Ha e se e kene ka metsing a leoatle, e ntsa limela tse chefo, ka lebaka leo e lahleheloa ke bokhoni ba eona ba ho ba le photosynthesis le ho bokella lintho tse kotsi.
Ho rarolla mathata a tikoloho ea Leoatle le Letšo
Mehato ea molao e ntse e nkuoa ho sireletsa bioresource ea metsing. Ka taelo ea Lekala la Temo ea Russia ka la 30.05.2014 N 414 "Ka tumello ea melao ea ho tšoasa litlhapi bakeng sa Letamo la Ts'ireletso ea Leboea", thibelo ea ho tlosoa ha lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho ea Leoatle le Letšo e ile ea hlahisoa, 'me ha theoa boholo bo tlase ba khoebo. Hape, ho thunngoa ha liphoofolo tsa metsing.
Le ha metsi a ne a le matla haholo, Leoatle le Letšo le ne le ntse le boloka metsi a lona a hloekile. Leha ho le joalo, bakeng sa ho felisa liphoso tsa nako e fetileng le ho thibela lefu la leoatle ho ferekanya tikolohong ea tikoloho, batho ba tlameha ho nka mehato ea ho theola mojaro sebakeng sa metsi. Sekheo sa mehato se lokela ho kenyelletsa:
- ho lekola tikoloho ka hloko,
- Tlhahlobo ea tikoloho ea likhoebo tse reriloeng,
- nts'etsopele ea libaka tse sirelelitsoeng,
- ho aha meaho ea kalafo hape,
- ntlafatso ea boleng ba metsi a litšila,
- thibelo ea mesebetsi ea likhoebo tsa indasteri,
- Tlhophiso ea libaka tse sirelelitsoeng tsa linoka le matša a haufi,
- taolo ea litša,
- Ho felisoa ha litšila tsa mashala le tsa patsi ho tloha tlase.
(Ha ho na lintlha
Tšilafalo ea lehong
Indasteri ea ho betla patsi e amme hampe tikoloho. Ho ile ha lahleloa litšila le patsi ea patsi 'me tsa hlatsoa ka leoatleng. Li bola butle butle ebile li silafatsa letangoana. Makhapetla a sekama 'me a tebela tlaase. Libakeng tse ling, metsi a leoatle a koahetsoe ke litšila tse boemong ba limithara tse peli. Sena se thibela litlhapi ho theha libaka tse qalang le ho behela mahe. Ntle le moo, sefate se monya oksijene, e hlokahalang haholo ke baahi bohle ba maoatle. Makhoba a tai le a methyl a tšeloa ka metsing.
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Tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale
Indasteri ea meepo e baka tšenyo e kholo tikolohong ea White Ocean. Metsi a silafalitsoe ke koporo le nickel, lead le chromium, zinki le metsoako e meng. Lintho tsena li chefo likokoana-hloko ebile li bolaea liphoofolo tsa metsing, hammoho le bolele, ke ka lebaka leo liketane tsa lijo kaofela li shoa. Pula ea Acid e na le phello e mpe tsamaisong ea hydraulic.
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Tšilafalo ea oli
Maoatle a mangata a polanete ena a hlokofatsoa ke tšilafalo ea metsi ke lihlahisoa tsa oli, ho kenyelletsa le Beloe. Kaha oli e ntšoa ka setsing sa leoatle, ha e etse ntle le ho tsoa. E koahela bokaholimo ba metsi ka filimi ea oli e sa lumelle oksijene ho feta. Ka lebaka leo, limela le liphoofolo tse ka tlase ho eona lia tlatsana ebe lia shoa. Bakeng sa ho qoba litlamorao tse mpe, haeba ho na le tšohanyetso, ho lutla, ho qhalana, oli e tlameha ho felisoa hanghang.
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Ho theoha ha oli butle ka metsing ke mofuta oa bomo ea nako. Mofuta ona oa tšilafalo o baka mafu a matla a baemeli ba limela le limela. Sebopeho le sebopeho sa metsi le sona sea fetoha, libaka tse shoeleng lia thehoa.
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Ho boloka tikoloho ea leoatle, ho bohlokoa ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea batho 'meleng oa metsi,' me metsi a litšila a lokela ho hloekisoa kamehla. Ke liketso tse hlophisitsoeng hantle feela le tse nahannoeng hantle tsa batho tse tla fokotsa kotsi ea ho ba le tšusumetso e mpe tlhahisong, e thusang ho boloka Leoatle le Letšo ka mekhoa ea lona e tloaelehileng ea bophelo.
Tšilafalo ea metsi
Tsamaiso ea metsi ke bo bong ba mathata a mantlha a tikoloho ea Pomeranian. Ho romella thepa ka Pomorie esale ho le teng ho tloha mehleng ea khale, empa ho fihlela lekholong la bo19 la lilemo, ts'enyo e tsoang likepe e ile ea lula e se letho. Ho tloha ka Mmesa ho fihlela ka Mphalane, nako ea thomello e tšoarella. Khokahano ea sephethe-phethe ea kamehla e ama limela le limela tsa Leoatle le Letšo.
Ts'ebetso ea lipalangoang e lematsa liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa White Sea. Libakeng tsa ho beoa ha litsela tsa leoatle, ho na le mekhabiso ea likhoele tsa harepa. Ka lebaka la ho sisinyeha ha sekepe, ho na le phokotso ea palo ea liphoofolo. Bacha le malinyane a kotsing ea ho bolaoa. Litiiso lia shoa ka lebaka la ho thulana le likepe le ka lebaka la ho oela ka tlas'a enjine ea sekoti.
Sephethephethe sa leoatle ke sesosa sa tšilafalo ea lerata. Likotsi tsa likepe li baka ho qhalana ha oli ea mafura le ho tšeloa ke metsi ka lik'hemik'hale.
Coal slag tlase sediment
Likepe tsa pele tse ileng tsa lema leoatle lilemo tse fetang lekholo tse fetileng e ne e le mohloli oa mashala a mangata. Nakong ea sefefo, likepe li ne li ema li sa sebetse ka likepeng, moo likepe li neng li sirelelitsoe ke maqhubu a moea. Ho ne ho lula ho lokolloa slag ea mashala 'meleng oa metsi o fokolang. Ka tlase ho li-bays, palo e kholo ea sludge ea mashala e ntse e bolokiloe, mme bothata bona ba tikoloho ea Leoatle le Letšo bo lula bo sa rarolloe.
Tšilafalo ea metsi ka mafura le lintho tse tšetsoeng mafura, oli e senyehileng
Nakong ea ho tsamaea ha likoloi tsa baeti le tsa thepa, mafura a litšila le mafura a tlotsang a kenang ka metsing, a sebelisitsoeng ke mafura a kenang. Li -quid tsa metsi li hlaha nakong ea likotsi, liphoso tsa taolo ea sekepe, mathata ka lisebelisoa tsa mahlale.
Lioli tse sebelisitsoeng li entsoe ka oli e sa tsoakoang. Nakong ea ts'ebetso, lioli li tlatsitsoe ka li-resin, litšila tsa ts'ebetso, jj. Kotsi ea chefo ea oli e ka bapisoa le ho qhalana ha oli.
Lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho
Metsi a sebaka sa metsi a khahlisa ho tloha ntlheng ea pono ea ho ts'oasa lihlapi tsa indasteri, tlhahiso ea algal, le temo ea li-mollusks (mussels).
- Ho tšoasa litlhapi. E ipapisitse le ho ts'oaroa ha herring, navaga, salmon, cod, smelt. Leoatle le loketse temo ea trout.
- Lintho tsa nama ke liphoofolo tse anyesang - mabele a marako a beluga, litiiso tsa harepa, litiiso tse nang le likhoele.
- Mofuta o moputsoa le o mofubelu, e leng karolo ea biocenosis, o na le bohlokoa ba phepo e nepahetseng le bohlokoa ba meriana. Tsena ke mefuta e fapaneng ea kelp, fucus, anfelcia. Maemo a leholimo a etsa hore temo ea tsoekere kelp (sebaka se le seng moo e holang).
- Ho lema li-mussels ke karolo ea mesebetsi ea ho ts'oasa lihlapi. Bivalve mollusk ea hlokahala indastering ea lijo. Boleng ba eona bo nang le phepo bo holim'a likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa amino acid, livithamini le likarolo tsa trace. Meriana ea litlama e sebelisa li-mussels ho etsa litlhare tse thibelang likokoana-hloko. Mokhoa oa hydrolysis o lumelletse ho thehoa ha moriana ho loants'a bokuli ba radiation.
Lisebelisoa tsa Leoatle le Letšo li khetholloa e le leruo le ka ntlafalitsoeng. Le ha ho le joalo, e le hore lits'ebetso tsa tlhaho li ka hlaha ho latela melao ea tlholeho, hoa hlokahala ho sireletsa tikoloho ea tikoloho ea metsing le ho rarolla mathata a tšilafalo.
Tloaelo ea Leoatle le Letšo
Le hoja e le ea Leoatle la Arctic, leoatle le ka har'a naha, haufi le lebopo le ka leboea la Russia. Salate e fihla ho 35%. Mariha hoa bata. Ka mathata, Throat, hammoho le Funnel, li hokahane le Leoatle la Barents. Ka thuso ea "White Sea-Baltic Canal", likepe li ka ea Leoatleng la Baltic, Leoatleng la Azov, Caspian le Black. Tsela ena e ne e bitsoa Volga-Baltic. Ke mola feela o otlolohileng oa maemo o etsisang moeli o arohantseng Barents le Leoatle le Letšo. Mathata a leoatle a hloka tharollo hang-hang.
Taba ea mantlha, liphoofolo, ho kenyeletsa tse metsing, li felisoa haholo, lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho li nyamela. Baemeli ba bang ba limela ba lulang North Leboea ba ile ba nyamela.
Taba ea bobeli, boemo ba mobu boa fetoha, bo fetela boemong bo qhekelletsoeng ho tloha sebakeng sa permafrost. Ona ke pherekano e nyarosang ea lefatše ea ho futhumala ha lefatše, ka lebaka la eona leqhoa le qhibilihang. Taba ea boraro, ke leboea moo linaha tse ngata li etsang liteko tsa nyutlelie. Ts'ebetso tse joalo li etsoa tlasa lebitso la sephiri se feteletseng, ka hona ho thata ho bo-rasaense ho utloisisa tšenyo ea nnete le boholo ba tšilafalo ka lebaka la litšusumetso tsa atomiki. Ana ke mathata a mantlha a Leoatle le Letšo kajeno. Kakaretso ea lenane lena e tsejoa ke lefats'e lohle, empa ha ho na letho le entsoeng ho a rarolla.
Boemo ba Russia le linaha tse ling
Bothata ba pele - ho felisoa ha liphoofolo - bo ile ba nkuoa tlas'a taolo ea mmuso qetellong ea lekholo la ho qetela la lilemo, ha ho ne ho kenngoa ts'ebetso ea ho ts'oasa liphoofolo, linonyana le lihlapi. Sena se ile sa ntlafatsa maemo a sebaka seo haholo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho thata haholo hore 'muso o le mong o ame bothata ba lefatše ba ho qhibiliha ha leqhoa, hammoho le tšilafalo ea nyutlelie. Lintho tsena li ama sebaka se lebopong la leoatle le Leoatle le Tšoeu kaofela. Mathata a leoatle a tla mpefala haufinyane ka lebaka la tlhahiso e reriloeng ea khase le oli leoatleng. Sena se tla lebisa ho tšilafalo e eketsehileng ea leoatle.
Taba ke hore libaka tsa Leoatle la Arctic e ntse e se tsa motho. Linaha tse ngata li phathahane ho arola libaka. Ka hona, ho thata ho rarolla mathata a hlahileng. Boemong ba machaba, ho hlahisitsoe lipotso tse peli: tšebeliso ea moruo ea liphahlo tsa Arctic le boemo ba tikoloho ea Leoatle la Arctic. Ho feta moo, nts'etsopele ea masimo a oli, ka bomalimabe, ke ntho ea pele. Leha linaha tse nang le thabo ea karolelano ea lits'ireletso tsa kontinenteng, tlhaho e thulana le mathata a mangata le ho feta, ho phela hantle hoa lekana. Mme nako eo sechaba sa lefats'e se tla qala ho sebetsana le litaba tse bokelletsoeng ha e e-so beoe.
Russia e sheba boemo ba tikoloho le tikolohong ea Northern Basin joalokaha eka e tsoa ka ntle. Naha ea rona e tsotella feela lebopo la leoatle le leboea le Leoatle le Letšo. Mathata a tikoloho a ke ke a hlaha sebakeng se le seng feela - ena ke potso e lokelang ho botsoa lefats'eng ka bophara.
Se lebisang ho tsitsinyeho ea tikoloho
Leoatle le Letšo le khona ho kena maoatleng, ka hona, a lahleloa ka lipalangoang. Nako ea ho tsamaisa e qala ho tloha ka Mmesa ho fihlela Mphalane.
Likepe tse tsamaisang thepa, baeti le ba tsamaeang ka metsing a Leoatle le Letšo li na le tšusumetso e mpe tikolohong. Lihlahisoa tsa oli tse litšila, mafura le litlolo, nts'etsopele ea oli ea enjine, litlolo li oela ka metsing.
Ho sebetsa mekhatlo ea liindasteri, likoung le lits'ebeletso tse fumanehang lebopong la leoatle e lahlela litšila metsing a metsi melomong ea linoka. Sebopeho sa phello e na le likarolo tsa radioactive, tšepe tse boima.
Khoebo ea ho betla patsi e kile ea beha likhoebo tsa eona mabopong a Leoatle le Lesoeu le linoka li phallela ho eona. Sena se bakoa ke ho ba bonolo ha ho tsamaisa patsi. Ho senya litšila lekholong la bo19 la lilemo le halofo ea pele ea 20 e ile ea akheloa ka metsing. Nakong ea ho rafa, maballo a sa lomosoang a ne a khokhotlelloa mabopong. Butle-butle, ho ile ha hlaha mabitla a patisaneng. Ho emisa sefate ho lula tlase. Bothata ha bo rarolloe hona joale.
Ts'ebetsong ea ho bola ha eona, e nkang lilemo tse mashome a 'maloa, ho kenngoa oksijene, e leng se hlokahalang bakeng sa bophelo ba baahi ba metsing. Ho kopanngoa metsoako ea "phenolic" e chefo nokeng le tikolohong ea leoatle. Sena se lebisa ho fokotseheng ha tlhaho ea tlhaho ea lihlapi tsa khoebo (salmon).
Lithako tsa limmosa tsa makhasi a na le joala ba methyl, sulfates, phenols, tse amang hampe tikoloho ea metsi.
Liteishene tsa motlakase tsa hydroelectric li na le tšusumetso e mpe ho baahi, e leng ho tširelletsang matamo a litlhapi libakeng tse bulehileng. Sena se lebisa ho fokotseha ha palo ea baahi.
Ka sehatsetsing, ho hlahisoa hydrocarbon. Ho tsoa hoa lintho tse sa tloaelehang libakeng tsa polokelo ea oli, 'me mali a qhaleha,' me a qhala, 'me a qhekella. Ka lebaka la eona, baahi ba maoatle, linonyana lia shoa. Lihlahisoa tsa thetso li baka mafu a fapaneng le lefu la baemeli ba fauna.
Indasteri ea meepo e sebakeng sa Arctic e emeloa ke liminerale tsa daemane (sebakeng sa Arkhangelsk), polymetallic ores (Kandalaksha Bay). Linoka tseo ho lahleloang litšila ho lahleloang lintho tse nang le chefo, le tse ngata tse boima tse kenang ka leoatleng. Lits'oaetso tse tsoang likhoebong tse kenang sepakapakeng li isoa ka setsing sa polokelo ea motlakase. Liphetoho sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale li ama limela, lefats'e la limela tsa metsing.Ho na le ho leka-lekana tsamaisong ea lintho tsa tlhaho.
Ho silafala ha Leoatle le Letšo ho hlahisitsoe ka mabaka a latelang:
- Ka lebaka la mesebetsi ea limela tsa radiochemical Europe Bophirima. Semela sa Sellafield sa Senyesemane (lebopong la Leoatle la Ireland), k'hamphani ea Fora ho Cape AG (English Channel) ka bo-70 lekholong la bo20 la lilemo. lahleloa matamong a ts'oaetso a nang le radiation. Ho sisinyeha ha matsoele ho ile ha lebisa ho eketseha ha palo ea batho ba bangata ba Cs-137 (cesium) Leoatleng le Letšo, la Barents le Leoatleng la Arctic.
- Lintho tse nang le radioadio li ile tsa kena leoatleng li tsoa likepeng tsa ntoa tsa nyutlelie (NPS) tsa likepe tsa naha. Kotsi e chesoe ke letsatsi, lintho tse nang le likhohola, le thepa ea radiation. Ts'ireletso ea corrosion e fokotseha ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, e ka lebisang ho kenella ha li-nuclides ka metsing.
- Bothata ba tikoloho bo emeloa ke liqoso tsa libetsa tsa lik'hemik'hale tse patiloeng ka tlase. Ka ho sithabela ha likhetla tse sireletsang, lintho tse chefo li qala ho kenella tikolohong ea metsing.
Tikoloho ea tlhaho ea Leoatle le Letšo e kotsing ea ho pepesetsoa radiation le tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale. Lintho tse nang le chefo li ka lebisa tlolong ea biocenosis.
Temo ha e na tšusumetso e kholo ho ecology ea polokelo. Mohloli o ka sehloohong oa tšilafalo ke liphoofolo. Lihlahisoa tsa litšila tsa liphoofolo tse nang le litšila li oela ka metsing. Palo ea tsona ha e na tšusumetso e mpe mecheng le mefuteng ea Leoatle le Letšo.
Lits'ila tse ka sehloohong tsa sebaka sa metsi ke likhoebo tsa liindasteri tsa litoropo tse libakeng tse ka holimo-limo - Severodvinsk, Kandalaksha, Arkhangelsk. Moroalo oa theknoloji o hlahisoa ka mokhoa o fetelletseng oa tloaelo ea silika, phosphorus, hydrocarbons ea peterole, tšepe e boima, phenols. Bothata bona bo rarolloa ka thuso ea lisebelisoa tsa kalafo.
Ts'ebetso ea likhokahanyo, likhoebo tsa oli li nka karolo ho mafapheng a hlaha a mathata a tikoloho a Leoatle le Letšo. Kotsi e kholo ke litšila tse nang le radioadio tse patiloeng ho likepe tse tsamaeang ka matla tsa nyutlelie le liqoso tse bolokang lik'hemik'hale. Ho laola bongata ba lintho tse chefo, ho bohlokoa ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa tikoloho ea tikoloho.
Ntho ea pele ke efe?
Ha ho nts'etsapele masimo a oli, batho ba kenya letsoho ho mpefatsang tikoloho le ho feta. Ha ho na botebo ba liliba, kapa palo ea tsona, leha e le hore sebaka seo se ka khetholloang ka hore ke kotsi ea tikoloho. Ho ka nahanoa hore palo e kholo ea merafong ea oli e tla hahoa hang. Liliba li tla ba hole hole le tse ling 'me ka nako e ts'oanang e be tsa linaha tse fapaneng.
Litlamorao tsa tlhahlobo ea nyutlelie li ka felisoa, 'me sena se hlile se hloka ho sebetsanoa, empa ka leboea ho theko e boima ho etsa mehato ea ho hloekisa ka lebaka la maemo a mongobo. Ntle le moo, ha linaha li sa qala ho etsa mokoloto oa molao bakeng sa libaka tsena. Mathata a tikoloho a Leoatle le Lesoeu a ithutoa hamolemo. Ba lekile hanyane ka hanyane ho ba hlahisa komiting tlasa Lekala la Litaba tsa Tšohanyetso la Russia, ba bolela esale pele mekhoa ea mantlha ea ntlafatso.
Permafrost
Moeli oa permafrost ea Siberia karolong ea eona e ka bophirima o lula o fetoha ka lebaka la mocheso oa lefatše. Kahoo, ho latela Ministry of Emergency of the Russian Federation, ka 2030 e tla tloha ka 80 km. Kajeno, palo ea icing ea ka ho sa feleng e fokotsehile ka 4 cm ka selemo.
Sena se ka lebisa ntlheng ea hore karolong ea Russia lilemong tse leshome le metso e mehlano matlo a matlo a leboea a ka timetsoa ka 25%. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore kaho ea matlo mona e etsahala ka ho khanna likhoele ka har'a sethala sa permafrost. Haeba mocheso o tloaelehileng oa selemo o nyoloha bonyane likhato tse 'maloa, joale matla a ho theha motheo a joalo a fokotsehile ka halofo. Libaka tsa polokelo ea oli tse ka tlasa lefatše le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa indasteri le tsona li kotsing. Litsela le boema-fofane le tsona li ka utloa bohloko.
Ha lehloa le qhibiliha, ho na le kotsi e 'ngoe e amanang le keketseho ea palo ea linoka tse ka leboea. Lilemong tse 'maloa tse fetileng ho ne ho nahanoa hore palo ea bona ka selemo sa 2015 e tla nyoloha ka 90%, e neng e tla baka likhohola tse matla. Meroallo ke sesosa sa tšenyeho ea libaka tse mabopong, hape ho na le kotsi ha o khanna litseleng tse kholo. Ka leboea, moo Leoatle le Letšo le nang le mathata, mathata a tšoana le a Siberia.
Liphetoho tse tebileng
Ekoloji e kotsi hape bakeng sa khase ea methane e tsoang mobung nakong ea ho qhibiliha ha lehloa le tebileng. Methane e eketsa mocheso oa moea o tlase. Ntle le moo, khase e ama bophelo bo botle ba batho, baahi ba lehae.
Arctic lilemong tse 35 tse fetileng, bophahamo ba leqhoa bo fokotsehile ho tloha ho limilione tse 7,2 ho isa ho limilione tse likete tse 4,3. Sena se bolela phokotso ea permafrost ke hoo e ka bang 40%. Botebo ba leqhoa bo ile ba fokotsoa ke hoo e ka bang halofo. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le lintlha tse ntle. Poleteng e ka boroa, leqhoa le qhibilihang le baka litšisinyeho tsa lefatše ka lebaka la sebopeho sa spasmodic sa ho qhibiliha. Ka Leboea, ts'ebetso ena e ea etsahala butle, 'me boemo ka kakaretso bo ka etsahala esale pele. Ho netefatsa polokeho ea baahi ba libaka tse ka leboea, Lefapha la maemo a tšohanyetso le ile la etsa qeto ea ho fana ka maeto a mabeli ho Novaya Zemlya, lihlekehleke tsa Novosibirsk le lebopong la leoatle.
Morero o mocha o kotsi
Boemo ba tikoloho bo ameha haholo ke kaho ea meaho ea hydraulic, joalo ka, mohlala, lijalo tsa motlakase. Ho aha ha bona ho bolela tšusumetso e kholo tlhahong.
Sebakeng sa Leoatle le Letšo ho na le Mezenskaya TPP - seteishene sa motlakase - se amang tikoloho ea metsi le tikoloho ea lefatše. Ho ahoa ha PES ho lebisa phetohong ea phallo ea metsi a tlhaho. Nakong ea kaho ea letamo, karolo ea pokello ea metsi e fetoha mofuta oa letša le nang le phetoho e fapaneng le thupelo.
Litsebi tsa tikoloho li tšaba eng?
Ho joalo, mothating oa ho rala lintho tse rarahaneng, baenjiniere ba se ba khona ho bolela tšusumetso ea tikoloho ea tikoloho ea teng, Leoatle le Letšo. Mathata a leoatle, leha ho le joalo, hangata a bonahala feela nakong ea ts'ebetso ea indasteri, mme lipatlisiso tsa boenjiniere li sebetsa ho ecology ea sebaka se lebopong.
Ha PES e qala ho sebetsa, matla a leqhubu a fokotseha, le phello ea ho hoholeha ha masimo a leqhoa, puso ea phallo e ea fetoha. Sena sohle se tla lebisa phetohong ea sebopeho sa lits'oants'o tse lebopong la leoatle le lebopong. Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore jografik ea "deposition" e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho biocenosis ea sistimi. Nakong ea kaho ea setsi sa motlakase, boima ba litselana tse lebopong li tla tsamaisoa ho ea botebong ka mokhoa oa ho emisoa, 'me Leoatle le leng le le leng le tšoeu le tla utloisoa ke sena. Mathata a tikoloho a rarollotsoe, hobane mabopo a leoatle a ka leboea ha a na tikoloho, ka hona, ha a fihla botebong, mobu o lebopong o baka tšilafalo ea bobeli.
Bothata bo joalo ka khaba ea letsoai leoatleng
Boithuto ba tikoloho ea tikoloho ea Arctic kajeno ke senotlolo sa boemo bo sireletsehileng ba tlhaho ka mor'a mashome a lilemo a 'maloa. Karolo e 'ngoe ea lebopo le Leoatle la Arctic e ne e lokela ho ithutoa haholoanyane, ka mohlala, Leoatle le Letšo ke sebaka se joalo. Mathata a Leoatle la Laptev ha a so ithutoe. Ke ka lebaka lena haufinyane tjena ho kentsoeng maeto a manyane mona.
Khamphani ea oli ea Rosneft e tšehetse bo-ramahlale. Basebetsi ba Murmansk Marine Biological Institute ba ile leetong. Bo-rasaense ba 40 e ne e le baphethahatsi ba sekepe "Far Zelentsy". Morero oa thomo ena o phatlalalitsoe ke moetapele oa eona Dmitry Ishkulo. Ho ea ka Ishkulo, ntho ea pele e ne e le thuto ea likhokahanyo tsa tikoloho, ho fumana leseli ka boemo ba leoatle le tikoloho.
Hoa tsebahala hore seterekeng sa Leoatle la Laptev ho lula litlhapi tse nyane le linonyana, le liphoofolo tse kholo tse kang libere, maruarua. Ho nahanoa hore ke ka beseng ea polokelo ena e ka leboea moo naha ea bohlokoa ea Sannikov e fumanehang.
Ho ea ka bahlophisi ba letšolo lena, mosebetsi o joalo ka tekanyo e kholo joalo ha o e-so ka o etsoa le ka mohla ho Arctic.
Nalane, sehlooho
Ka mantsoe a mang, mathata a tikoloho ea Leoatle le Lesoeu a eketseha. Tšilafalo ea metsi a eona le ho senyeha ha boemo ba tikoloho ea tlhaho li anthropogenic ka tlhaho, empa li qalile makholo a 'maloa a fetileng.
Novgorod o ile a qala ho hlahloba leoatle lekholong la bo11 la lilemo. Pele ho tsohle, e ne e sebelisetsoa merero ea ho tsamaea ka sekepe. Nts'etsopele e eketsehileng ea khoebo ea maoatleng e ne e tsamaea le meru, e phatlalalitsoe ho pota le e ruileng ea liphoofolo tse jang boea le mefuta ea bohlokoa ea lehong. Ka 1492, likepe tsohle tsa bahoebi li ile tsa tloha toropong ea Kholmogory, e thehiloeng lebopong la Dvina Leboea. Ha sekepe sa pele sa bahoebi sa kantle ho naha se fihla, Kholmogory e ile ea fetoha koung ea machabeng, 'me Leoatle le lecha ea e-ba seketsoana sa likepe tsa machabeng. Keketseho ea thepa e tsamaeang le thepa e tsamaea ka sekepe se hlokahalang bakeng sa tonnage e kholo, ka hona, moralo o tebileng haholoanyane. Boema-kepe bo neng bo le teng bo ile ba emisa ho sebetsana le sena, mme ka lebaka leo, ho ile ha hlaha Kholmogory e ncha, eo hamorao e ileng ea fetoha Arkhangelsk. Maemo a thata a ho tsamaea ka sekepe mariha, sefefo se ka ba ho fihla ho limithara tse 6, 'me sekoahelo sa leqhoa ka likhoeli tse fetang tse tšeletseng, se qobelloa ho fetisetsa khoebo e kholo e eang Leoatleng la Barents le koung ea Murmansk. Barekisi ba bangata ba tsoang kantle le ba Russia ba ile ba mo reha mabitso. Ho fihlela lekholong la XVII e ne e le Studenoe, Solovetsky, Leboea, Calm, Gandvik esita le White kapa Bay ea Serpents.
Litšobotsi tse akaretsang
Hajoale, e na le lebitso le bosoasoi le bosoeu hohle, le nkoa e le leoatle le ka hare ho naha ea Russia 'me ke karolo ea beisine ea Leoatle la Arctic. Ena ke e 'ngoe ea maoatle a manyenyane haholo a nang le sebaka sa lik'hilomithara tse 90 tsa likete tsa 2 le bophahamo ba metsi tse ka bang 4,4 km km 3. Bophara ba eona bo boholo ke 600 km le botebo ba limithara tse 343. Moeli oa Bely le Leoatle la Barents o pakeng tsa Noses tse peli - Mohalaleli hloahloeng ea Kola le Kanin.
Linoka tse ka sehloohong tse phallang Leoatleng le Letšo ke Kem, Mezen, Onega, Ponoi le Northern Dvina.
Metse e meholohali lebopong ke Arkhangelsk, Belomorsk, Kandalaksha, Kem, Severodvinsk le tse ling. White Sea-Baltic Canal e e amahanya le Baltic.
Phapanyetsano ea metsi le Leoatle la Barents, ka lebaka la boliba bo sa tebang haufi le moeli, e lekantsoe feela metsing a metsi. Leqhubu la Belyi tidal wave le ka ba bolelele ba limithara tse 7 le ho fihla ka hare ho naha, linoka tse phallang, ho fihla ho 120 km. Ka tlas'a metsi a sa tebang ho na le lithutsoana, majoe a chitja le lehlabathe, tse koahetsoeng ka silika ea letsopa.
Mathata a bokelletsoeng hape a macha
Ho tsamaisa thepa ho siile matšoao a joalo leoatleng le botlaaseng ba ona hoo joale a ka bitsoang mathata a tikoloho. Ena ke palo e kholo ea li-slag tsa mashala tse tsoang likepeng tsa "linako" tsa khale. Mekhabiso ea sejoale-joale, hammoho le lisebelisoa tsa koung, le tsona ke mohloli oa tšilafalo holim'a metsi. Lithane tse makholo tsa oli ea enjine e sebelisitsoeng, lihlahisoa tsa oli, litlolo le litšila tse tsitsitseng li oela ka metsing. Linoka li na le karolo ea tšilafalo. Likhoebo tsa indasteri le tsa sechaba, li-storage tsa oli le metheo ea teng, likarolo tsa moruo oa Navy, tse fumanehang mabopong a leoatle le tseleng ea linoka tse phallang, lintho tse lahla lintho tse senyehileng li fihlela makholo a lilemo, kapa, ka kakaretso, ha li khonehe. Kotsi e ikhethang ke likhoebo le lits'ebeletso tse sebetsanang le lintho tsa radio. Boemo ba tšilafalo ea metsi a hlahisoang ke ho lahla litšila tse nang le radioger bo se bo holile haholo morao tjena.
Tšilafalo ea "nalane" ea metsi a Leoatle le Letšo ke indasteri ea meru. Mehatong eohle ea tlhahiso, ho tloha ho rema lifate le ho pepa ho isa ho ho lokisa le ho penta le ho etsa pampiri, patsi le litšila li ile tsa sala kapa tsa lahleloa linōkeng le maoatleng. Ke taba e tsebahalang hore khatello e lipakeng tsa lihlekehleke tsena tse peli e ne e koahetsoe ka botebo ka meqathatso ea mapolanka. Mme ke patsi e kae e ileng ea khangoa nakong ea likotsi, likotsi tsa sekepe, tsa lahleloa joalo ka ha ho sa hlokahale? Lerata le joalo libakeng tse ling le fihla ho limithara tse peli kapa ho feta, 'me li-depositi tsa lona tse mabopong ha li senyehe ka mashome a lilemo. Habohlokoa ka ho fetisisa, sena ha se bothata ba nako e fetileng.
Boikutlo bo tšoanang ka lehong le metsi bo ntse bo le teng le joale. Ntle le moo, tlhahiso ea sejoale-joale ea pulp le ea pampiri e tlosa litšila tse nang le lintho tse ngata, lingosufates le joala ba methyl.
Mehloli ea sejoale-joale ea mathata a tikoloho tikolohong eo ke meepo, temo le libaka tsa polokelo ea oli. Ke barekisi ba loto, koporo, mercury, zinki, nickel le chromium, ke hore, tšepe tse boima, hammoho le meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana, chefo le chefo e bokellanang linthong tse phelang tsa limela le metsing 'me qetellong e kene' meleng oa motho ka lijo.
Ha e le oli, matheba a eona ha a senye feela sebopeho sa leoatle, a fokotsa phallo ea oksijene metsing, empa hape a nyatsa linonyana le liphoofolo hore li felise, a li koahele ka filimi e teteaneng e mafura.
Tšilafalo ea linoka
Metsi a litšila ke mohloli o ka sehloohong oa tšilafalo Leoatleng le Letšo. Ka lebaka la metsi a litšila, litšila tse tsoang likhoebong tsa indasteri tse lebopong la leoatle le melomong ea linoka li kena Leoatleng le Letšo. Metsi a litšila a tlisa li-phenols le lihlahisoa tsa peterole, tšepe e boima, phosphorus, silica. Karolo e ka sehloohong ea litšila tsa metsi a litšila e oela Dvina Bay.
Litoropo tse silafatsang sebaka sa metsi a sehlekehleke sena ke Arkhangelsk, Kandalaksha le Severodvinsk. Tharollo ea bothata ke ho aha limela tsa kalafo ea metsi a litšila, mekhoa ea seretse ea sejoale-joale. Hammoho le metsi a litšila, litšila tsa temo li kenella matsoapong a metsi, empa ts'enyeletso e tsoang lits'ebetsong tsa liphoofolo e ntse e le nyane.
Ho aha limela tsa hydropower le motlakase oa motlakase
Lihlahisoa tsa motlakase oa hydroelectric tse hahiloeng Leoatleng le Letšo li baka matamo litsing. Matamo a thibela ho hasana ha litlhapi, e leng ho bakang ho fokotseha hoa palo ea mehlape. Lits'ebeletso li baka bothata ba ho sisinyeha ha metsi, ho ama mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng tsa metsi a leoatle.
Tikoloho ea tikoloho ea Pomerania e sentsoe ke kaho ea Mezen TPP. Le ha TEC e bua ka mefuta ea tikoloho ea limela tsa motlakase, kaho ea seteishene ho fetotse phallo ea metsi, phetisetso ea lits'oants'o tlase, le maqhubu a moea a fokotsehile. Mathata a ho potoloha ha metsi a lebisa ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang. Basebetsi ba neng ba nkile karolo mohahong ona ba ile ba qhala litšisinyeho tsa mobu tse ikemetseng. Mesebetsi ea seteishene e ka ama sekoahelo sa leqhoa se koahelang Kou ea Mezens boholo ba selemo.
Tšilafalo ea radioactive ea Leoatle le Letšo
Lintho tse radioang li ile tsa kenella leoatleng ka mabaka a mararo:
- Metsi a nang le litšila le motsamao oa metsi a tsoang Europe. Karolong ea bobeli ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, likhoebo tsa radiochemical li ile tsa sebetsa Fora le Engelane, li lahlela metsi a litšila a nang le motlakase metsing a metsi. Ho tsamaea ha tlhaho ha matsoele ho ile ha tlisa lintho tse nang le radio ho Li-Barents le White Ocean, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore keketseho ea li-cesium mabopong a Leoatle la Arctic.
- Likotsi tsa ka tlas'a metsi le likarolo tse tsamaeang ka tlas'a metsi tse sentsoeng letsatsi. Likepe tse nang le likhohola tsa nyutlelie tse bolokiloeng ka tlase li tlas'a kutu ea tšepe ka nako e telele. Ka lebaka leo, likaroloana tsa radioactive li kenella ka metsing.
- Ho patoa ha libetsa tsa lik'hemik'hale. Litefiso tsa lik'hemik'hale li patoa ka tlase ho Leoatle le Letšo. Sistimi ea ts'ireletso ea lihlomo e senngoa butle-butle, 'me lintho tse kotsi li kena sebakeng sa metsi.
Tšilafalo ea sebaka
Mabopong a Leoatle le Letšo ho na le litšila tse hlahisoang ka lebaka la Plesetsk cosmodrome. Har'a litšila ho na le masala a likoloi tse qalang. Rocket peterole - heptyl - e eketsehile chefo. Ka selemo sa 2000, ho phatloha hoa heptyl ho ile ha etsahala Plesetsk cosmodrome.
Ho kenella ha mafura tlhahong ho eketsa tlokotsi ea batho le liphoofolo. Chefo ea Heptyl e ama litho tsohle le ho senya letlalo. Lintho tse chefo tse chefuang tse kenang matšoafong hammoho le moea li baka mofetše. Ho ile ha thehoa hore heptyl ke sesosa sa nts'etsopele ea liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ho kenella ha peterole ea rocket metsing a mangata ho ka baka tšenyo e kholo ho ecology ea metsing.