Lebitso la Latin: | Larus argentatus |
Sehlopha: | Charadriiformes |
Lelapa: | Makhooa |
Ponahalo le boits'oaro. E kholo, e matla e tšoeu e nang le hlooho e tšoeu e nang le hlooho ea "angular". Linonyana tse kholo li na le ponahalo ea sefahleho se "sa hlonepheng." Molomo o matla, o kentse ka ho hlakileng lintho tse hlokahalang. E lula mabopong a linoka, matša le likhohlo. Hangata e fumanoa metseng le litepising tsa mobu. Bolelele ba 'mele 55-67 cm, mapheo a bolelele 138-150 cm, boima ba 717–1525 g.
Tlhaloso. Ho nonyana e moholo, hlooho le tlase tsa 'mele li tšoeu nakong ea hlabula, mariha hlooho le molala li na le melapo e putsoa e putsoa kapa e sootho. Moaparo ke o moputsoa o bobebe, o tšoanang le oa 'mala o moputsoa. Meetso e fapaneng e metšo qetellong ea lepheo e fetela ho masiba a la 5-6 a fofa. Masiba a feteletseng (a leshome) hangata a na le pheletso e tšoeu ka botlalo, moahelani (oa borobong) - a na le sebaka se seholo se lekaneng se bosoeu bo bosoeu. Ho linonyana tse ngata, "maleme" a masoeu mefuteng e ka hare ea masiba a kantle a tšebetso ka linako tse ling a kopantsoe le tlhoro e tšoeu ea pele-pele ho penultimate penis (borobong). Motsoako o moputsoa oa 'mankhane o moputsoa oa bohlano oa ntsintsi hangata ha o eo ka botlalo kapa ka tsela e itseng. Mookoli o mosehla. Makhopho a 'mala o mosehla, o pinki kapa o mofubelu. Molomo oa 'mala o mosehla, o na le letheba ka' mala oa lamunu le ntlha e tšoeu. Maoto a 'mala o pinki,' mala o mosehla kapa o moputsoa.
Linonyana tse nyane ka seaparong se apereng seaparo se sootho se sootho, ntle le 'mala oa hlooho, sefuba le mpa le' mele o mong (mokokotlo, mapheo). Masiba a seaparo se bosehla bo botšo, a na le meeli e bobebe. Likharetene tse kholo tsa mapheo li koahetsoe ka 'mala, li le sootho ka' mala oa "meeli" e metenya. Masiba a bosootho bo bosootho bo bofubelu bo lohelletsoe ka 'mankhonthe, tse nang le palo e fapaneng ea libaka tse khanyang. Ho masiba a mantlha a mantlha ho na le tšimo e hlakileng. Bokaholimo ba lepheo bo lefifi. Mohatla le mohatla li tšoeu li na le matheka a mangata a sootho; mohatleng ho na le mohala o moputsoa o lefifi. Mookoli o lefifi. Molomo o lefifi, o na le motheo o pinki. Maoto a pinki. Ho tloha ka Loetse, linonyana tse nyane li khanya butle-butle (haholo-holo hlooho), masiba a macha a seaparo sa pele sa mariha a nang le mokhoa o kang oa anchor a hlaha seaparong. Mariha a pele, ho fihlela nakong ea selemo (Mphalane), mabenyane a silevera a boloka mapheo a bana, ho fapana le litšeho le manonyeletso a Mediterranean. Ho linonyana moaparong oa pele oa lehlabula, hlooho le tlase li tšoeu, likarolo tse lefifi tsa plumage li tsofetse. Molomo oa qala ho bobebe. Ho linonyana tse ling, mookoli o qala ho khanya, empa ho batho ba bangata sena se etsahala hamorao, ho tloha mariha a bobeli.
Liaparong tsa bobeli tsa mariha, masiba a macha a sootho. Moaparo ke o moputsoa, 'me o na le' mala o moputsoa o lefifi kapa o lefifi haholo. Hlooho le tlase li tšoeu, li na le limela tse ngata tse sootho. Masiba a feteletseng (a leshome) nako le nako a ba le thotobolo e nyane, ea apical. Motheo oa mohatla o tšoeu. Mohatla o nang le mela e ntšo ea apical. Molomo hangata o se o bobebe haholo (o mopinki kapa o mosehla), o na le sebaka se lefifi sa boholo bo fapaneng le libopeho, bathong ba bang ba nang le letheba le bofubelu ho mandible. Liaparong tsa boraro tsa mariha, linonyana li se li shebahala joalo ka batho ba baholo, empa li na le makhasi a sootho tse koahelang mapheo le karolo e kholo e putsoa qetellong ea eona (mmala o motšo ha o felle feela masiba a mapheo a mathomo a kantle le a bohareng. masiba le mapheo). Masiba a fofa haholo (karolo ea leshome le ea borobong) e nang le letheba le lesoeu. Khofu ea silevera e holileng e fapana le kobo, chalea le koena ea leoatleng seaparong se bobebe, le ho tlatlapuoa ha ho e-na le setšoantšo se setšo se sefubelu. Mefuta e tšoanang ka ho fetesisa ke litšeho le monokotšoai oa Mediterranean.
E fapana le litšeho ka ho lekana (e seng ea mosa haholo, e nang le mapheo le maoto a makgutshwane, molomo o makhuts'oane le o matla haholoanyane o nang le molumo o hlakileng oa "mandular" hlooho) le lerata le lelelele. Mapheo a mapheo a mapheo a mefuta ena e 'meli a tšoana haholo. Ho fapana le litšeho le monokotšoai oa Mediterranean, hangata silevera ha e na mohala o moputsoa ho masiba a bohlano a fofang. Mariha, likhoele tsa 'mala o sootho le o moputsoa hloohong le molaleng linthong tse ngata tsa silevera li li khetholla ho litšeho tse atisang ho ba tšoeu. Mookoli o bobebe o mosehla ha o na litšeho tse ngata, tseo mahlo a atisang ho bonahala a le lefifi. 'Mala oa maoto ha se pontšo e nepahetseng ea tlhahlobo, empa bakeng sa ho tšeha, haholo-holo mariha, maoto a khanyang a mosehla ao likhahla tse ling tsa silevera ha a na litšobotsi. Maqhutsu a silevera e maoto a maputsoa hangata a tšoana le a mabenyane a Mediterranean. Ho li khetholla, ho bohlokoa ho ela hloko boholo ba eona (maoto a sephaka sa silevera le mapheo a bokhutšoanyane), mokhoa o moputsoa o motšo (o pharaletseng oa lehlohlojane la Mediterranean, ntle le "lipuo" tse bobebe mefuteng e ka hare ea masiba, le ntsu ea Mediterranean e na le mola o motšo ho masiba a bohlano a sefofane) e lula e le kholoanyane), 'mala oa molomo (o khanya haholo ho Mediterranean, o bofubelu bo khanyang ho fapana le sebaka sa lamunu ka molomo, o atisang ho ea molomong).
Tšobotsi e 'ngoe e hlakileng ea mabone a manyane a silevera sehlaheng le liaparo tsa mariha tsa pele ke ho ba teng ha lebala le khanyang masiba a mantlha a mantlha, a le sieo ka hara leruarua le chalea le sa ntlafalitsoeng haholo lithutong tsa litšeho le tlhase ea Mediterranean. Malinyane a manyane a silevera a lefifi ho feta litšeho le litsuatsane tsa Mediterranean; likhukhuni tsa mapheo ha li fetohe ho fihlela selemo sa pele, ho fapana le litšeho tse nyane le likhapha tsa Mediterranean. Mohatla o batlang o le lefifi, o tlase-tlase o na le mohala o sootho o bosootho bo sootho ha o tšoane le mohatla o mosoeu le mohala o mosoeu ka khoele e ntšo e lerootho ha e tšeha le ho fifala. Ka tlase ho lepheo ho lefifi ho feta la phatsimo ea Mediterranean, 'me e lefifi haholo ho feta ea litšeho. Masiba a mapheo a mararo hangata a na le mefuta e mengata ho feta a tšehiso le a malinyane a Leoatle la Mediterranean. Boreleli bo bonyenyane ba silevera bo fapana le leselinyana la leoatle le lenyenyane ka boholo bo boholo, masiba a lefifi a hlooho le botlaela, molomo o bobebe o senang matla le mohatla (ka leqhubu la leoatle, sebopeho se peperana le ho feta), sootho, ho fapana le molumo o motšo oa matšoao a lefifi ka plumage. Ho tloha mariha a bobeli, mahlo a leselinyana la silevera a qala ho bonesa, e leng litšeho tsa litšeho. Malinyane a bosehla lilemong ona a lefifi haholo, a na le masiba a 'maloa a' mala o moputsoa ntle le sebopeho se sootho, ho fapana le litšeho tse bobebe. Ho hlakile hore mohatla o lefifi ka ho hlakileng, o fapane hole le oa litšeho tse tšehang. Linonyana tse ngata tse makatsang seaparong sa bobeli sa mariha ha li na sebaka sa masiba a masiba a leshome le metso e mene (a leshome), e leng tšeho ea ho ts'eho ea mehleng ena (ea sieang sekhahla sa Mediterranean). Proportions e lula e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho khetholla mapheo a maholo a bohlooho bo bosoeu nakong ena le hamorao.
Ho tloha mariha a boraro, ho ba sieo ha mohala o moputsoa ho masiba a mapheo a bohlano ho supa monokotšoai oa silevera, eseng ho tšeha le 'mouoane oa Mediterranean (ho ba teng ha mohala ha ho bolele letho). Boteng ba "maleme" a bobebe linonyaneng tse ling tse mepopotlong e ka hare ea masiba a mantlha a li kopanya le litšeho ebile li a khetholla ho malinyane a Mediterranean. Ha e le molao, likarolo tse sa patoang tsa 'mele ka nako ena ka mabenyane a silevera li khanya ho feta litšeho. Tsuonyana e koahelang ka holimo ke 'mala o mosehla o moputsoa o nang le lipalesa tse sa tsoakoang, tse bosoeu bo bosehla, tse bobebe ka tlasa tlas'a bosoeu bo bosehla Hlooho le 'metso ka matheba a mangata a lefifi. Molomo o motšo ka 'mala o pinki. Maoto a mapinki.
Lentsoe. Molumo o matla oa lehalima la silevera ke o mong oa melumo e ikhethang ea likou tsa leoatle. Mohoo o bitsoang "lerata le lelelele" o tsamaisana le moetlo o ikhethang: nonyana e phahamisa hlooho haholo 'me e ntša molumo o mongata oa lerata "qiau", Ho fetoha" litšeho "tsa 'nete. Ha u tšoenyehile, u lla habohloko "ha ha ha».
Boemo ba Tsamaiso. Mefuta ea likhomo e akaretsa leboea bophirima ho Europe, ho tloha Iceland le North Norway ho isa lebopong la Atlantic la Fora le karolo e bohareng ea Russia ea Europe. E tloaelehileng leboea ho Russia ea Europe (sebaka sa Murmansk, Rephabliki ea Karelia). Karolong e bohareng ea sebaka, ke mofuta o sa tloaelehang oa ho tsoalisa le mefuta e tloaelehileng ea bojaki. Linonyana tse ling mariha li ea libakeng tse se nang lehloa tsa linoka tse kholo. Mariha a ne a le lebopong la Atlantic la Europe le Leoatleng la Baltic, hangata, empa hangata ho Leoatle le Letšo.
Mokhoa oa bophelo. E khutlela libakeng tsa nesting (lebopong la Murmansk) ka Hlakubele. Ho tsoaloa hangata ka likolone, ka linako tse ling marulelong a meaho. Tse tšehali le tse tona li haha sehlaha ho tloha boriba, makhasi, makala kapa makalaana ao ba a fumanang haufi le sehlaha. Ho beha mahe ho qala matsatsing a pele a leshome a Mots'eanong. Ho clutch e felletseng, 2-3, mahe a mangata, kapa 'mala o le mong,' mala oa ona o fapana haholo, o sootho kapa o motala ka 'mala o nang le matheba a lefifi. Batsoali ka bobeli ba lula ba patehile ka matsatsi a 2632. Maya a qala ho fofa ho tloha matsatsing a 38-45.
E fepa ka lihlapi, liphoofolo tse anyesang le linonyana, matsuane le mahe, mollusks, monokotsoai, mefuta e fapaneng ea litšila, carrion. Hangata tse ngata tse nang le lintlafatso.
Sekhahla sa silevera (Larus argentatus)
Moruo
Boemo ba thuto ea tlhaho le boemo bo hlophisehileng ba leseli la silevera ha bo utloisisoe ka botlalo 'me hajoale ke taba ea ngangisano har'a litsebi tsa bongaka. Khetholla seo ho thoeng ke "sehlopha sa mabenyane a silevera" - taxa e nang le likarolo tse tloaelehileng tsa tlhaho, joalo ka 'mala o mosoeu oa lihlooho ho linonyana tsa batho ba baholo le sebaka se khubelu selikalikoeng sa ntho e ka etsahalang. Lingoliloeng tse fapaneng li hlalosa mefuta e 'meli ho isa ho e robeli e arohaneng ea sehlopha sena. Ho latela e 'ngoe ea likhopolo-taba tse seng li atile haholo ho tloha ka bo-1970, ho nyaloa ha silevera ke karolo ea seo ho thoeng ke "mefuta ea mabenyane" - likokoana-hloko tse felisang mehopolo ea khale ea ho se tsotelle ea mofuta oa tlhaho. Ho ea ka khopolo ena, moholo-holo oa linonyana oa sehlopha sena o kile a lula Asia Bohareng, 'me nakong ea ho futhumala nakong ea lipakeng e ile ea qala ho hasana ka leboea, ea ntan'o ba bochabela, ea theha mefuta e mecha ka linako tsohle. Sebopeho se seng le se seng se secha se ne se khetholloa ke masiba a mangata a 'mele o kaholimo ho feta, leha ho le joalo, linonyana tse tsoang molokong o mong le o mong o latelang li tšela ka bolokolohi le tse fetileng. Qetellong, selikalikoe se potolohileng Arctic se ile sa koaloa, empa baahi ba tsoetseng pele ba bochabela, bao joale ba nkoang e le senepe sa silevera, ba ne ba se na kamano e joalo le ea mantlha ea bophirima (ke hore, ka tlhaloso, ba neng ba itshwara joalo ka mofuta o ikhethileng.
Lingoliloeng tsa morao-rao tse mabapi le taba ena, ho kenyelletsa le tse thehiloeng ho lipatlisiso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, li na le bonyane mefuta e robeli e arohaneng ho "sehlopha sa mabenyane a silevera", ho kenyelletsa le silevera ka boeona, le klusha (Larus fuscus), klusha bochabelaLarus heuglini), Leseli la East Siberian (Vera ea Larus), Gull ea Mediterranean (Larus michahellis), litšeho (Larus cachinnans), Gull silifera ea Amerika (Larus smithsoniaus) le lebenkele la Armenia (Larus armenicus).
Mokhatlo oa Machabeng oa Ornithologists o khetholla leseli la silevera e le leseli (Larus ) hape e khetholla li-subspecies tse peli.
- Larus argentatus argenteus Brehm, CL & Schilling, 1822 - Iceland, leboea-bophirima ho Europe.
- Larus argentatus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763 - Scandinavia ho Hola ea Kola.
Ponahalo ea Seagull
Bolelele ba 'mele oa baemeli ba mefuta bo fapana pakeng tsa lisentimitara tse 55-65. Tse tšehali li nyane ho feta tsa banna ka lisentimitara tse hlano.
Li-gulls tsa silevera li boima ba ligrama tse 800-1300. Tse tona li boima ba ligrama tse 200 ho feta basali ka kakaretso. Mapheo a fapana ho tloha ka lisenthimithara tse 130 ho isa ho tse 150.
Khohlo ea silevera ke mofuta oa leoatleng le jang nama.
Ho na le masiba a mangata a banna le a basali. Ka morao ke bohlooho bo botšo, 'me molala, kutu le hlooho li tšoeu. Mapheo a boreleli bo bobebe. Malebela a mapheo a mapheoana a batsho, a soeufalitsoe ka matheba a tšoeu. Molomo o sentsoe ka mahlakoreng, qetellong ea eona e iname. 'Mala oa molomo ke o mosehla, holim'a molomo ho na le sebaka se hlakileng se bofubelu.
Boemo ba ho boloka
Boholo ba boholo ba eona bo boholo, palo ea mabone a silevera a phahame ebile a tsitsitse, 'me ha e hloke mehato e khethehileng ea ts'ireletso. Palo ea baahi ba lefatše ba silevera e ka ba milione e le 'ngoe. Leha ho le joalo, libakeng tse ling moo bongata le ho hasoa ha mefuta e lekantsoeng ka lebaka le le leng, lesaka lena le thathamisitsoe ho Libuka tse Khubelu tsa tikoloho. Kahoo linaheng tse ngata tsa Europe, mabenyane a silevera a subspecies a Europe a sirelelitsoe, hobane palo ea bona moo lilemong tse 25 tse fetileng e fokotsehile ka hoo e ka bang 50%. Ka mohlala, naheng ea Russia, e thathamisitsoe ho Buka e Khubelu ea Setereke sa Nizhny Novgorod.
Sheba le motho
Kamano e teng lipakeng tsa batho le marenana ha ho na monyetla oa hore e be ea "mofuta"; ho ba bangata, likhalase tsohle lia tšoana. 'Me kaha likhahla tsa silevera li lula kae kapa kae, likamano pakeng tsa motho le gulls li ka nkoa e sebelisa mehlala ea bona.
Li-seagulls ke metsoalle e tšepahalang ea basesisi ba likepe 'me e tšoantšetsa ho baleha, tokoloho le bophelo. Ho na le litumelo tse ngata, litšōmo le lipontšo tse amanang le seagulls. Mona ke tse ling tsa tsona. Likepe tsa leoatleng ke bahlokomeli ba meea ea batšoasi ba litlhapi le basesisi ba sekepe ba shoeleng leoatleng, haholo-holo likepeng tsa sekepe. Mohoo o pepenene oa linaleli tsa leoatleng ke tlhoko ea ba khangoang ke metsi ho ba patela ka tsela ea Bokreste lefatšeng. Batšoasi ba litlhapi ba khale ba fetoha lithoto ka mor'a lefu. Seagull ke sesupo sa mosali ea labalabelang ho nyaloa ke monna le bana. Ho bolaea seagull ho kotsi ho motho e mong le e mong ea nkileng karolo ho eona. Letsoho ha le phahamele holim'a leoatleng ke motsamaisi oa sekepe. Mme mona - bolepi ba leholimo mabapi le boits'oaro ba lihlapi tsa leoatleng. Letata la leoatleng le tsamaea lehlabatheng, motsamaisi oa sekepe o lakatsa ho fihlela sefefo se kena ka metsing, sefefo se emetse boemo ba leholimo. Linonyana tsa leoatleng lebopong li ile tsa phahamisa bolulo - maemong a leholimo a mabe. Haeba seagull e kene ka metsing, emela hore boemo ba leholimo bo be hantle.
'Me matšoao a mang: moo ho nang le likhofu tsa leoatleng, ho na le litlhapi, haeba likhofu tsa leoatleng li hlahile ka leoatleng, lebopo le haufi.
Ona ke mofuta oa "likamano" tse ntle tsa kamano, empa hape ho na le "mpe". Ka ho hloka kelello, mabifi, bosholu ba likhofu, motho a ka bapisa, mohlomong, feela le makhoaba. Ha ba tšabe batho ho hang, 'me ho na le linyeoe tse ngata moo, mebarakeng e bulehileng ea lihlapi, ba neng ba hula litlhapi ka kotloloho ho tsoa matsohong a barekisi. Ho sireletsa matsuane, likhofu tsa leoatleng li hlasela batho le lintja ka sebete, li qoela hoo e batlang e le lihlooho tsa tsona. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, pono ea sephetho sa batho ba ka kenella koloneng e mahlo-mafubelu, ha matsuonyana a lerootho a bolaoa hohle a bolailoe ke baahisani (mme ka linako tse ling ke batsoali) ha se bakeng sa pelo e nyahamisang. Metseng e lebopong, mabenyane (ho kenyeletsoa mabenyane a silevera) a rekisoa ka makotikoting a lithōle, ha ho hobe ho feta maraba. Ka mohlala, mang kapa mang ea neng a le teng St. Petersburg, o ne a ka kholisoa ke sena, ho na le matšoao a mangata ho lahla litšila ho feta lekhoaba, mme ba itshwara ka tsela e kang khoebo. Hape, litšila tsa tee mehahong li ke ke tsa bonoa ka mokhabiso oa mehaho ea litoropong.
Ho shebella ha mofuta o joalo oa leoatleng hangata ho lebisa mohopolong oa bofetoheli oa hore basesisi ba sekepe, bao meea ea bona e falletseng metsing a leoatleng, e ne e se letho haese masholu le masholu a leoatle.
Mabapi le karolo ea papali ea silifera mesebetsing ea moruo oa batho, maikutlo le 'ona a habeli. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, li ka baka likotsi tse ling ho tšoasa litlhapi le ho ts'oasa litlhapi le ho senya lihlaha tsa linonyana tse ling, ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho tsoma lintja tsa leoatleng molemong oa ho senya litoeba le likokoanyana tse kotsi.
Ka mefuta eohle e metle le e kholo ea litlhapi tsa leoatleng e ntseng e nyoloha ka holim'a leoatle - e tšoantšetsa ebile e ntle!
04.07.2019
Lesela la silevera (lat. Larus argentatus) ke la lelapa le letle (Laridae). Ke moemeli oa hae ea tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa hemisphere ea leboea. Baahi ba teng ba feta limilione tse sekete. Nonyana ena ha e tšabe batho ho hang ebile e ikutloa hantle esita le metseng e meholo. Ka ho hloka kelello le mabifi, e feta lekhoaba ka mokhoa o sehlōhō e nka mefuta e meng ea linonyana tsa metsing 'me e senya lihlaha tsa eona. Khafetsa, o bile o hloibila lijo ka kotloloho matsohong a ba fetang, haeba ba sa arabe kopo ea hae.
Nakong ea likhomo, malinyane a silevera a ba mabifi haholo. Ba ka hlasela batho ka ho ba otla ka mapheo, melomo le melala. Linonyana li felisa tlhaselo ea tsona ka ho fafatsa hlatsa le mantle. Hangata, liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng le baahi ba se nang molato ba matlo ba sotleha, marulelong ao linonyana tse halefileng li ileng tsa etsa qeto ea ho etsa sehlaha sa tsona.
Lichaba tse ngata tsa Europe li lumela hore meea ea basesisi ba likepe le batšoasi ba litlhapi e fetoha liphofu, ka hona o ke ke oa khopisoa ke maqiti a bona. Ho bolaea leoatleng ho nkoa e le sebe 'me se tšepisa mathata a maholo.
Mofuta ona o ile oa hlalosoa ka lekhetlo la pele ka 1763 ke Mobishopo oa Danish Eric Potnoppidan, ea ithutileng lipalesa le limela tsa Norway.
Tsamaiso
Sebaka sa bolulo se tikolohong e ka tlasana ea leholimo le mocheso oa Palearctic. Li-nest gulls nest in Central and Northern Europe, Asia le North America. Lihlaha tsa tsona li lula li le lebopong 'me hangata ha li kenelle hare ho naha.
Ho na le lipeeletso tse 6.Mananeo a khethiloeng a ajoa ho tloha Denmark le Hloahloeng ea Scandinavia ka bophirimela ho ea Hloahloeng ea Kola ka bochabela. Mariha haholo mariha Europe Bophirima.
Manane a ngolisitsoeng a Larus argentatus smithsonianus ka leboea ho United States le Canada, mme a fofa a ea Amerika Bohareng bakeng sa mariha.
Ho beha boitšoaro
Khohlo ea silifera boholo bo fapaneng e phela bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Libakeng tse phahameng haholo, e khona ho bonts'a mesebetsi e batlang e le potoloha nakong ea letsatsi la polar. Bongata ba batho ba lula ba lutse. Karolong e ka leboea ea linonyana, linonyana li fetoha nako le nako ha li ea boroa.
Linonyana li lula mabopong a leoatle, linokeng, lihlekehlekeng le matšeng a maholo. Li hoheloa ke mabopo a lehlabathe le libaka tse majoe. Nako le nako, e fumanoa lebopong le nang le limela tse teteaneng.
Nakong ea lijo, tse tona li hatella tse tšehali le tse nyane, li li lelekisa kapa li tlosa tse li tšoasitseng. Tse tšehali li bapala karolo e hlahelletseng ha ho khethoa libaka tsa nestating.
Linonyana lia buisana li sebelisa letšoao le letle la melumo. Mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa ho fetisa tlhahisoleseling hape ke maemo a fapaneng a 'mele, hlooho, mapheo le mohatla.
Tlhagiso ya matsuane mabapi le kotsi e ts'oana le ho luma ha ntja e nyane. Ha a hlasela eena, malinyane ohle a batho ba baholo a haufi a potlakela ho pholosa.
Li-gull grey ha li rate ho ba boinotšing, empa kamehla leka ho ikarola ho batho ba habo bona. Haeba ba fumana lijo tse lekaneng, ba bitsetsa linonyana tse ling moketeng. Maemong a mang, ba otlanya mapheo a bona ka lijo tseo ba li fumaneng 'me ba li ja kapele, ntle le ho tsebisa beng ka seo ba se fumaneng.
Phepo e nepahetseng
Baemeli ba mofuta ona ke li-omnivores. Lijo tsa tlhaho ea liphoofolo li tla pele ho lijo. Linonyana tsa leoatleng li ja litlhapi, tse anyesang le tse anyesang. Li ja mahe le malinyane a linonyana tse ling.
Bathong ba bang, takatso ea lijo e matla hoo ba ke keng ba khona ho hana teko ea ho ja lijo-thollo tsa baahisani ba haufi le bona. Ka linako tse ling ba ja bana ba bona.
Linonyana tsena li thabela ho ja litšila le ho ja setopo. Mariha, ba tsamaea masimong a mapolasing, ba batla liboko, litsu le likhoho. Linonyana li boetse li khotsofatsa tlala ka monokotsoai, litholoana, algae le likokoanyana.
Li-silvery gulls li fofa holim'a metsi nako e telele sebakeng se bophahamo ba limithara tse 5, li batla motho ea ka mo hlaselang. Li ka itsamaela ka metsing a sa tebang ebe li fumana mollusk. Ba tloha ka molumo o tšoeroeng ka molomong oa bona ebe ba o akhela majoeng ho roba khetla e thata.
Likarolong tse 'maloa tsa lehlabula, shrimp e lula ho 90% ea lijo tsa letsatsi le letsatsi. Mariha, li-mussels (Mytilus) le Cerastoderma tse bopehileng joaloka pelo hangata li atile haholo. Motšehare, nonyana e ja ho tloha ho 400 ho isa ho 500 g ea fepa.
Ho tsala
Ho kena bohlankaneng ho etsahala a le lilemo li 4-5. Nako ea ho ikatisa e qala ho tloha ka April ho fihlela ka June. Malinyane a bonojoana a theha malapa a leng mong. Li hlasela ka likoloneng, litutung kapa mafikeng, ka linako tse ling marulelong a meaho. Kholoni ho na le ho tloha ho ba mashome a 'maloa ho isa ho ba likete ba banyalani. Ha linonyana tse ngata li lula hammoho, ho na le liketsahalo tse ngata tsa batho ba hohelang batho ba bang.
Sehlaha sa gull se hahiloe ka likhechana tse bonolo tsa limela.
E tšehali e behela mahe a 2-3 ka bolelele ba cm 7. Balekane ka bobeli ba lula masonry. Incubation e nka matsatsi a 28-30. Batsoali ba hloa matsuane a futhumatsa mocheso oa 'mele oa bona ka matsatsi a 3-4. Ba li fepa lijo tse halikiloeng, tseo ba li phehang.
Makhopho a fetoha mapheoana ka lilemo tse ka bang 45. Ka nako ena li koahetsoe ke masiba a 'mala o sootho. Liaparo tsa batho ba baholo li se li ntse li hlaha linonyana tse holileng.
Tlhaloso
Bolelele ba 'mele 55-68 cm. Wingspan 130-150 cm. Weight 600-1500 g. Ho na le "dimorphism" e amanang le lilemo.
Ho batho ba baholo, nakong ea ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo, mokokotlo le mapheo a tsona a sootho, lipheo tsa mapheo a maputsoa li na le matheba a masoeu. Masiba a mang kaofela a tšoeu ka malebela a bosoeu. Molomo o matla, o mosehla, o na le letheba le khubelu koana le koana. Iris e mosehla.
Linonyana tse nyane li na le 'mala o mosoeu bo nang le masiba a sootho ka' mele oa tsona o holimo. Molomo o le putsoa. Mokhoa oa brownish oa nyamela ha o ntse o tsofala. Pele ba kena bohlankaneng, linonyana li fetola liaparo tsa tsona ka makhetlo a 10.
Nako ea bophelo ea letlapa la silevera naheng e ka ba lilemo tse 15. O le botlamuoeng, o phela ho fihlela lilemo tse 20.
Sebaka sa tsamaiso
Lerata la silevera le hlaha libakeng tse batang. E lula sebakeng se ka leboea. Likhoeling tsa mariha, linonyana tsena li fallela Florida, boroa ho China, Japane le Koung ea Mexico. Bakeng sa nesting, ba khethile Great Britain, Scandinavia le Iceland. Li ka bonoa le lihlekehlekeng tsa Leoatle la Arctic, Canada, Alaska le mabopong a Amerika bochabela.
Kaha lesela la silevera le itšetlehile haholo ka lijo tsa metsing, le lula libakeng tse mabopong. O lula lithabeng, mafikeng, mafikeng 'me ka linako tse ling o libakeng tse futhumetseng. Nonyana ena e ikamahanya le maemo hantle hore e lule le batho, kahoo hangata e lula marulelong a matlo.
Tlhaloso e khutšoane
Khohlo ea silevera ke nonyana e kholo. Boholo ba motho e moholo bo ka fihla ho kilogalamu e le 'ngoe le halofo. Bolelele ba 'mele bo boholo e ka ba lisenthimithara tse 55-65. Hlooho, molala le mmele oa nonyana li koahetsoe ke masiba a tšoeu. Mapheo le mokokotlo a 'mala o bobebe ka' mala. Holim'a hlooho ea leoatleng ho na le molomo o hatelletsoeng ka mahlakoreng 'me o iname qetellong. Ke mosehla ka bolona, empa letheba le khubelu le bonahala ka tlasa ona.
Haufi le mahlo, iris eo e pentiloeng moriting o moputsoa, ho na le mehele e tšesaane ea letlalo le mosehla. Ho khahlisang, gull ea silevera e fumana masiba a bobebe feela ka selemo sa bone sa bophelo. Ho fihlela motsotso ona, khōlo ea bocha e na le 'mala oa motley, oo mefuta ea oona e sootho le e sootho. Masiba a qala ho ba bobebe kamora hore nonyana e fihle ho lilemo tse peli. Hlooho le li-iris tsa bacha li soothoe.
Likarolo tsa ho ikatisa le tebello ea bophelo
Sebakeng sa naha, leruo la silifera la Europe le phela lilemo tse ka bang 50. O nkoa e le nonyana e hlophisehileng haholo. Likamano tse rarahaneng lipakeng tsa baemeli ba mofuta ona li thehiloe ho mofuta oa sehlopha sa maemo a holimo. Boemo bo phahameng bo lula ho ba batona. Thobalano e fokolang e laola feela litabeng tse amanang le khetho ea sebaka sa ho hlophisa sehlaha sa ka moso.
Linonyana tsena lia monya. Ntle le maemong a sa tloaelehang, li theha linako tse 'maloa le bakeng sa bophelo. Batho ka bomong ba fihletseng lilemo tse hlano ba nkoe e le ba holileng tsebong. Li qala ho fofa sebakeng sa lihlaha ka Mmesa-Mots'eanong, hang hoba metsi a se na leqhoa.
Bakeng sa nako ea lihlaha, linonyana tsena li theha lihlopha tsohle. Lerata la silevera (larus argentatus) le hlophisa lihlaha tse koahetsoeng ka masiba kapa boea holima mafika, mabopong a majoe le merung ea limela e teteaneng. Ba batona le ba batšehali ba kenya letsoho mosebetsing oa kaho. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ba sebelisa joang, makala a sefate, moss le algae e omileng joalo ka thepa ea moaho. Sebaka se pakeng tsa lihlaha tsa boahelani ke limithara tse ka bang hlano.
E le molao, e tšehali e behela mahe a 2-4 a mofuta o motala kapa o motala oa mohloaare o nang le matheba a maholo a lefifi, moo batsoali ka bobeli ba kenyang letsoho ho ona. Ho feta moo, nakong ea phetoho ea balekane ba lutseng sehlaheng, linonyana tsena li hlokometse mahe ka hloko le ka hloko.
Qetellong ea nako ea libeke tse 'ne tsa ho nyaloa, malinyane a hlaha. Mebele ea bona e manyenyane e koahetsoe ke 'mala o moputsoa ka libaka tse lefifi ka ho hlakileng. Kamora matsatsi a mabeli, bana ba ka ba ba eme ba le bang. Kamora matsatsi a 'maloa, ba qala ho tlohela sehlaha sa botsoali, ntle le hore ba tlohele hole. Ha ho ka ba le tsokelo, matsuane a ipata, e se e le sephiri se tsoang kamoreng e haufi. Ha ba qale ho fofa eseng pejana ho moo ba eang ba le khoeli le halofo. Batsoali ka tsela e fapaneng ba fepa bana ba bona ka ho ba fepa ka lijo. Motheo oa phepo ea masea a ntseng a hola ke tlhapi.
Linonyana tsena li ja eng?
Re lokela ho hlokomela hore khalase ea silevera e omnivorous. Hangata e ka bonoa haufi le likepe le liphokotso tsa mobu. Ka linako tse ling o bile o utsoa mahe le malinyane a linonyana tse ling.
Baemeli ba mofuta ona ba tšoasa lilakane, likokoanyana, mekholutsoane le litoeba tse nyane. Li ka boela tsa ja monokotsoai, litholoana, linate, li-tubers le lijo-thollo. Se ke oa nyahlatsa ho nka phofu ea motho ea tsoang ho beng ka uena ba fokolang le ba fokolang. Li boetse li tšoasa liboko tsa leoatle, crustaceans le litlhapi.
Likarolo tsa ho phela hammoho le batho
Hlokomela feela hore tšepe ea silevera ha e sebelisoe ho emela mokete le batho. Nonyana ena e phela ka bongata megacities ea sejoale-joale e hokeloa lihlaha marulelong a meaho e mekato e mengata. Hangata o hlasela ba lekang ho utloisa bana ba bona bohloko. Hape, ho na le maemo a mangata ha linonyana tse ikhohomosang hona seterateng li nkile lijo matsohong a ba fetang.
Leha ho le joalo, lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng ho bile le tšekamelo ea ho fokotsa palo ea baemeli ba mofuta ona. Europe, palo ea baahi ba matenya a fokotsehile ka hoo e ka bang halofo. Bo-rasaense ba hlalosa sena ka tšusumetso ea mabaka a tikoloho le ho putlama ha lihlapi tsa lihlapi libakeng tse lebopong la leoatle.
Ketsahalo, boitšoaro ba sechaba le mosebetsi oa lentsoe
Leha ho le joalo, likhahla tsa silevera li phela bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi, maemong a mang li bontša tšebetso ea letsatsi le letsatsi. Sena ke nnete haholo ho linonyana tse lulang libakeng tse phahameng matlong a leholimo a polar.
Baemeli ba mofuta ona ba khona ho hlahisa melumo e mengata e fapaneng. Li ka koala, lila, tsa lla esita le meow. Leha ho le joalo, hangata ho bona o utloa ho lla hoa litšeho.
Linonyana tsa leoatleng ke linonyana tsa bokolone. Metse ea bona e ka ba le lihlopha tse fetang lekholo. Ka linako tse ling ho fumanoa likolone tse nyane kapa tse tsoakaneng. Sebaka ka seng se na le sebaka sa sona se sirelelitsoeng ka hloko. Haeba e mong oa bona a hlaseloa ke sera sa kantle, kolone eohle e tla kopana ho sireletsa beng ka eona. Le ha ho le joalo, ka nako ea khotso, balekane ba baahelani ba ka qabana le ho hlaselana.
Likamano pakeng tsa banyalani ha li bonolo. Haholo-holo nakong ea kemolo. Ka nako ena, e tona e etsa tloaelo ea ho fepa molekane oa eona. E tšehali e lula haufi le sehlaha 'me e qala ho nyenyefatsa, e kopa lijo ho e tona. Kamora ho behela mahe, butle-butle ho khutsisa moetlo o ikhethang oa ho tlolelana, 'me kapele o nyamela ka botlalo.
Lintlha tse khahlisang
Khohlo ea silevera, kapa khush e ka leboea, e latela sehlopha se thata. E motona kamehla ke moetapele, 'me ke eena ea etsang khetho bakeng sa mosali, ea busang ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e amanang le kaho ea sehlaha. Hoo e batlang e le litho tsohle tsa lelapa lena ha li rate ho iphelisa, li khetha ho li nka ho ba bang.
Sebopeho le boholo
Likarolo tse ling | Bong | Bolelele ba mapheo | Bolelele | Bolelele ba Pivot | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | lim | ka karolelano | n | lim | ka karolelano | n | lim | ka karolelano | ||
L.a. aigentatus | ba batona | 26 | 430–472 | 451 | 26 | 53,0–61,0 | 56,0 | 26 | 65,0–73,0 | 69,7 |
tse tšehali | 24 | 395–440 | 420 | 24 | 48,0–55,0 | 50,9 | 24 | 61,0–67,0 | 63,8 | |
L.a. antelius | ba batona | 23 | 420–466 | 440 | 23 | 50,0–63,0 | 57,3 | 23 | 67,0–75,0 | 70,0 |
tse tšehali | 15 | 406–442 | 420 | 15 | 49,0–61,0 | 52,6 | 15 | 62,0–73,0 | 66,2 | |
L.a. taimyrensis | ba batona | 12 | 435–467 | 454 | 12 | 54,0–58,0 | 56,1 | 12 | 67,0–75,0 | 71,5 |
tse tšehali | 12 | 405–433 | 425 | 12 | 51,0–57,0 | 53,2 | 12 | 64,0–72,0 | 67,0 | |
L.a. birulae | ba batona | 27 | 433–466 | 449 | 27 | 52,0–62,0 | 56,6 | 27 | 64,0–76,0 | 70,0 |
tse tšehali | 12 | 414–436 | 425 | 12 | 50,0–58,0 | 52,8 | 12 | 62,0–68,0 | 65,0 | |
L.a. vekele | ba batona | 17 | 441–466 | 449 | 17 | 54,0–61,0 | 57,9 | 17 | 66,0–76,0 | 70,7 |
tse tšehali | 23 | 402–443 | 422 | 23 | 50,0–58,0 | 52,9 | 23 | 63,0–72,0 | 66,2 | |
L.a. mak'hatholike | ba batona | 18 | 445–462 | 454 | 18 | 55,0–66,0 | 60,8 | 18 | 67,0–76,0 | 72,9 |
tse tšehali | 14 | 395–445 | 424 | 14 | 50,0–61,0 | 55,9 | 14 | 62,0–73,0 | 66,2 | |
L.a. mongolicus | ba batona | 16 | 430–476 | 451 | 16 | 50,0–59,0 | 55,7 | 16 | 62,0–74,0 | 68,4 |
tse tšehali | 6 | 419–448 | 434 | 6 | 50,0–55,0 | 53,0 | 6 | 64,0–70,0 | 66,8 |
Molting
Ho tšesa seaparo sa pele sa mariha hoa lekana, ka boholo ba lipapatso li koahela palo e nyane ea masiba a sebakeng se hare-hare, pakeng tsa mongobo o monyane le molala. Ho batho ba bang, ho ekelletsa moo, a mang a masiba a mangata a masiba ka lehlakoreng le leng la mokokotlo. Molt ena e qala ho elella bofelong ba Pulungoe sebakeng se pakeng tsa naha, ebe e fetela molaleng, mahetleng le mokokotlong, ebe e fela ka Mphalane. Molt seaparo sa pele sa lehlabula le sona se na le karolo, se ama masiba a sebaka se ka hare, sefuba le masiba a mahetla a manyane. Ho feta moo, ho batho ba bang ho nkuoa masiba a le mong feela, ho a mang - masiba a macha libakeng tse anngoeng ke ho qhibiliha ha molting. Molt ena e etsahala ka Mphalane-Mots'eanong.
Ho tšela seaparo sa bobeli sa mariha ho felile, ho qala halofo ea bobeli ea Phuptjane, hangata ka phetoho e kholo ea proximal. Lifofane tse nyane li qala ho qhibiliha ho tloha ka masiba a distal ka nako ea phetoho ea mantlha ea VII - VI. Nakong ea phetoho ea mantlha ea IV - III, tse bobeli li kanna tsa ntlafatsoa ka botlalo. Li-helmsmen li qala ho qhibiliha ho tloha kahare ea bohareng ka nako ea phetoho ea VIII - VI ea mantlha ebe e e felisa ka ho khutlisa masiba a mabeli a feteletseng nakong ea molting ea VII - VI ea mantlha. Ho sutumetsoa ha masiba a mangata a mmele ho batho ba bangata ho qala ho ba ho fela nakong ea phetoho ea mantlha. Empa ho linonyana tse ling, qalo ea eona e ka pele kapa e se e le morao haholo mabapi le qaleho ea phetoho ea ntsintsi e kholo. Molt ena e fela ka Phato le qalong ea Loetse. Ho tšesa seaparo sa bobeli sa lehlabula hoa lekana, ho koahela masiba a fokolang mokokotlong le har'a mofuta o monyane oa mongobo. E phalla ka Mphalane le Mots'eanong.
Ho tšesa seaparo sa boraro sa mariha ho felile. Ts'ebetso ea ho fetola plumage ka kakaretso e tšoana hantle le nakong ea mol mol ka seaparo sa bobeli sa mariha. Sekolo sa distal se hola nakong ea phetoho ea VI - V ea mantlha, mme ka nako e 'ngoe nakong ea kholo ea mantlha ea VII, likolo tsohle li se li le ncha. Li-helmsmen le tsona li qala ho fetoha ho tloha ho ba babeli ba bohareng, ho batho ba bang nakong ea molting oa VII - V, ho ba bang hamorao, nakong ea kholo ea IV - III paramount. Qaleho ea ho qhibiliha ha boka ba mesifa ea 'mele ho batho ba fapaneng e kanna ea tsamaellana le tšimoloho ea ho fetoha ha tse kholo, e be pele ho eona, kapa u liehe haholo. Molt ena e qala ka June mme e fela halofo ea bobeli ea Phato. Ho tšela seaparo sa boraro sa lehlabula ha ho na letho, tsela le nako ea teng ha e hlake ka lebaka la khaello ea thepa. Ho tšela seaparo sa bone sa mariha ho felile, ho qala ka Phupu (XI le X li bohlokoa haholo, bathong ba bang ba se ba le ncha ka nako eo). Molt ena e fela ka Mphalane (II paramount e hola).
Ho tšela seaparo sa bone sa lehlabula hoa lekana, nako ha e hlake ka lebaka la khaello ea thepa. Ho qeta ho tloha lehlabula la bone ho isa ho la bohlano (la ho qetela) liaparo tsa mariha ho felile, ho qala ka Phato-Phato (XI le IX li bohlokoa haholo). Matsatsi a hoqetela ha lintho tsena tse qhibilihileng ka har'a thepa ea rona ha a nkuoe, ho hlakile feela hore le tsona li fapana haholo ka bonngoe. Sena se ka ahloloa ke boemo ba molting ka Phupu le Phato batho ka bomong. Ho tloha ka la bohlano (ho qetela) mariha ho ea ho la bohlano (la ho qetela) liaparo tsa lehlabula ke karolo e itseng, ho qala ka Hlakubele-Mmesa. Ho qeta ho tloha hlabula ho ea bohlano (ho qetela) ho ea setsing sa ho qetela sa mariha ho felile, ho emeloa ke letoto la likopi tse 136. Mehato ea eona ea pele (X - XI fetoha) ka leboea ho sebaka ho tloha lebopong la Murmansk ho ea ho Anadyr Territory ho tloha ho 18.VI ho isa ho 31.VII. Ka boroa ho mokokotlo, sena se etsahala ho tloha 1.VI ho isa ho 27.VII. Qetellong ea molt ena ho tloha 1.XI ho isa 13.XII. Kahoo, hoetla ha hoetla ho batho ba baholo ho nka likhoeli tse 6 ho tloha ka June ho fihlela ka December.
Subspecies taxonomy
Ha ea hlophisoa ka ho lekana. Lefatsheng la lefats'e, bafuputsi ba fapaneng ba hlokomela ho tloha ho 4 ho isa ho 18 subspecies1 (Hartert, 1912-1921, Dwight, 1925, Peters. 1934, Stegmann, 1934, Vaurie, 1965, Stepanyan, 1975, Cramp, Simmons, 1983) tse fapaneng haholo ka 'mala. mmele o ka hodimo le maoto. Ho ea ka bangoli ba fapaneng, ho tloha ho li-subspecies tse 6 ho isa ho tse 11 li lula USSR (Timofeev-Resovsky, Shtrezman, 1959, Dolgushin, 1962, Vaurie, 1965, Stepanyan, 1975). Ke tse 6 feela tse ka nkoang li fapana haholo ho tsona (litlhaloso le tlhahlobo ea mantlha ea lipatlisiso li fanoa ke: Stepanyan, 1975):
1. Larus argentatus argentatus
Larus argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763, Danske Atlas, 1, c. 622, Denmark.
Ka morao ke bohlooho, bohlooho-putsoa, bo bobebe ho feta merabe e meng, 'me bo ts'oana le ba cachinnans. Maoto a 'mala o bofubelu bo pinki. 2. Larus argentatus antelius
Larus fuscus antelius Iredale, 1913, B.B.O.C., 31, leq. 69, libaka tse tlase tsa Ob.
Ka morao ke lefifi, le putsoa. Maoto a 'mala o mosehla.
3. Larus argentatus taimyrensis
Larus affinis taimyrensis Buturlin, 1911, Ornoloa. Vestn., 2, leq. 149, leq. Phula e tebileng, e ka bochabela ea Yenisei Gulf.
Ka morao ke 'mala o lefifi, o bobebe ho feta antelius ebile o lefifi ho feta vekele. 'Mala oa maoto o fapana ho tloha mosehla ho isa ho pinki e bobebe.
4. Latus argentatus vegae
Larus argentatus Brunn. var. vegae Palmen, 1887, Vega-Exped. Vetensk. Iakttag, 5, c. 370. Pitlekai, Hloahloeng ea Chukotka.
Ka morao ke ea bohlooho-putsoa, e bobebe ho feta lits'ebetso tse fetileng, empa e lefifi ho feta ea mantlha. 'Mala oa maoto o fapana ho tloha' mala o mopinki ho isa ho o moputsoa.
5. Larus argentatus cachinnans
Larus cachinnans Pallas, 1811, Zoographia Rosso-Asiat., 2, leq. 318, Leoatle la Caspian.
Mokokotlo o moputsoa, o tšoana le subspecies ea lebitso, empa o moputsoa o tlase. Maoto a 'mala o mosehla.
6. Larus argentatus mongolicus
Larus argentatus mongloicus Suschkin, 1925. Lenane le kabo ea linonyana tsa Russian Altai, leq. 63, oz. Urygnor, leboea-bophirima ho Mongolia.
Ka morao ke ea bohlooho-putsoa, joalo ka vekele, e lefifi ho feta mak'halatin. Mariha, e fapana le vegae ka har'a melatsoana e lefifi e sa koaheng hloohong. 'Mala oa maoto o fapana ho tloha' mala o mopinki ho isa ho o mosehla.
Litsi tse ling tse hlano tse hlalositsoeng pele (L. a. Omissus, L. a. Birulae, L. a. Ponticus, L. a. Armenicus, L. a.barabiensis) e kanna ea ba e tsoanang, kapa e khethollotsoe hampe kapa e hlalositsoe linthong tse nyane hoo nnete ea bona e belaelang.
Mamela lentsoe la leseli la silevera
Ha ho na masiba a pota-potileng mahlo, letlalo libakeng tsena ke le mosehla. Iris ke ea bohlooho. Maoto a pinki, ha nako e ntse e ea 'mala oa' ona ha o fetohe. Masiba a lulang Scandinavia a na le maoto a maputsoa. Nakong ea mariha, matata a silevera a hlaha a le metala e lefifi molaleng le hloohong.
Bacha ba fumana masiba a bobebe feela ka selemo sa 4 sa bophelo. Pele ho sena, masiba a bona a mebala e mebala-bala, e sootho le e putsoa e lula ho eona. Selemong sa bobeli sa bophelo, masiba a khanya haholo, ka selemo sa 3 'mele o ka holimo le oa hlooho o fetoha o mosoeu. Liphoofolong tse nyane, molomo le iris ea mahlo e sootho, mahlo a bohlooho a ba selemo sa 4 sa bophelo.
Mefuta ea leoatleng e noa metsi.
Phapang ho tsoa mefuteng e amanang
Ho fapana le linonyana tse sa fihleheng ho tsofala, batho ba baholo ba khona ho khetholoha habonolo ho malinyane a mang. Ha ho bapisoa le mefuta e meng e haufi, mabenyane a silevera a shebahala a le maholo haholo hape a na le litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa morphological. Khohlo ea Mediterranean e na le maoto a 'mala o mosehla, ha e' ngoe e le e 'mala o mofubelu. Oduen Seagull (Larus Audouinii) e shebahala e le setle haholoanyane, hape e na le molomo o mofubelu o lefifi le maoto a moriri o moputsoa. Bophahamo ba leoatle le maphephe a leoatle li fifala haholo - etšo ea bohlooho kapa e ntšo - liphoofotsoana tsa holimo. Armonia gull (Larus armenicus) e khetholloa ke mokokotlo o lefifi ho pota molomo. Ho tšeha ha hlooho e ntšo (Larus ichthyaetus) hlooho e lefifi, eseng e bobebe, joaloka leseli la silevera. Gray-winged Gull (Larus glaucescens) le burgomasterHyperboreus ea Larus) mapheo a mapheo a bobebe, eseng a sootho.
Lentsoe
Vocalization e ts'oana le mekhosi e meng e meholo - tsena ke likeleli tsa "gag-ag-ag" tse phahameng, tseo maemong a kotsi li phetoang hangata, tse etsang hore li shebahale joalo ka litšeho. Ka mohoo o phahameng, hangata ba akhela lihlooho tsa bona morao. Ntle le moo, ba phatlalatsa monosyllabic "kya-au", e ts'oanang le meow. Lentsoe le phahame ho feta la Klosh, empa le tlaase ho feta la lesholu.
Motsamao
Ho fofa hangata ho boreleli, ho nyoloha, le mapheo a sa tloaelehang. E ka ba moeeng nako e telele, ea nyoloha ka matla ha e nyoloha le moea. Ha e lelekisa phofu, e ka fofa ka potlako le ka mokhoa o nepahetseng. E lula e na le metsi, empa ha e qoele ka ho felletseng, haholo haeba e le kotsing. Ha e tlosa phepelo, e theola hlooho kapa karolo ea 'mele tlas'a metsi. E boreleli fatše, ka linako tse ling e etsa mekotla e mekhutšoanyane.
Sebaka
Khohlo ea silevera e pharalletse karolong e ka leboea ea lefatše, e fumaneha libakeng tse phahameng haholo tsa leoatle le libakeng tse futhumetseng tse chesang tse mongobo. Moeli o ka leboea oa sebaka sa tsoaliso o pakeng tsa 70 ho isa ho 80 ° ka leboea - ho Europe tsena ke meeli e ka leboea ea Hloahloa ea Scandinavia, Asia - lebopo le lihlekehleke tsa Arctic Ocean ka bochabela ho Taimyr, Amerika - Sehlekehleke sa Baffin le libaka tse polar tsa Canada le Alaska. Ka boroa, linonyana li lula li fihla ho 30 ° -40 ° leboea leboea - Europe ho fihla lebopong la Atlantic la Fora, Amerika libakeng tse ka boroa ho Great Lakes. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ho bile le linyeoe tse ikhethang tsa linonyana tsena ka ntle ho mofuta oa tlhaho - mohlala, Ukraine, Belarus le sebakeng sa Volga se Rybinsk Reservoir.
Tsamaiso
Baahi ba leboea ba a falla, mariha ba fallela boroa ho feta linonyana tse lulang moo li lulang kapa tse fofang. Ho Western Palaearctic, ha ba tsamaee ka nqa ea Hloahloa ea Iberia, empa Lefatšeng le Lecha ba fihla Amerika Bohareng le West Indies. Europe Bophirimela, linonyana tse ngata li lula li le mariha kahare ho mefuta ea tsona. Linonyana tse ka hare ho Scandinavia, Finland le libaka tse ka leboea-bophirima ho Russia, e le molao, li tsamaea maeto a maleletsana ho isa mabopong a Leoatle la Baltic kapa Leboea. Ho tloha Siberia le Bochabela bo Hōle, linonyana li fallela Japane, Taiwan le lebopong la Leoatle la China Boroa.
Habitat
Li-Habitats li amana le mefuta e mengata ea metsi - ka ntle le ka hare. Ho na le mafika le mabopo a leoatle a bataletseng a leoatle le matša a maholo, libaka tse nang le linōka tse pharalletseng, matamo a ho sesa le mekhoabo. Likhetho li fuoa lihlekehleke moo li sirelelitsoeng ho libatana tse hlaselang. Ho tloha qetellong ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, esale ba ntse ba ntshetsa pele litoropo tse kholo, ba haha lihlaha tsa bona marulelong a meaho. Mariha, e le molao, ba lula lebopong.
Lintlha tsa ikonomi
Hajoale, ha se palo ea sehlopha sa mabenyane a silevera feela e e-so ka e theoa ka botlalo, empa le maikutlo a nalaneng ea tšimoloho le likamano tsa lelapa ka har'a eona. Ka lingoliloeng, sehlopha sena se 'nile sa qotsoa khafetsa e le mohlala oa selika-likoe se bonts'ang tlhalohanyo ea sebaka. Ho e 'ngoe ea mesebetsi ea morao-rao, Mayr (1968), ho hlahloba le ho akaretsa lithuto tse mashome a morao tjena mabapi le sehlopha sena sa linonyana (Voous, 1960, Timofeev-Resovsky, Stresemann, 1959, Goethe, 1960, Smith, 1960, Macpherson, 1961), o qobelloa ho lumela hore boemo ba 'nete ka selikalikoe sena bo ile ba fetoha bo rarahaneng ho feta kamoo bo neng bo nahanne kateng pele. Ha a nahana ka nalane ea sehlopha sena, eena, a latela bangoli ba bang, o fana ka maikutlo a hore ho Pleistocene lenane la khauta e ne e arotsoe ka li-refugium tse 'maloa tse neng li le teng Palaearctic le Nearctic.
Sehlopha sa li-cachinnans se nang le maoto a maputsoa se ile sa fetoha sebakeng sa Aral-Caspian 'me hamorao sa hlahisa sehlopha sa Atlantic fuscus. Sehlopha sa vegae le mefuta e amanang le e maoto a pinki e qalileng lebopong la Pacific la Asia mme sa hlahisa mofuta o amanang hantle oa smithsoniaus Amerika Leboea, e sa tsoa kena Europe Bophirima, moo e thehileng mofuta o bitsoang argentatus. Moo li-argentatus kapa vegae li fumanoang ka mefuta ea maoto a mosehla, phapanyetsano ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e etsahala maemong a mang pakeng tsa bona. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lebopong la Europe, moo argentatus le fuscus li lulang hammoho, li phela joaloka mefuta e metle, hoo e batlang e se ho etsa subspecies. Lihlekehleke tse ka leboea ho Amerika Leboea li fane ka mefuta ea thayeri le glaucoides.
Ho falla
Karolong e ka boroa ea sebaka sa polokelo ea leoatle e ntšo, Sivash, hammoho le lebopong le ka boroa-bophirima la Leoatle la Caspian haufi le Kirov Bay, mekhosi ea pele e hlaha ka Pherekhong (Dunin, 1948, Kiselev, 1951, Borodulina, 1949, Ardamatskaya, 1977c), lihlekehlekeng tsa Swan tsa ho qetela. Lilemo tse 10, linonyana li hlaha kolone bohareng ba Pherekhong (Kostin, 1983). Ba fihla lebopong le ka leboea la Leoatle la Azov le ka Bochabela Ciscaucasia halofo ea pele ea Hlakubele (Filonov et al., 1974, Kazakov, Yazykova, 1982). Lebopong le ka leboea la Leoatle le Letšo haufi le noka ea Tiligulsky, ho sisinyeha ho hoholo ka ho fetisisa ho bonoa ka Hlakubele - Mots'eanong (Chernichko, puisano ea molomo). Lebopong le ka boroa-bophirima la Leoatle la Caspian ho Kirov Bay, sefofane se eketseha ho isa bofelong ba Pherekhong - mathoasong a Hlakubele, bofelong ba khoeli ena mme se bonahala se fokola 'me se fela halofo ea pele ea Hlakubele (Zablotsky, Zablotskaya, 1963).
Sebakeng se seholo sa Kazakhstan (Dolgushin, 1962), matsatsi a ho qala a ho falla ha selemo a qala ho tloha ka Hlakubele hloahloeng ea Mangyshlak Leoatleng la Caspian ho isa qalong ea Phato ea Irtysh, beseng ea Irgiza, sefofane se fela bofelong ba Hlakubele - bohareng ba Mots'eanong. Letšeng la Baraba Lowland, ketsahalo ea pele-pele e tlalehiloe ka la 4IV 1973, ho falla ho hlalositsoeng hantle ho ile ha bonoa lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng tsa Mphalane - qalong ea Mots'eanong, ba ile ba fela mona qetellong ea lilemo tse leshome tsa Mots'eanong, ka linako tse ling esita le qalong ea Pherekhong (Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977, Khodkov, 1977). Seagulls e fofa ka boroa-bochabela ho Altai ka 14 - 20.IV, ho ea ka boroa ho Baikal - 28.III - 12.IV, ho ea leboea Baikal - 12-22.IV (Kuchin, 1976, Skryabin, 19776). Ka Baikal, ho falla ha batho ba fallang ho tlalehiloe phuleng ea Selenga ho tloha ka la 15 ho isa ho la 22IV le seterekeng sa Upper Angara ho tloha ka 22.IV ho isa ho 7.V, sefofane libakeng tsena se fela bofelong ba Hlakubele - lemo tse leshome tsa pele tsa Mots'eanong (Skryabin le Sharoglazov, 1974). Linonyana tsa pele tsa leoatleng li fihla sebakeng se tlase sa Khanka ka halofo ea bobeli ea Hlakubele (Glushchenko, 1981), le linonyana tse fallang libakeng tse ka boroa ho Primorye li tlalehiloe halofo ea bobeli ea Mphalane - pele Mots'eanong (Chersky, 1915, Panov, 1973). Ka Sakhalin, ho ea leboea ho qala lilemong tse leshome tsa pele tsa Mphalane (Gizenko, 1955).
Karolong e ka leboea ea marang-rang, pele ho tsohle (ka lilemo tse fapaneng ho tloha ho 22 ho isa ho 26.III) li-silver gulls li fofa lebopong la leoatle le se nang leqhoa la Leoatle la Barents (Modestov, 1967), le hamorao (ho tloha ka 26.V ho isa ho 13.VI) - ho ea libakeng tse lebopong la Siberia le Taimyr ho ea Indigirka (Birulya, 1907; Pleske, 1928; Uspensky et al., 1962; Matyushenkov, 1979).
Ho latela data ea nako e telele, batho ba pele ba fihla Estonia ka karolelano ea 3.IV (Root-smae, Rootsmae, 1976). Ho falla ho matla libakeng tsa Baltic ho bonoe ho tloha ka la 16 ho isa ho la 30V (Lein, Kasparson, 1961), Leoatleng le Letšo - ho tloha bohareng ba Mphalane ho isa ho 9.V (Bianchi, 1959. 1967, Kokhanov, Skokova, 1960). Leoatleng la Barents, ho falla ho bonoa ho fihlela halofo ea pele ea Mots'eanong (Pleske, 1928, Kurochkin, Skokova, 1960, Skalinov, 1960, Kokhanov. 1965), mme e phalla haholo mona ka Hlakubele - Mots'eanong. Nakong ea bohareng ba Ob haufi le motse oa Narym le Tym e bohareng, linonyana tsa pele li tlalehiloe ka la 2-14.V (Gyngazov, Milovidov, 1977). Ka Middle Yenisei sebakeng sa motsana. Khotso le nokeng. Ho fallisoa ha batho ka bongata ho ile ha tlalehoa lilemong tse leshome tsa boraro tsa Mots'eanong (Larionov, Sedalishchev, 1978, Rogacheva et al. 1978). Ho Vilyue, B.N. Andreev (1974) o hlokometse temana e hlalositsoeng hantle ho tloha ho 5 ho isa ho 7.V. Lebopong le ka boroa-bochabela la Kamchatka, ho latela E.G. Lobkov (1980), ho falla ho bonoa ho tloha bohareng ba Mphalane ho isa bofelong ba Mots'eanong. Ka leboea ho hloahloeng ena molomong oa noka. Sefofane se tloaelehileng sa Apuki se ngolisitsoe ka 1960 le 1961. ho tloha ho 4 ho isa ho 26.V (Kishchinsky, 1980), le ho Anadyr sebakeng sa motsana. Markovo - ho tloha ho 11 ho isa ho 22.V (Portenko, 1939).
Lihlopheng tse fallang, bacha ba ka etsa liperesente tse 20 ho isa ho tse 80 tsa palo ea batho ba baholo, 'me qetellong ea sefofane palo ea bona e eketseha, e leng se bonts'a hore batho ba baholo ba qala le ho emisa ho fallisa pejana ho feta ba banyenyane (Sushkin, 1908, Kurochkin, Gerasimova, 1960, Khodkov , 19776, 1981a, Kretschmar et al., 1978, Kishchinsky, 1980). Libakeng tsa mabopo a leoatle le linoka tse kholo, hangata liphokojoe li fofa le tsona, empa li ka tšela le libaka tse kholo tse hole le mabopo. Leoatleng le lesoeu, nakong ea ho falla hangata ba lula haufi le likampo kapa leoatleng le bulehileng, libakeng tsa ho tsoma li-seal (Kurochkin, Gerasimova, 1960, Skalinov, 1960).
Ho falla ha li-Autumn hangata ho etelloa pele ke nako ea ho lelera, e lulang libakeng tse fapaneng ho tloha matsatsing a 7-10 ho isa ho likhoeli tse 2,5 mme e bontšoa ka mekhoa e mengata e fapaneng (Modestov, 1967, Bianchi, Boyko, 1972, 1975, Kurochkin, Skokova, 1960, Vinokurov, 1965, Khodkov, 1967). Hamorao, butle-butle ho falla ho fetoha sefofane sa 'nete. Leoatleng la Barents, e qala bohareng ba Phato - kotara ea pele ea Loetse ebile e fela bohareng ba Mphalane (Kokhanov, Skokova, 1960, Modestov, 1967). Li-White Sea li qala ho tloha bofelong ba Phupu ho isa bofelong ba Mphalane (Blagosklonov, 1960, Skokova, 1960, Flerov, Skalinov, 1960), ho fallisoa ha batho ba bangata Khubakak Gulf ho ella bofelong ba bo-1960 ho tlalehiloe lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng tsa Loetse (Bianki, Boyko, 1972, 1975), e leng matsatsi a 10-15 pejana ho feta a 1950s. Ka bochabela bochabela Hloahloeng ea Kanin haufi le molomo oa Kuloy B. Zhitkov (1904) o ile a hlokomela mohlape oa pele oa sefofane sa 18VII. Ka Novaya Zemlya, ho falla le ho falla ka lilemo tse fapaneng ho ile ha bonoa ho tloha ho 6.VIII ho isa ho 19.IX (Gorbunov, 1929). Karolong e ka leboea ea mokoloko, ho falla ho bonoa ho tloha bohareng ba Phato ho fihlela Mphalane. Lebopong le ka boroa-bochabela la Kamchatka, ho na le phallo e fokolang ho tloha bohareng ba Mphalane ho isa matsatsing a pele a Pulungoana (Lobkov, 1980).
Libakeng tsa Baltic, ho falla ho bonoa ho tloha ka Phato ho fihlela Novemba; li etsahala haholo ho tloha bohareng ba Lwetse ho isa bohareng ba Mphalane. Sebakeng sa Volga-Kama interfluve, sefofane se nka ho tloha bofelong ba Mphalane ho isa qalong ea Mphalane (Vodolazhskaya, Zaletaev, 1977), lebopong la Leoatle le Letšo molomong oa Danube - ho tloha ka Mphalane ho fihlela ka Mphalane (Andone et al., 1965), setsing sa Tiligulsky estuary (sebaka sa mabothooa sa Odessa) keketseho ea palo ea linonyana tse fallang e se e hlokometsoe ka Phupu (Chernichko, puisano ea molomo). Ho falla ho matla ho etsahala lebopong le ka bochabela la Leoatle la Azov ka Mphalane (Vinokurov, 1965), le Leoatleng la Caspian sebakeng sa Hasan-Kuli, ho tloha Mphalane ho isa halofong ea bobeli ea Pulungoana (Isakov, Vorobyov, 1940). Ho falla ho sebetsang ho tlalehiloe ka Marang-rang a Baraba ka halofo ea bobeli ea Loetse - Mphalane (Khodkov, 19776, 1983). Ho Transbaikalia ka boroa-bophirima, temana e etsahetse ho tloha lilemong tsa leshome tsa Loetse ho fihlela qetellong ea khoeli ena (Izmailov, 1967).
Linonyana tse jang sebakeng sa Yuropa sa USSR, Kazakhstan le ka boroa ho Siberia Bophirimela, li fallela ka bophirima le boroa-bophirima ho oela setsing sa Leoatle la Atlantic le Leoatle la Mediterranean. Mefuta ea linonyana ea leoatleng bochabela bochabela ho Taimyr Bophirimela e tsamaea ka boroa-bochabela ho beoa Leoatleng la Pacific. Joalo ka selemo, linonyana li latela mabopo a leoatle kapa liphula tsa linoka tse kholo, empa li ka tšela le libaka tse kholo tsa naha le mehloli e meholo ea metsi a leoatle (Lugovoi, 1958, Jõgi et al., 1961, Vaitkevicius, 1968). Leoatleng le tšoeu, Hloahloa ea Gydan, e Siberia ea Bophirimela, bacha ba tloha libakeng tsa tsoalo pele ho batho ba baholo (Naumov, 1931, Kurochkin, Skokova, 1960), ho ba bang (Vilyuy, Baikal, Setereke sa Magadan), ka lehlakoreng le leng, batho ba baholo ba tloha pejana ho ba banyenyane (Andreev, 1974, Kretschmar et al., 1978, Shkatulova, 1981). Ka tsela e fapaneng, lithuto tsena li bonts'a hore bongata ba batho ba bacha le ba baholo ba arotsoe ka nako nakong ea ho falla.
Habitat
E fapana haholo, haholo-holo lehlabula. Ka nako ea ho jala, libakeng tsohle tse fumanehang tikolohong ho tloha tundra ho isa lehoatateng, li lula ka mabopong a leoatle (a matlapa kapa a boreleli), le bohareng ba naha, ba rata lihlekehleke hohle: Leoatle, linokeng le matšeng a maholo, mefuta e fapaneng ea mekhoabo le matamo a maholo. Ho tloha pheletsong ea lekholo la ho qetela la lilemo, ho bile le tšekamelo ea ho ntšetsoa pele li-bithope tsa anthropogenic, tse entseng hore ho feto-fetoha le maemo ho lula marulelong a meaho ea meaho e fapaneng Bulgaria, lihlekehleke tsa Borithane, Jeremane ea Democratic Republic le Jeremane, Finland le USA (Reiser, 1894, Paynter, 1963, Cramp, 1971 : Kosonen, Makinen, 1978).
Lilemong tse mashome tse fetileng, mokhoa ona o holile (Kumerloeve, 1957. Goethe, 1960, Mountfort, Ferguson, 1961, O'Meara, 1975: Monaghan, Coulson, 1977, Fisk, 1978, Hoyer, Hoyer, 1978, Monaghan, 1982, Nanking, 1981, 1982). Ho USSR, nesting mehahong e ngolisitsoe Riga ho tloha bofelong ba bo-1970 (Strazdins et al., 1987). Mariha, malinyane a silevera a lula libakeng tse lebopong la leoatle le mabopong a leoatle a haufi le mehloli ea lijo.
Palo
Palo eohle ea linonyana tsa nesting e fumanoe feela bakeng sa libaka tse ling tsa naha. Kahoo, lebopong la Murmansk, ho latela likhakanyo tsa T. D. Gerasimova (1962) le I. P. Tatarinkova (1970, 1975), liketane tse likete tse 67, karolong e bolokiloeng ea Kandalaksha Bay - bonyane likete tse likete tse 1,3. (Bianchi, 1967), lebopong le ka bophirima la Estonia (Peedosaar, Onno, 1970) le lebopong le ka boroa la Gulf of Finland (Renno, 1972) - 640 le 658 lipara. Lihlekehlekeng tsa Swan tse Leoatleng le Letšo ka 1979, ho ile ha luloa matloana a 9417 (Kostin, Tarina, 1981), lebopong la Dairy la Leoatle la Azov ka 1975-1979. ho tloha ho tse 481 ho isa ho tse 630 ho ile ha tsotelloa. (Siohin, 1981), molomong oa Danube ka 1976-1979. ho tlalehiloe lipara tse ka bang 500 (Petrovich, 1981), Ciscaucasia Bochabela ka 1968-1980. ho tloha ho tse 240 ho isa ho tse 3270 ho ile ha nkuoa likhato (Krivenko, Lyubaev, 1975, 1977, 1981, Yazykova, 1975, Kazakov et al., 1981, Kazakov, Yazykova, 1982).
Leoatleng la Caspian sebakeng sa lihlekehleke tsa Baku ka 1961-1967 ho tloha 2,750 ho isa ho tse 3 500 li-nested (Tuaev et al., 1972). Ho ile ha tlalehoa lipara tse 270 Letšeng la Baikal libakeng tsa Upper Angara le Kichera (Popov, 1979, Popov, Sadkov, 1981), 560, 90, le lipara tse 320, ka ho latellana, tsa ata tikolohong ea Leoatle le Nyane, molomo oa Angara, le lihlekehlekeng tsa Chivyrkuy Bay. Hamorao, ho fihla ho 870 ho baliloe Leoatleng le Nyenyane, le ho fihla ho 1,200 lipakeng tsa Angara Delta (Litvinov et al., 1977, Scriabin et al., 1977). Matšeng a Torey ka 1976, li-pair tsa li-3.7 tse likete li fumaneha (Zubakin, 1981a).
Likarolong tse ngata tsa USSR, palo e ntse e hola butle, ka mohlala, Leoatleng la Barents, Kapa Baltic, Lewatleng le Letšo, Rybinsk Reservoir, Ciscaucasia le Lake Baikal (Aumees, 1972, Renno, 1972, Kostin, 1975, Krivenko, Lyubaev, 1975 1977, 1981, Nemtsev, 1980, Kostin, Tarina, 1981, Krivenko, 1981, Scriabin et al., 1977, Tatarinkova, 1975, 1981, Kumari, 1978, Popov, 1979, Popov, Sadkov, 1981, Siohin, 1981a), ho tse ling (libaka tse holimo tsa linaha tsa Baltic, lihlekehleke ka bomong tsa Vaikai li bolokehile lebopong la Estonia, Sehlekehleke sa Pearl lebopong le ka leboea la Leoatle la Caspian) - o oela (Aumees, 196 7, Kumari, 1978, Baumanis, 1980, Gavrilov, Krivonosov, 1981, Petrins, 1982). Ntle le USSR, haholo Europe Bophirimela le lebopong la Atlantic la United States, ho ahloloa ke lingoliloeng, ho na le keketseho e matla ea lipalo. Mabaka a keketseho e makatsang le e potlakileng joalo ea lipalo lilemong tse 40 tse fetileng, bafuputsi ba bangata ba bona ho ikamahanya le lijo tsa tlhaho ea anthropogenic. Keketseho e matla ea lipalo e ka baka phetoho ho tloha ho a le mong ho ea ho nesting ea bokolone (Bergmann, 1982).
Kamano le monna
Likhahla tsa silevera ha li tšabe batho. Ba lula ka mafolofolo marulelong a matlo. Haeba seagull e lumela hore motho o batla ho utloisa ngoana bohloko, oa mo hlasela. Ka linako tse ling linonyana tsena tse ikhohomosang li hula lijo tsa batho seterateng, matsohong a bona.
Lilemong tse 25 tse fetileng, ho bile le tšekamelo ea ho fokotsa palo ea lirafshoa tsa silevera. Europe, palo ea linonyana tsena e fokotsehile ka 50%. Lebaka le ka sehloohong la boemo bona ke lintlha tsa tikoloho le ho fokotseha ha palo ea litlhapi libakeng tse lebopong la leoatle. Mabapi le liketsahalo tsena, mabotho a silevera a Europe a ka har'a Buka e Khubelu. Leha taba ea hore likhalase tsa silevera li na le boemo ba ho boloka, ha ho tsejoe hore na sena se tla thusa ho boloka palo ea mefuta.
Haeba u fumana phoso, ka kopo khetha sekhechana sa mongolo ebe o tobetsa Ctrl + Kena.
Vocalization
Makhopho a silvery a na le melumo e mengata e hahelletsoeng: e boreleli, ea tšeha, ea bokolla, ea meea le e meqathatso. Lerata le ikhethang la litšeho tsa leoatleng le tsoa, o lutse fatše mme o akhela hlooho morao. Bakeng sa mohoo ona libakeng tse ngata li bitsoa "litšeho" (hore li se ke tsa ferekanngoa le litšeho tse nang le hlooho e ntšo).
Boitšoaro ba sechaba
Lerata la silevera ke nonyana ea bokolone. Mebala e ka ba mengata haholo (lipara tse makholo a 'maloa ka' ngoe), e ka ba tse nyane, e ka ba mefuta ea mono, i.e. ke li-silevera feela tse lulang ho tsona, empa li ka tsoakoa i.e. le mefuta e meng ea matenya. Ka har'a kolone, banyalani ka bomong ba na le sebaka sa eona, seo ba se lebelang ka hloko. Haeba kamanong le sera sa kantle lihloho tsohle tse kenang ka koloneng li sebetsa ka tsela e mosa haholo, li bonts'a tlhaselo eo, ka nako eo balekane ba babeli ba lula ba qabana, kapa ba hlaselana.
Ka har'a para, boits'oaro ba likhofu tsa leoatleng le bona bo rarahane haholo, haholo nakong ea nako ea ho emola. Ho na le lefereho fats'e, le moetlo oa ho fepa o motšehali oa mosali, le boits'oaro ba "malinyane" a tšehali (a lutse pela sehlaha, e tšehali ka lentsoe le khuts'oane ebile e kopa lijo ho monna). Kamora ho behela mahe, tloaelo ena ea ho holofatsa e ea butle butle ebe e fela ka botlalo.
Bophelo ba Zoo
Sebakeng sa Zoo ea Moscow, malinyane a silevera a lula matangoaneng a ho sesa ka Ntlong ea Linonyana. Lijo tsa bona li tšoana le tsa litšeho tse hlooho e ntšo hape li na le motsoako oa lijo tsa liphoofolo le tsa meroho.
Empa zoo e boetse e na le malinyane a phelisang a sa pheleng a lutseng ho Letamo le Leholo la Old Territory. Ba qalile ho hlaha mona ka selemo sa 2011, ho bonahala ba ile ba tloha ho rona ba tsoa nokeng ea Moskva. Joale e ne e le ba babeli feela, leha ho le joalo, selemo se seng le se seng koloni eo e ile ea eketseha 'me joale bonyane lihlaha tse 7, hape ho na le linonyana tse fapaneng. Le nakong ea ho aha bocha Letamo le Leholo, ha metsi a ne a tsoa ho lona, matata a leoatleng ha a ka a tloha tšimong eo a e ratang, a khotsofetse ke maraba a manyane a setseng. Li tsoala hangata, li holisa litsuonyana tse 'maloa selemo se seng le se seng. Linonyana tsa leoatleng li fula mona letamong, ka lehlabula tsena ke litlhapi - litopo tse lulang letamong, le matsuane a metsifowl (mallards, gogol le ba bang), 'me mariha - maeba a a tšoasa lebopong. Mekholutsoane ea leoatleng e tloaetse letangoana lena 'me e sebetsa ka mafolofolo le ka bohlale hoo esita le maruoa a ke keng a qothisana lehlokoa le' ona ha a fumana lijo. Hammoho le gull, li-terns tse tloaelehileng (Sterna hirundo), baemeli ba fokolang ba lelapa le letšo, ba lula koloneng ena. Ka tsela, e ne e le bona ba thehileng kolone ena ea mahala ho Pond e Kholo, ba lula mona ka 2010. Le hona joale li ntse li tsoela pele ho lula li ntse li le teng, leha ho na le baahelani ba mabifi ba joaloka likhoto tsa silevera.