Sehlopha sa Coral polyps ke sa 'mele oa ka mpeng' me se kenyelletsa mefuta e ka bang likete tse 6. Ha ho na sethala sa jellyfish bophelong ba bona. Li-polyps tsa Coral, ho latela mefuta ea tsona, e ka ba e le 'ngoe kapa ea bokolone. Mefuta ea boholo ba liforomo tse le 'ngoe e ka fihla ho cm kapa ho feta ka bophara,' me boholo ba mefuta ea likolone bo ka ba tlase ho lisenthimithara.
Li-polyp tsa Coral li lula maoatleng a libakeng tse chesang tse tebileng moo ho sa tebang.
Tšobotsi e ikhethang ea "polyps" ea likolone ke ho ba teng ha skeleton ea calcare kapa horny. Lime skeleton polyps theha mafika a likorale. Li-polyps tse le 'ngoe tsa coral ha li na masapo a joalo, li khona ho tsamaea ka tlase, li pate benthos ebile li sesa le ho koba hanyane.
Likorale li bitsoa lesapo la mefuta ea bokolone. Likorale tsa boholo-holo li ile tsa theha lijeke tse ngata tsa limestone, tseo joale li sebelisoang ho aheng.
Mefuta ea masapo a polar polyp e entsoe likarolong tse tlase tsa ectoderm kapa mesogley. Ka lebaka leo, ho ea etsahala hore batho ka bomong ba koloneng ba lutse lijong tsa masapo a tloaelehileng. Khokahano pakeng tsa li-polyps e bakoa ke karolo ea lithane tse phelang holim 'a likorale.
Ka mpeng ea intestinal ho na le "radial septa" e sa phethahalang, e robeli kapa makhetlo a tšeletseng. Bokaholimo bo na le likhoele tse kopaneng, eseng tse ling. Ho bula molomo ho lika-likelitsoe ke lintho tse ngata tse hahelletsoeng ka tenteng. Mefuta ea bokolone e fepa ho plankton (crustaceans le arthropods tse ling). Li-polyps tse le 'ngoe, tse kang li-anemone tsa leoatle, li ja liphoofolo tse kholo (litlhapi, li-crustaceans).
Li-polyp tsa Coral li na le lisele tsa mesifa le tsamaiso ea mesifa.
Haufi le molomo o koalang ho na le lisele tsa methapo ea kutlo.
Li-polyps tsa likorale li ikatisa ka tsela ea tlhaho le ka thobalano. Ho ikatisa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ho etsoa ka budding. Mefuteng e meng e le 'ngoe ea polyps, ntle le budding, karohano ea nako e telele ea motho ka likarolo tse peli e ka etsahala. Nakong ea kemolo ea botona le botšehali, lisele tsa germ li theha ka har'a endoderm, hangata ho likarolo tsa mokokotlo. Spermatozoa e tlohela e tona ebe e sesa e kena ka mpeng ea mpa ea mosali, moo manyolo a hlahang. Lesea le phaphametseng la 'metso' le qala ho tsoa ka ntle ho zygote, le pharalletseng ka mor'a nako e itseng le lula sebakeng se secha, 'me sena se hlahisa polyp e ncha.
Li-anemone tsa leoatleng ke khanya ea li-polyp tsa likorale, hangata li le mong. Li fapana ka sebopeho sa 'mele oa mmele, ho se be teng ha masapo a nang le liminerale, lisente tse ngata tse fapaneng, mebala e fapaneng e khanyang. Li-anemone tse ling tsa leoatleng li qala ho ba le matšoao a makhopho a limela tse lulang likhetlong tse tloheletsoeng ke bo-mollusk. Tabeng ena ea lefutso, mofets'e o sebelisa anemone ea leoatleng e le mokhoa oa ho itšireletsa khahlanong le libatana (tse hlabang lisele tsa mokokotlo oa hae). Actinia e tsamaea ka thuso ea mofetše, e e lumellang hore e tšoase lijo haholoanyane.
Li-polyp tsa likorale li hlokomela tšilafalo ea metsi. Kahoo ho fokotseha ha oksijene metsing ho lebisa lefung la bona.
Ketsahalo ea bohlokoa ea likorale
Lekala le leng le le leng la likorale ke pokello ea polyps e nyane e bitsoang koloni. Ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e joalo e bopa lera le kopaneng le itširelletsang. Ha polyp e ncha e tsoaloa, e inamela ho ea pele ebe e qala ho theha khetla e ncha. Ena ke kholo e hola butle ea likorale, tseo maemong a nepahetseng li ka bang cm 1 ka selemo. Likarolo tse kholo tsa lintho tse joalo tsa metsing li theha mafika a likorale.
Sehlopha sa "coral polyps" se kenyeletsa lintho tse latelang:
1. Ho ba le masapo a calcareous. Ba kenya letsoho molemong oa ho theha mafika.
Ho ba le masapo a protheine. Tsena li kenyelletsa likorale tse ntšo le li-gorgoni.
3. E theotsoe skeleton efe kapa efe e tiileng (sea anemone).
Litsebi li khetholla mefuta e ka bang likete tse 6 ea likorale tsa polasetiki. Lebitso Anthozoa ka Selatine le bolela "palesa ea liphoofolo." Li-polyp tsa Coral li na le ponahalo e ntle haholo. Li khetholloa ke mefuta e mengata ea moriti. Metsoako ea tsona e tsamaeang e tšoana le lipalesa tsa lipalesa. Li-polyps tse kholo tse le 'ngoe li hola ho fihla ho 1 m ka bolelele. Hangata bophara ba tsona bo ka ba 50-60 cm.
Habitat
Baemeli ba bangata ba likorale tsa leoatle ba lula haufi le metsi a leoatle. Empa ka nako e ts'oanang, boholo ba bona bo kenelletse maoatleng a futhumetseng a tropike. Li hola ka mokhoa o phethahetseng ka mocheso o seng tlase ho 20 ° C. Li-polyp tsa Coral li lula botebong ba limilimithara tse 20. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore mapolanka le liphoofolo tse nyane tse jang lintho tsena li phela mohloling ona oa metsi.
Tsela ea matla
Hangata, li-polyps tsa likorale lia hatelloa nakong ea motšehare, 'me ka ho fifala ha leqhubu ba otlolla lisabole tsa bona, tseo ba tšoereng phofu ea bona e fetang ka bona. Li-polyps tse nyane li iphepa ka plankton, athe li-polyp tse kholo li khona ho fepa liphoofolo tse nyane. Hangata, polyps e le 'ngoe e kholo e ja litlhapi le shrimp. Har'a sehlopha sena sa lintho tse phelang, ho boetse ho na le baemeli ba joalo ba bang teng ka lebaka la lefu la masapo le unicellular algae (autotrophic protozoa).
Kaho
Li-polyp tsa Coral, tseo sebopeho sa tsona se fapaneng hanyane ho latela mofuta oa tsona, li na le lisele tsa mesifa. Ba theha mesifa e fetohang le e telele ea 'mele. Li-polyp li na le tsamaiso ea methapo, e leng phallo e teteaneng e sebakeng sa disk ea molomo ea lintho tsena. Letlalo la bona le kanna la ba kahare, la thehoa ho mesoglya, kapa kantle, le thehiloeng ke ectoderm. Hangata, polyp ena e lula ka har'a koro e bopehileng joaloka kopi, e bonahala e le holim 'a eona. Ha e le molao, sebopeho sa polyps ke moqomo. Bokaholimo ba eona, ho lula ho beoa disk e ikhethang, e tsoang moo lintho tse phelang li tsoang teng. Li-polyps li tsitsitse ho skeleton e tloaelehileng kolone. Tsena kaofela li hokahantsoe ke sebopuoa se phelang se koahelang masapo ohle a likorale. Mefuteng e meng, li-polyps tsohle li hokahane ka lipeipi tse kenang ka lejoe la mokoetla.
Letlalo la polar ea coral e sirelelitsoe ke epithelium e kantle. Boholo ba eona e bonahala e le metheo ea "marang-rang" a leoatle. Ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ena, batho ba phelang ba hola ka holim'a likorale, 'me e hola ka nako e telele. Boholo ba likorale tse nang le mahlakore a robeli a marang-rang a na le masapo a sa holang hantle. E nkeloa sebaka ke se bitsoang hydroskeleton, e teng ka lebaka la ho tlatsoa ha sefuba ka mpeng.
Lebota la 'mele la polyp le na le ectoderm (mokato o ka ntle) le endoderm (sekaka se ka hare). Lipakeng tsa tsona ho na le sekhechana sa mesogley e se nang sebopeho. Ka har'a ectoderm ho na le lisele tse hlabang tse bitsoang li-cnidoblasts. Sebopeho sa mefuta e fapaneng ea li-coral polyps e kanna ea fapana hanyane. Mohlala, li-anemone tsa leoatle ke cylindrical. Bophahamo ba eona ke 4-5 cm, 'me botenya ba eona ke cm 2-3. Moqomo ona o entsoe ka "barrel", "maoto" le karolo e kaholimo. Haemone ea leoatleng e roesoa moqhaka ka disk moo molomo (peristome) o teng, mme bohareng ba eona ke lekhalo le phahameng.
Haufi le eona ho na le litente tse hahiloeng ka lihlopha. Ba theha mekoloko e mengata. Ba pele le ba bobeli ba na le ba 6, ba boraro ba na le ba 12, ba bone ba le ba 24, ba bohlano ba le litente tse 48. Kamora 1 le 2, potoloho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e latelang e na le makhetlo a 2 ho feta e fetileng. Li-anemone tsa leoatleng li ka nka mefuta e fapaneng (palesa, tamati, fern). Pharynx e lebisa kahara gastric cavity, e arotsoe ke radial septa e bitsoang septa. Li emela mehato ea morao ea endoderm, e nang le likarolo tse peli. Pakeng tsa tsona ho na le mesogley e nang le lisele tsa mesifa.
Septa theha mpa ea polyp. Ho tloha holimo, li hola ka 'mete o sa lefelloeng molaleng oa hae. Likarolong tsa lebitla ho na le litšila, li boreleli ebile li lutse ka lisele tse silang lijo le tse sitisang. Li bitsoa filaments ea mesenteric, 'me lipheletso tsa tsona tsa mahala li bitsoa li-accentuations. Ho tšela lijo ka polyp ho etsoa ka li-enzyme tse patiloeng ke eona.
Ho tsala
Ho hlahisoa ha polyps ea likorale ho etsoa ka tsela e ikhethang. Palo ea bona e lula e eketseha khafetsa ka lebaka la ho ikatisa ka mokhoa oa tlhaho, o bitsoang budding. Mefuta e meng ea li-polyp li tsoala thobalano. Mefuta e mengata ea lihloliloeng tsena e ea fapana. Motsoako oa ba batona ka ho phunyeletsa marakong a liphokojoe hore o kenelle ka mpeng ea mpa ea mpa. Ebe li kena molomong oa mosali. Ebe mahe a emisoa mme a hola ka nako e itseng ho mesoglysis ea septum.
Ts'ebetsong ea nts'etsopele ea embryonic, ho fumanoa liea tse nyane tse ho sesa ka metsing ka bolokolohi. Ha nako e ntse e tsamaea, ba lula botlaaseng ebe e ba basomi ba likolone tse ncha kapa batho ba ikhethang ba li-polyps.
Likorilla e le baetsi ba mepopotlo ea pele
Bongata bo boholo ba polyps ea leoatleng e kentse letsoho ho theheng mafika. Hangata likorale li bitsoa masapo a letlalo la polyps a ileng a sala kamora lefu la lintho tse ngata tse nyane. Hangata lefu la bona le halefisoa ke keketseho ea lintho tse phelang metsing le linthong tse tlase. Sesosa sa ts'ebetso ena ke likokoana-hloko. Tikoloho e nang le lintho tse ngata tsa manyolo ke sebaka se setle bakeng sa nts'etsopele e sebetsang ea likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic, ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa eo acidity ea metsi le lihlahisoa tsa eona tsa oksijene li fokotsehang. "Leroala" le joalo le na le tšusumetso ho "polyps" e le 'ngoe le likolone.
Libaka tse tlase tsa polyps
Litsebi li khetholla likarolo tse peli tsa polyps tse peli, tse kenyeletsang litaelo tse fapaneng tsa lintho tsena tsa metsing:
1. Boroko ba robeli (Octocorallia), e kenyeletsang likorale tse bonolo (Alcyonaria) le lenaka (Gorgonaria). E boetse e kenyelletsa masiba a leoatle (Pennatularia), stolonifera (Stolonifera), polyp Helioporacea e putsoa. Li na le melaetsa e robeli ea matsoho, sesepa sa sefahleho se kahare, le litente tsa cirrus.
2. Bear-six .
Ts'ebeliso ea lapeng
Li-polyps tse ling tsa coral li lengoa ka katleho ke basomi ba libakeng tsa maiketsetso. Letlalo le boreleli la mefuta e meng ea lintho tsena tsa metsing le sebelisoa ho etsa mabenyane. Linaheng tse ling moo likorale tsa polokelo ea likorale li e-so thibeloe, mesaletsa ea tsona e sebelisetsoa ho haha matlo le meaho e meng. Li boetse li sebelisoa e le mekhabiso le matlo le lirapa.
Phapang ke efe pakeng tsa likorale le likorale tse fapaneng?
Li-polyps tsa likorale - Lintho tse phelang. Tsena ke li-invertebrates tsa metsing kapa tse its'oereng habonolo tse lulang ka tlas'a metsi a futhumetseng a tropike. Ke tsa mofuta Ho thetsa, tse bonts'itsoeng ke ho ba teng ha lisele tse hlabang tse sebelisetsoang ho tsoma. Boholo ba polyps bo na le skeleton e tiileng ea calcareous. Ke skeleton ena e ntseng e phela kamora lefu la kolone ea li-coral polyps, e bitsoang feela likorale. Hona ke phapano. Empa khafetsa lentsoe "likorale" le utloisisoa e le li-invertebrates tse phelang, le masapo a bona, 'me ka linako tse ling esita le mekhabiso ea maiketsetso e entsoeng ka likorale tsa' mala o motle haholo.
Likorale li fumanoa feela metsing a leoatle a letsoai. Metsi a hloekileng a ba bolaea. Li boetse li shoa moeeng ka potlako, empa ho na le mefuta ea likorale tse phelang ka mofuta oa "khetla" e tšoanang le khetla ea lithunya. Ha leqhubu le tlase, metsi a leoatle a lula ho lona, a bolokang bophelo ba polyp ho fihlela leqhubu le khutla.
Ntlo ea Coral - metsi a futhumetseng a futhumetseng le a libakeng tse chesang tse nang le mabone a matle le mocheso oa metsi + 20 ° C. Bongata ba mefuta eohle e phela botebong ba limithara tse 50. Ke mefuta e le 'ngoe feela e meholo e khonang ho phela botebong moo khanya ea letsatsi e sa keneng.
Mopopotlo oa likorale. Likorale le likorale tsa likorale.
Mefuta le Classified
Li-polyp tsa Coral li arotsoe likarolo tse peli tse kholo: boroko-tse tšeletseng le borobeli.
Li-polyp tsa li-coral tse bolelele ba tse tšeletseng (Hexacorallia) - - Likokoana-hloko tsa leoatleng kapa likolone tse nang le palo ea li-tentacle tse ngata tsa 6. Khafetsa ke li-polyps tse nang le lipampiri tse fapaneng tsa lisente (5, 8 kapa 10). Ka kakaretso, ho na le mefuta e 4 300 ea likorale tse nang le lintlha tse tšeletseng tsa likorale. Baemeli ba tsebahalang haholo ba sehlekehleke sena sa tlhaho ke li-anemone tsa leoatle. Ha ba na masapo a tiileng ebile ha ba nke karolo ho thehoeng ha mafika. Li-anemone tsa leoatleng li ikamahanya le bophelo hore li phele mopopotlong o kenang molemong oa ho khetholloa ke liphoofolo tse ling tsa metsing.
Litlhapi tsa Clown li lula ka har'a mesaba ea li-hemicals tsa leoatle anemones. Ho feta moo, tlhapi e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e sala le anemone ea leoatle e khethiloeng bophelo bohle. Litlhapi tsa Clown li koahetsoe ke mucus e khethehileng, e ba etsang hore ba se ke ba hlola chefo ea li-anemone tsa leoatleng. Ka nepo, lisele tsa polyp ha li sebetse ha li kopana le letlalo le thellang la tlhapi. Kahoo, anemone e sireletsa tlhapi ea clown ho liphoofolo tse jang tse ling, le hore nako le nako e e hloekise ho tsoa ho likokoana-hloko.
Mopopotlo oa likorale. Likorale le likorale tsa likorale.
Mohlala o mong oa ho ba le melemo e tšoanang ea ho lula hammoho ke li-anemones tsa leoatleng tse nang le mofets'e oa hermit. Polyp e lula holim'a khetla ea mofets'e mme oa leboha ha a ntse a tsamaea lewatleng. Ho fapana le sena, crab ea hermit e sireletsoa ka matla ho lira tse ngata.
Sehlopha se seholo ka ho fetisisa sa likorale tse 'mala oa likorale tse tšeletseng madreporic kapa likorale tsa majoe (Scleractinia) Hajoale ho hlalosoa mefuta e 3,600. Li khetholloa ke ho ba teng ha skeleton ea calcareous. Likorale tsena ke moqapi o ka sehloohong oa meropa. Li-corals tse nang le lejoe le le leng li ka ba bolelele ba cm cm mme li lula botebong ba 6 km. Empa boholo ba baemeli ba tšilafalo ena bo nyane (ho fihlela ho 5 mm.) Li-polyps. Ba hlophisa kolone e kholo, e nang le li-polyps tse likete tse makholo le ho fihlela boima ba lithane tse 'maloa.
Li-Coral Polyps tse robeli (Octocorallia) Na se ka tlas'a li-polyps tsa likorale tse nang le li-corolla tse nang le lisente tse robeli. Ona ke mofuta oa khale ka ho fetisisa, mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale-khale tse fumanoeng li-amana, tseo lilemo tsa tsona li hakangoang ho lilemo tse limilione tse 145. Mohlomong kaofela ha bona ba tsoa ho moholo-holo a le mong. Tsena ke li-polyps tse nyane haholo - boholo ba tsona hangata ha bo fetang 1 cm.
Boholo ba likorale tse nang le mahlakore a robeli li na le masapo a tiileng a calcareous. Kenya letsoho ho bopa mafika.
Mopopotlo oa likorale. Likorale le likorale tsa likorale.
Symbiosis ea leoatle anemone le mofets'e oa hermit
Re hlokomela ka ho khetheha mohlala oa khale oa mofuta oa lefu la ts'oaro (Greek Symbiosis - ho phela hammoho) - ho ba teng haufi-ufi ha mefuta e 'meli kapa ho feta, eo (joalo ka molao) e seng e le bohlokoa ebile e hlokahala ho molekane e mong le e mong.
Symbiosis e etsahala lipakeng tsa anemone ea leoatle le mofets'e oa hermit. Crab ea bo-'me e se nang balekane, ha e se e fumane anemone, e qala ho e otla. Ho makatsang ke hore, ho arabela sena, anemone ha e lape mofetše - mochini o joalo o tsoetse pele ho iphetola ha lintho ka lilemo tse likete. Ho fapana le moo, anemone e tsoa lejoeng (substrate) ebe e fetela mofetše mokokotlong oa eona.
Hermit crab e ja liphoofolo tse nyane tse holofalitsoeng ke lisele tsa anemone ea leoatle. Ka nako e ts'oanang, anemone e lula e sisinyeha, ka lebaka leo phofu ea eona e atileng haholo. E boetse e na le ts'ebetso ea ts'ireletso mabapi le mofetše.
Likorale tsa Likorale le Phetoho ea Reef
Likorale li kentse letsoho mosebetsing oa ho theha mafika. Sebopeho sa mafika - ts'ebetso ea ho theha mafika a likorale ho latela masala a calcare a polyps a likolone, hammoho le mefuta e meng ea mohloa e ka ntšang lime ka metsing a leoatle. Meepo ea likorale e thehoa ka metsing a sa tebang ho ea botebo ba 50 m, ka metsing a hloekileng le a futhumetseng (+ 20 ° C).
Boholo ba likhohlo tsa likorale tsa sejoale-joale li qalile ho ba limilione tse 10 tse fetileng, kamora nako ea hoqetela ea leqhoa. Leqhoa le qhibilihang le ile la lebisa bophahamo ba leoatle le likhohola tsa sebaka se lebopong la leoatle la lik'honthinente le lihlekehleke.Ka nako e ts'oanang, keketseho ea mocheso oa maoatle e thehile maemo a matle bakeng sa ho hlahisa li-polyps tsa coral, tse ileng tsa tlatsa shelefo ea kontinenteng 'me tsa qala ho hola, ho fihlela holimo. Ba boetse ba tlatsa metsi a potolohileng lihlekehleke le lihlekehleke tse chesang tse mongobo, boholo ba tsona e le lithaba tse foqohang seretse se chesang.
Setsebi sa tlhaho se tummeng sa Senyesemane le mohahlauli Charles Darwin mosebetsing oa hae oa mahlale "Sebopeho le phepelo ea mafika a likorale"O hlalositse lits'ebetso tsa ho theha mafika ka mohlala oa sehlekehleke se chesang. Ho latela mohopolo oa hae, lits'ebetso li tjena:
- Ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang. Mothating ona, sehlekehleke se nang le matsoapo a "phallang" se "mela" ka ntle ho metsi.
- "Phalliso" ea sehlekehleke. Ha sehlekehleke sena se ntse se hola, e teba ho ea tlaase tlasa matla a eona a khoheli. Sehlekehleke ka bolona se ea tlaase, 'me sebaka se ka tlas'a metsi se e potolohileng sea fokola - se tletse mafika. Sebaka se joalo sa lebopo se sa tebang se bitsoa "mafika a futhumatsang". Mothating ona, ho ka thehoa sehlekehleke ho pota.
- Sebaka se futhumatsang se lula ka har'a likorale tsa polasetiki, tse qetellang li fetotse lehlaka hore e be polyp ea polasetiki - e na le mesaletsa e mengata ea likolone tse ngata. Mopopotlo oa likorale tsa leoatle o fihla holim'a metsi, 'me sehlekehleke ka boeona se tsoela pele ho teba ho ea tlaase.
- Sehlekehleke sena se ipatile ka tlasa metsi. Mopopotlo oa likorale o hlahisa limithara tse 'maloa ka holim'a metsi. E kanna ea koaheloa ke lehlabathe le siiloeng ke ho tsoa sehlekehlekeng seo. Karolo e bohareng ea nyamela ka ho feletseng, e siea letamo le sa tebang. Sebaka se joalo sa mokoallo se nang le letangoana le bohareng ba sekolo se bitsoang atoll.
Mopopotlo oa likorale. Likorale le likorale tsa likorale.
Likorale tsa leoatle li lula tlase ho 0,1% ea maoatle a lefatše, empa ke lehae la kotara ea mefuta eohle ea liphoofolo tse metsing.
Hajoale, hoo e ka bang halofo (45%) ea mafika 'ohle a likorale e fumaneha Leoatleng la Pacific sebakeng sa Asia. Ana ke metsi a Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand le linaha tse ling. Libakeng tsohle tsa Leoatle la Pacific, 18% ea mafika a fumanoa. Ho India - 17%. Atlantic - 14%. Leoatle la likorale tse ruileng ka ho fetisisa ke Leoatle le Lefubelu (hoo e ka bang 6% ea kakaretso).
Sebaka sa khale sa likorale - Great Barriers Reef e Leoatleng la Coral Leoatleng la Pacific haufi le lebopo le ka leboea-bochabela la Australia. E bolelele ba 2 500 km. 'me e akaretsa sebaka se ka bang 400 km². Ena ke ntho e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea tlhaho Lefatšeng, e entsoeng ke lintho tse phelang. Boholo ba eona bo boholo hoo e ka bonoang le sebakeng.
Ho latela likhakanyo tsa sejoale-joale, sebaka sa likhohlo tsa likorale ke 284 likete tse likete. Khale ka 1980, palo ena e ne e le kholo haholo - e ka ba likete tse 600 tsa km². Haeba mokhoa ona o sa fetohe, joale kamora lilemo tse 15-20, meru e meng ea likorale e tla nyamela ka ho felletseng.
Mokhoa oa bophelo
Boholo ba likorale tsa leoatle li lula maoatleng a futhumetseng a futhumetseng, moo mocheso oa metsi o sa theoheng ka tlase ho +20 ° C, le botebong ba limithara tse sa feteng 20, maemong ao ho nang le plankton e ngata eo ba e jang. Ka tloaelo, li-polyps lia nyenyefatsa motšehare, 'me bosiu litente li ntšoa' me li otlolloe, moo ho ts'oaroang liphoofolo tse fapaneng. Li-polyps tse kholo tse le 'ngoe li khona ho tšoasa liphoofolo tse kholo: litlhapi, shrimp. Mefuta e meng ea li-polyps tsa likorale e phela ka lebaka la ho ts'oaroa ha mohloaare o sa tsitsang, o lulang ho mesoglye ea tsona.
Subclass Eight-Beam Coral (Octocorallia)
Likorale tse robeli li na le li-tentpaper tse robeli, likarolo tse robeli mokokotlong oa mokokotlo le lesapo le ka hare. Sebaka sena sa lefatše se arotsoe ka litaelo: 1) Alcyonaria (Alcyonaria), 2) Likorale tsa Horny (Gorgonacea), jj.
Boholo ba alcyonaria ke likorale tse bonolo tse se nang masapo a boletsoeng. Ke li-tubipores tse ling feela tse nang le masapo a ntlafalitsoeng a nang le calcareous. Ho mesoglayer ea likorale tsena, ho thehoa machubu a rekisoang o mong le o mong ka lipolanete tse parolang. Letlalo le sebopeho le hopotsa setho hantle, ka hona, li-tubipores li na le lebitso le leng - organichki. 'Mele oa' mele o ameha mosebetsing oa ho theha mafika.
Likorale tsa Horn, kapa li-gorgonia, li na le masapo a linaka a ka hare. Taelo ena e kenyelletsa likorale tse khubelu kapa tse ntle (Corallium rubrum), e leng taba ea ho tšoasa litlhapi. Mabenyane a entsoe ka masela a coral e khubelu.
Subclass Six-Coral (Hexacorallia)
Likorale tse nang le lintlha tse tšeletseng li na le litente tse ngata, tseo palo ea tsona e leng makhetlo a tšeletseng. Bokaholimo ba mpa bo arotsoe ke likarolo tse rarahaneng tsa likarolo, tseo palo ea tsona e leng tse tšeletseng hape. Boholo ba baemeli bo na le skeleton ea kantle ea calcareous, ho na le lihlopha tse haelloang ke masapo.
Likarolo tse latelang ke tsa subclass ea Six-Beam Coral: 1) Li-anemones tsa leoatle, 2) likorale tsa Madreporic, jj.
Li-anemone tsa leoatle ke li-polyps tse kholo tse le 'ngoe ntle le skeleton. Li na le 'mala o fapaneng haholo, hangata o khanya, o bitsoang li-anemone tsa leoatle (sa feiga. 3, 4). Li khona ho tsamaea butle ka mesifa ea mesifa. Mefuta e meng ea li-anemone tsa leoatleng e qala ho ba le matšoao a makhopho a hermit. Hermit crab e sebetsa e le koloi bakeng sa anemone ea leoatle, 'me anemone ea leoatleng e nang le litempele tsa eona tse nang le lisele e sireletsa mofets'e ho lira.
Likorale tsa Madrepore ka bobeli ke polyps e le 'ngoe le ea bokolone, e tsebahalang ka ho ba teng ha skeleton e matla ea calcare. Bophelong bo boholo (ho fihlela ho 6000 m) hangata ho na le mefuta e nyane e le 'ngoe e lulang e le ngoe, li-polyps tse kholo li fumanoa lebopong, hammoho le likolone (ho fihlela 1 m) tse phahameng, tse bonoang lithoteng - mabopong a likorale. Baemeli ba phatloha ena ke bona ba ka sehloohong liforomo. Tsena li kenyelletsa likerese, likorale tse nang le sebopeho sa li-mushroom, jj.
Likorale tsa leoatle - li thehiloe ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa ea li-polyps tsa coral ho ba le skeleton ea calcareous. Mopopotlo oa leoatle o entsoe ka likorale tsa madreporic, tse ling e le likorale tse 'mala o tšeletseng tse nang le liphoofolo tse ling tse nang le masapo (mollusks, seponche, bryozoans).
Likorale tse nang le mafika li lula feela libakeng tse chesang tsa Leoatle la Lefatše, kaha li hloka mocheso o phahameng le o sa feleng oa metsi, li khona ho hlokomela maemo a khanya, letsoai la metsi le boemo ba lona ba moea. Ho itšetleha ha tharollo ea leseli ho bakoa ke matšoao a polyps ea likorale tse nang le alicantular algae (zooxanthellae).
Lithopo ke tsa mefuta e meraro: mabopo, mekoallo le lihlekehleke. Atoll ke sehlekehleke sa likorale se nang le sebopeho. Ho ea ka tšibollo ea C. Darwin, mofuta oa pele ke mafika a lebopong. Lithopo tsa mokoallo le li-atoll li thehiloe ka lebaka la ho theoha butle-butle ha lefatše.
► Tlhaloso ea lithuto tse ling tsa mofuta oa Enterocarpal:
Mopopotlo oa likorale
Mopopotlo oa likorale ke sebopeho sa tlhaho sa "calicous" se hlophiloeng ke "polyps" ea likolone le mefuta e meng ea mohloa o hlahisang lime - calcium carbonate. Kamora nako, li-polyps tsa likorale tsa motho li shoa, empa masapo a tsona a sala - ka lebaka la sena, mopopotlo oa hola ebile oa hola.
Likorale tsa leoatle ke mofuta oa tloaelo ea ho ikamahanya le maemo: bakeng sa ho ikamahanya le tlase ho hanyetsa maqhubu a leoatle, e le ho itšireletsa khahlanong le libatana.
Sengoliloeng sena se ngotsoe ke Bellevich Yuri Sergeyevich mme ke thepa ea hae ea bohlale. Ho kopitsa, ho tsamaisa (ho kenyelletsa ka ho kopitsa ho liwebsaete tse ling le lisebelisoa ho Marang-rang) kapa ts'ebeliso efe kapa efe ea tlhahisoleseling le lintho ntle le tumello ea pele ea mong'a tokelo ea tumello e ahlotsoe ke molao. Bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa sengoloa le tumello ea ho li sebelisa, ka kopo ikopanye Bellevich Yuri.
Potoloho ea bophelo le ho ikatisa
Likorale tse hlahisoang ke budding le thobalano. Hangata li-polyps li fapana. Sperm ka ho roba marako a gonads tsoa ka mpeng ea gastric, 'me ka ntle ebe o kenella ka hanong molomong oa mosali. Mahe a lenngoeng a mela ka nako e itseng ho mesoglysis ea septum. Hangata, nakong ea nts'etsopele ea embryonic, ho etsoa lipeo tsa "miniula" tse bobebe tse phaphametseng - ka mor'a nako e itseng ho fihlela tlase 'me li hlahisa batho ba bacha kapa likolone. Meahong e mengata ea likorale, nts'etsopele e tsoela pele ntle le metamorphosis 'me lehola ha le hlahe.
Lefu la likorale
Litekong tse ngata tse ileng tsa etsoa likorale tsa Great Barrier Reef, ho ile ha fumanoa mochine o ileng oa baka lefu la likorale. Lefu la bona le qala ka keketseho ea litaba tsa manyolo ka metsing le sethaleng, 'me likokoana-hloko ke' muelli oa mekhoa ena. Tikoloho e nonneng ea tikoloho e sebetsa e le motheo o motle bakeng sa kholo ea likokoana-hloko, ka lebaka leo, litaba tsa oksijene le pH ea bohareng li fokotsehile. Motsoako ona o bolaea likorale. Ho potlakisa phokotso ea sulfate, u sebelisa lisele tse shoeleng joalo ka karoloana e tlase, ho mpefatsa lefu la likorale feela.