Ponahalo ea Dicynodonts e ka hlalosoa ka tsela e latelang: molomo oa turtle, 'mele oa kubu le mefuta e' meli ea li-walrus.

Bo-rasaense ba hlalosa Dicinodont e le e nyane - e sa feteng mitha e le 'ngoe ka bolelele, herbivore e nang le mofuta oa mohono o nang le mohatla le mohatla o moqotetsane. Litsebi tsa limela li bolela hore a ka phela ka mekoting. Bo-rasaense ba boetse ba lumela hore li-Dicynodonts ke tsa sehlopha sa liphoofolo tse hlalosoang e le mofuta oa liphoofolo tse anyesang tse tsoang moo liphoofolo tse anyesang li qalileng teng.

Dicinodont (lat.Dicynodontia)

Bafuputsi ba lumela hore bopaki ba pele-pele ba ponahalo ea matšoao a ho hlaka a thobalano liphoofolong tsa naha ke lifolai tse kholo tsa Dicinodont, ea phetseng lefatšeng nako e telele pele li-dinosaurs. Ho liphoofolo tse lulang nakong ea Permian, li-Dicynodonts ke lihahabi tse phetseng nako e telele ho feta. Ho latela bafuputsi, Dicynodonts e hlahile lefats'eng la rona qetellong ea nako ea Permian ea Paleozoic, lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse 30 pele ho nako ea li-dinosaur.

Mefuta e meng ea Dicynodonts e phetse ho fihlela qetellong ea Upper Triassic mme e lula sebakeng sa Australia ea sejoale-joale e limilione tse 105. Ke mehleng ena moo ho ileng ha sibolloa mesaletsa ea sejoale-joale sa khale - mohlahare, molomo oa molomo le molomo. Leha ho ne ho lumeloa pele hore Dicynodonts e shoele lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse 220 tse fetileng. Ka nako e 'ngoe, mekholutsoane ena e ferekaneng e ne e le phoofolo e hlahelletseng Lefatšeng, ho latela Talbourne oa Australia oa paleontologist.

Dicinodont Placerias hesternus

Bafuputsi ba bang ha ba lumellane le se fumanoeng ke Talbourne 'me ba lumela hore likarolo tsa lehata le fumanehang e ka ba tsa dinosaur tse linaka. Mohlala, Fraser, setsebi sa paleontologist se Virginia's Museum of Natural History, o belaella taba ea hore li-dicynodonts li pholohile ho bolaoa ha liphoofolo ka limilione tse 200 tse fetileng (joalo ka ha ho khothalelitsoe ke ho thulana ha polanete ea rona le sepakapaka se seholo). Leha ho le joalo, Talborne e re Dicynodonts li ka ipata ka bochabela ho suproontinent ea Gondwana, sebakeng seo makholo a lilemo e seng e le Australia.

Mefuta ea li-dicynodonts.

Ho fumanoe mesaletsa e meholo ka ho fetisisa ea mesaletsa ea Ditsinodontov haufi le Kotelnich. Ha bo-ramahlale ba ntse ba ithuta seo ba se fumaneng, ba ile ba fihlela qeto ea hore lihahabi tsa khale li bile le liphetoho tse kholo. baemeli ba morao-rao ba senaoline e ne e le boholo ba tlou ea sejoale-joale. Bo-dicynodonts ka letsatsi la bona le letle ba jala nama ho linaha tsohle tsa Lefatše ho ea Australia, moo litopo tsa bona li ileng tsa fumanoa teng.

Dicinodont listozavr.

Lilemong tse mashome a mabeli tse fetileng, ho entsoe lintho tse epolotsoeng Afrika Boroa le tlhahlobo e batsi ea masapo ohle a fumanoeng a Dicinodonts a entsoe. Liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tsa mahlale li fana ka mohopolo o hlakileng oa boteng ba lihahabi tsena tsa khale tsa boitšoaro bo rarahaneng ba sechaba. Ho ile ha fumaneha hore Dicinodonts e phela bophelo ba mehlape, e lula haufi le matangoana 'me ho bonahala e ne e le a limela. Phoofolo e ne e ka tsamaea hantle fatše, empa ea phela bophelo ba metsing ka bongata.

Dicinodont Hundezahn.

Ka liphetoho tsa thuto ea ho iphetola ha lintho, ho ea ka mohopolo o thehiloeng hantle ke bo-rasaense, Dicynodonts ea morao-rao e ne e le mocheso o sa feleng oa 'mele, o na le kobo ea boea, ebile o ne a le lerootho.

Mefuteng e ts'oanang ea Dicynodonts, ho ba teng ha demorphism ea thobalano ho fumanoe, e iponahatsang ka likarolo tse fapaneng tsa 'mele pakeng tsa bong bo fapaneng (ka boholo, sebopeho le mmala), tseo bafuputsi ba fumaneng bopaki bo kholisang. Ponahatso ea pele ea demorphism ea thobalano ho Dicynodonts e hlahile lilemong tse limilione tse 252-260 tse fetileng. Dicinodont e tona, ho fapana le e tšehali, e ne e e-na le makhasi a mabeli a maholo a neng a hola ho tloha mohlahareng o kaholimo.

Primitive dicinodont Australobarbar (lat. Australobarbarus) e fumanehang sebakeng sa Kirov.

Litsebi tsa limela ha lia ka tsa fumana matšoao a hlakileng a hore li-fang li ne li sebelisoa ke liphoofolo ho cheka likoti. Hape, li-fang li ne li sa khone ho sebeletsa li-Dicinodonts bakeng sa lijo, kaha li ne li le sieo ho basali. Leha ho le joalo, li-fangs tsena li ile tsa hola nakong ea bophelo ba phoofolo. Hang ha fang e robehile, ha e sa hlola e hola hape. Ho ea ka lipontšo tsena kaofela, bo-rasaense ba ile ba fihlela qeto ea hore fangs e ne e le sesupo sa demorphism ea bong. Ho ka etsahalang, li-fangs tse matla li ne li sebelisoa ke ba batona bakeng sa lintoa tsa moetlo nakong ea nako ea ho tsoala le ho itšireletsa le bana ba bona ho libatana.

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DICYNODONTS

Mofuteng oa buka

Buka ea 9 Moscow, 2007, leq. 112

Kopitsa sehokela sa bibliogic

DICYNODONTS (Dicynodontia), e leng thipa ea liphoofolo tse nyamisitsoeng tsa sehlopheng sa liphoofolo. OK. 40 genera, mefuta e fetang 150. Kwa Middle Permian, D. o ne a tlhagelela mo kgaolong ya Gondwana, kwa Triassic - mo makontinenteng otlhe, go akaretsa le kwa Antarctica, kwa Australia ba ne ba nna go fitlha kwa Cretaceous. Bolelele ba 'mele bo tloha ho 10 cm ho isa ho bolelele ba 4. Lebitso (le fetoletsoeng ho tloha ho "Latin-canine") ka Selatine le fanoa ke ho ba teng ha lithupa tse peli ka mohlahareng o kaholimo. Meno a setseng a nkeloa sebaka ke sekoaelo sa manaka. Mohlomong limela tsa limela li chekile metso ea limela e bonolo mobung. Ho Late Permian le Triassic - DOS. sehlopha se seholo sa limela tse makatsang.

Dicynodonts - Dicynodont

li-dicynodonts

Lehata la Dicynodont endothiodone angusticeps pokellong ea nalane ea Amerika ea nalane ea tlhaho Sehlopha sa mahlale Mmuso:Phoofolo Mofuta:Chordate Order:therapids Suborder:† Anomodontia Clade :† Chainosauria Metsoalle:† Dicynodontia
Owen, ka 1859 Matlotlo le Ho beleha Ngoana

Dicynodontia ke taxon e tsoang anomodont of therapside e nang le qalo bohareng ba Permian, e neng e laola Foreisi ea Late mme e tsoelapele ho pholletsa le Triassic, eo mohlomong e bolokiloeng ho ea Cretaceous ea Pele. Li-dicynodonts e ne e le limela tse nang le menoana e 'meli, ka hona lebitso la bona, le bolelang "lintja tse peli tsa leino." Hape ke tsa kalafo tse atlehileng ka ho fetisisa le tse fapaneng ho tsoa ho tse seng liphoofolo tse anyesang, tse nang le genera e fetang 70 e tsejoang ho tloha boholo ba rat-to-tlou.

DICINODONTS

DICINODONTS (Dicynodontia), setsi sa tlatsetso e nyamela ea terachidid draachment. Sehlopha se seholo ka ho fetisisa sehlopheng. E tsebahala ho tloha Late Permian ho ea Late Triassic ea lik'honthinente tsohle (tse fumanoang ka sehloohong Afrika Boroa). Bolelele ho tloha ho 20 cm ho isa ho 4. Mpa ea letlalo e kholo, e na le matla a maholohali a masapo. Mahalapa a bobeli ke litšila. Meno a ile a nkeloa sebaka ke molomo o tenang, bongata ba 2 bo holofalitsoeng bo ile ba bolokoa, ho baemeli ba khale - hape le meno a morao a mohlahare. Letlalo ke masapo a maholo, a maoto a maoto a mahlano a nang le mealo e meholo e sephara. Malapa a 6, mefuta e fetang 100. Hydro le amphibionts, mme le mefuta ea ho cheka. Boholo ba li-dicynodonts e ne e le limela tse nyane, mefuta e nyane e ne e le li-omnivores.

Bona seo Dicinodonts e leng sona bukeng e ngoe e hlalosang mantsoe:

DICINODONTS - (Dicynodontia), setsi sa tlatsetso e nyarosang ea tikoloho ea terapsid. Tse ngata ka ho fetisisa. sehlopha sehlopheng. E tsebahala ho tloha Late Perm ho ea Late Triassic ea lik'honthinente tsohle (liphetho tsa mantlha Afrika Boroa). Bakeng sa ho tloha ho 20 cm ho isa ho 4 m .. Lehata le leholo, le matla ... ... Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary

DICINODONTS - (Dicynodontia) suborder ea lihahabi tse kang liphoofolo. Litlama tse lulang masimong. Ka tloaelo, ho entsoe li-canine tse peli feela mohlahareng o kaholimo, kapa li ne li le sieo. E tsejoa ho tsoa ho Permian and Triassic of Africa, Permian of Europe, Triassic of Asia, S. le Yu ... ... Geological Encyclopedia

Dicynodonts - (Dicynodontia) suborder (kapa superfamily) ea lintho tse epolotsoeng. Li ne li atile pheletsong ea Permian le qalong ea linako tsa Triassic. Sekala ho tloha ho rat ho ea ho borino. Lehata le leholo, meno a fokotsehile, ... ... Big Soviet Encyclopedia

li-dicynodonts - (safu ea di (s) tse peli + kycn (kynos) ntja + odus (odontos) menoana ea sehlopha sa li-Romorphic (bona li-theomorphs) tsa pheletso ea qaleho ea qaleho ea Paleozoic ea nako ea Mesozoic, e khetholloang ke ho ba teng (feela phatleng e kaholimo) ea meno a mabeli a maholo a canine ( Remotely ... ... Mofuta oa mantsoe a kantle ho naha ea Serussia

Dicinodont -? Kingdom 'Muso oa Tlhaho ea Dicynodonts: Mofuta oa Liphoofolo: Sehlopha sa Chordates ... Wikipedia

Canneymerides -? † Cannadiamerid Wadiazavr (Wadiasau ... Wikipedia

Lethathamo -? † Lysrosaurs Lystrosaurus murray Sehlopha sa Saense ... Wikipedia

Cannemeria -? † Cannemémeria ... Wikipedia

Placerias -? † Placerias ... Wikipedia

Cannemémeria -? † Cannemémeria Ho khutlisetsoa hoa bophelo ba sehlopha sa Saense sa Kannemeyeria: Mofuta oa Liphoofolo ... Wikipedia

Litšobotsi

Li-dicynodonts tsa lehata li ikhethile ka tsela e ikhethang, e bobebe empa e le matla, e nang le mamati a nakoana a ka morao a lehata a holisitsoeng haholo ho amohela mesifa e kholo ea mohlahare. Karolo e ka pele ea lehata le mohlahare o tlase hangata li tšesaane ebile ha li na meno ka mefuta eohle empa e le mefuta e mengata ea khale. Sebakeng seo, molomo o ka pele oa molomo o na le molomo o tenang, joalo ka likolopata le li-dinosaurs tsa ceratops. Lijo li ne li sebetsoa ka ho khutlisetsa mohlahare o tlase ha o koala molomo, o hlahisa mohato o matla oa shear o neng o ka lumella li-dicynodonts ho sebetsana le thepa e thata ea semela. Li-genera tse ngata li boetse li na le li-fangs, tseo ho lumeloang hore ke mohlala oa fantorism ea thobalano.

Mmele o mokhuts'oane, o matla ebile o sebopeho sa moqomo, o nang le maoto a matla. Ka genera e kholo (jk. dinodontosaurus ) maoto le matsoho a kamorao a ne a ts'oaroe ka kotloloho, empa liphatla tsa pele li ne li khumama. Ka bobeli pectoralis le ileum li kholo ebile li matla. Mohatla o mokhuts'oane.

Endothermia le moriri

Li-dicinodonts ke khale li belaelloa ka liphoofolo tse nang le mali a futhumetseng. Masapo a tsona a na le masapo a mangata ebile a na le liketane tsa Haversian, 'me' mele oa tsona o thusa ho boloka mocheso. Ho bacha, masapo a na le masapo a matla hoo a nang le methapo e mengata haholo ho feta liseleng tse ling tse ngata. Leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse entsoeng ka li-dicynodonts tsa LAT-Triassic tsa polokelo ea likoporasi li bonts'a mefuta ea tšilo e nang le litšobotsi tse ngata tsa liphoofolo tse nang le metabolism e liehang.

Haufinyane tjena, ho sibolloa ha masalla a moriri ho li-copyright tsa Permian ho ka hlakisa boemo ba dicynodonts e le liphoofolo tsa endothermic. Kaha likoporasi tsena li tsoa mefuteng e carnivorous le ea li-dicynodonts tsa masapo ka bongata, ho boletsoe hore bonyane tse ling tsa masala a moriri ona li tsoa li-dicynodonts tsa nama.

Pentasauropus Litekete tsa dicynodonts li bontša hore li-dicynodonts e ne e le mekotla ea meaty maotong a bona.

Pale

Li-Dicinodonts li tsejoa ho tloha bohareng ba bo-1800. Setsebi sa jioloji sa Afrika Boroa Andrew Geddes Bain o ile a fana ka tlhaloso ea pele ea li-dicynodonts ka 1845. Ka nako eo, Bane e ne e le mookameli oa ho aha litsela tsa sesole tlasa litopo tsa Royal Engineers 'me a fumana tse ngata tse epolotsoeng nakong ea ha a nka filimi Afrika Boroa. Bane o hlalositse litšila tsena lengolong la 1845 le phatlalalitsoeng ho Ts'ebetso ea London Geological Society ho ba bitsa "bidental" bakeng sa lifang tsa bona tse peli tse tummeng. Ka selemo se le seng, setsebi sa limela tsa Senyesemane Richard Owen se ile sa ngola mefuta e 'meli ea li-dicynodonts tse tsoang Afrika Boroa: Dicynodon lacerticeps le Dicynodon bainii . Kaha Bane o ne a hapiloe ke Royal Engineers Corps, o ne a batla hore Owen a hlalose fossil ea hae ka botlalo. Owen ha a phatlalatsa tlhaloso ho fihlela 1876 ho ea hae Lethathamo la litlhaloso le litšoantšiso tsa Fossil Reptilia South Africa pokellong ea Setsi sa pokello ea nalane ea Borithane . Ka nako ena, ho ne ho hlalositsoe li-dicynodonts tse ling tse ngata. Ka 1859, ho ile ha bitsoa mofuta o mong oa bohlokoa Ptychognathus declivis o ile a rehoa ho tsoa Afrika Boroa. Selemo hamorao, ka 1860, Owen o ile a reha sehlopha seo Dicynodontia. AT K'hathaluku e hlalosang le e nang le lipapiso , Owen o tlotla Bain ho theha Bidentalia e le lebitso le fetoletsoeng la Dicynodontia ea hae. Lebitso Bidentalia le ile la fela kapele ka mor'a lilemo tse latelang, la nkeloa sebaka ke botumo ba Dicynodontia Owen.

Lekhetho

Dicynodontia qalong o ile a rehoa lebitso la semolao sa Lenyesemane Richard Owen. E thehiloe ka har'a lelapa la tatellano ea Anomodontia mme e kenyelletsa ho tsoala ngoana Dicynodon le Ptychognathus . Lihlopha tse ling tsa Anomodontia li ne li kenyelletsa Gnathodontia, e neng e kenyelletsa Rhynchosaurus (hona joale e tsejoa e le archosaurus) le Cryptodontia, e neng e kenyelletsa oudenodon . Li-Cryptodonts li ne li fapana le li-dicynodonts ka lebaka la ho haella ha fang. Le ha ho na mafura, oudenodon ha e sa nkoa e le li-dicynodonts, 'me lebitso Cryptodontia ha le sa sebelisoa. Huxley o ile a ntlafatsa Dicynodontia ea Owen e le taelo e kenyelelitsoeng Dicynodon le oudenodon . Dicynodontia hamorao e ile ea khethoa e le suborder kapa infraorder le sehlopha se seholo sa Anomodontia, se khethiloeng e le taelo. Boemo ba Dicynodontia bo fapane lithutong tsa morao-rao, ha Ivakhnenko (2008) a bala suborder ea hae, Ivanchnenko (2008) a bala infraorder ea hae, le Kurkin (2010) a nka taelo ea hae.

Li-taxa tse ngata tse phahameng, ho kenyeletsa le literata le malapa, li thehiloe e le mokhoa oa ho khetholla palo e kholo ea mefuta ea li-dicynodonts. Cluver le King (1983) ba ile ba supa lihlopha tse kholo tsa Dicynodontia, ho kenyeletsoa Diictodontia, Endothiodontia, Eodicynodontia, Kingoriamorpha, Pristerodontia, le Venyukoviamorpha. Ho reriloe malapa a mangata, ho kenyelletsa Cistecephalidae, Diictodontidae, Dicynodontae, Emydopidae, Endothiodontidae, Kannemeyeriidae, Kingoriidae, Listosaurus, Myosauridae, Oudenodontidae, Pristerodontidae le Robertiidae. Leha ho le joalo, ka kholo ea phylogenetics, boholo ba taxa bona ha bo sa nkoa e le bo sebetsang. Kammerer le Angielczyk (2009) ba khothalelitse hore li-systemicist le mathata a lebitso la Dicynodontia le lihlopha tse ling tsa liphetho tse tsoang lipalo tse ngata tse hanyetsanang le mekhoa ea mabitso a seng molaong li thehiloe ka phoso.