ANTEDON NORTH ATLANTIC (Antedon petasus) Mofuputsi ea tummeng oa Mofora ea bitsoang Gislen o hlokometse kamoo li-anhedone tse lapileng li neng li lula le lithupa tse arohaneng, li-pinnulas tse otlolohileng le maoto a otlolohileng ka ho phethahetseng. Hang ha lijo li kena ka metsing, khahla ea leoatle e qala ho sebetsa: hangata likhoro tse koetsoeng tse ambulacral li ile tsa buloa, molomo o koaletsoe pele ho ho potoloha, maoto a ambulacral a inamela moqomong mme a lahlela lijo tse o oeleng. Hang ha likaroloana tsa lijo le likokoana-hloko li kena ka moqomong, hang-hang ba ile ba qala ho ikhurumetsa ka mohloa o khang o patiloeng ke lisele tsa glandular tsa glandular, 'me hammoho le eona, ka lebaka la motsamao oa cilia, ba ne ba lebisitsoe le moqomong ka hanong. Gislen o hlokometse hore kahare ea "discambulacra" ea disk ea molomo oa anhedone ho boetse ho na le phallo e khutlelang mochineng e lebisitsoeng mathoko a disk. Ka lebaka la sena sa hajoale, masalela a lijo a tsoa 'me disk e hloekisoa litšila. Tlhahlobo ea lijo e bonts'a hore e ne e na le motsoako oa detritus, plankton le likokoana-hloko tse nyane tsa benthic. Khahla ena ea leoatle e fumaneha lebopong la Norway, Iceland le Great Britain botebong ba 20 ho isa ho 325 m. Ho fapana le mefuta e meng e amanang haufi-ufi, A. petasus e behela mahe ka ho toba ka metsing ntle le ho e kenya liphoofolong tsa matsoho, joalo ka ha e etsa mohlala, anhedon ea Mediterranean (A. mediliyaanea) le Adriatic anhedon (A. adriatica). Mefuteng ena, ho tsoala ho qala nakong ea selemo kapa lehlabula, ho latela tikoloho, mahe a emolisitsoeng a emisoa ke 'mala o tsoang linkhong tsa basali, moo a leng teng matsatsi a ka bang 5. Lera e holileng ka botlalo e nang le likhoele tse hlano tsa ciliary hatch ho tsoa lehe.
Tlhaloso:
Taelo ena e kenyelletsa mefuta eohle e 560 ea leoatle e sa tsitsitseng l le l le y. Li-Kimatulides li phela bophelo ba mahala, lia sesa kapa lia khasa, li boloka molomo o lula o le holimo. Haeba u fetolela tse ling tsa li-comatulide ka molomo ho substrate, joale kapele e nka boemo bo nepahetseng. Boholo ba li-comatulides li lula li khaotsa ho tšehetsa le ho sesa ka nakoana, ka mosa li phahamisa le ho theola marang-rang. Ha u sesa, batho ba mefuta e mengata ba sebelisa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa mahlaseli ka matsoho a bona, 'me ba kenya letsoho ho tse ling. Li-Comatulides li tsamaea ka lebelo la limilimithara tse 5, li etsa maratsoana a ka bang 100, empa li khona ho sesa le hole feela. Ho sesa hoa bonahala ka tlhaho, ke hore, ba sesa ka ho emisa, ha ba khathala kapele mme ba phomola. Ho lumeloa hore ka nako e le 'ngoe li-comatulides li sesa ha li sa feta limithara tse 3. Kamora ho phomola, li sesa hape ho fihlela li fumana sebaka se loketseng sa ho ikamahanya. Li-Comatulides li hokahantsoe le karoloana ena ka thuso ea likhoerese, palo, ponahalo, bolelele le tlhaho ea tsona tse itšetlehileng haholo ka sebaka sa tlhaho sa mefuta e fapaneng. Mohlala, li-komatulids tse lulang ka silika tse bonolo li na le likhoele tse telele tse otlolohileng, tse batlang li koahetse mabopo a maholo a mobu le ho fana ka "anchervation" e ntle. Ho fapana le moo, likhahla tsa leoatleng tse lulang mobung o thata li na le likhoele tse khutsoanyane tse koetsoeng ka thata tse koahelang majoe kapa lintho tse ling tse thata. Ts'ebetsong ea boholo ba li-comatulides, likhoele ha li nke karolo.
Ke li-comatulides tse 'maloa feela tse sa tsotelleng leseli, ka mohlala Tropiomelra carinata. Karolo ea bohlokoa ea mefuta e rata ho phela libakeng tse moriti hape e qoba khanya ea letsatsi ka kotloloho. Haeba lejoe le retelehela leseling lehlakoreng leo lihokela li kopantsoeng ho lona, li tloha kapele ho karolo ea lona e le mongobo.
Lelapa le pharaletseng la taelo eo le e nahanang - lelapa la ma-antedonids (Antedonidae) - le kenyeletsa mefuta e fetang 130 ea mefuta e 46. Li-anthedonids li fumanoa kae kapa kae, ho tloha ho litamati ho ea botebo ba 6000 m, mme li atile haholo sebakeng se futhumetseng. Har'a bona, batho ba li-ray tse 10 ke bona ba tlang pele, athe batho ba nang le maballo a mangata ha ba na seoelo. Mofuta o tummeng haholo ebile o kile oa pharalla oa Ashpedons (Antedon) joale o kenyelletsa mefuta e supileng feela ea Europe. Mefuta eohle ea mofuta ona e haufi haholo ebile e fapana haholo ka sebōpeho sa mahlaseli, bolelele le botenya ba cirr le piniul.
Leoatleng la Atlantic lebopong la Great Britain, Ireland, Fora, Portugal, ho fihlela Azores, botebong ba 5 ho isa ho 450 m, motho a ka kopana le A. bifida. Khahla ena ea leoatle hangata e khangoa ke likhoele tse khutsoanyane tse koetsoeng ka thata mekotleng ea libaskete, e theoleloa tlase ka tlase bakeng sa ho tšoasa makhala, 'me e fihla lebopong la Fora ka bongata bo lutseng ho li-rhizomes le kutu ea leoatle. 'Mala oa A. bifida o fapana haholo: hammoho le batho ba pherese haholo, pinki, tshehla kapa' mala oa lamunu, 'me ka linako tse ling ba na le mahlootho. Meroalo e mosesaane, e fetohang e ka ba bolelele ba cm 12.5. E bonolo haholo mme e robeha habonolo ha e ts'oaroa hanyane. Ke ka seoelo ho fumanang mofuta oa mofuta o tla ba le matsoho ohle a 10 ka polokeho e felletseng, hoo e batlang e le mahlaseli a le mong kapa a mangata a le boemong ba ho nchafala. Bokhabane ba anhedone bo boholo hoo haeba o khaola phoofolo likarolo tse peli, karolo ka 'ngoe e khutlisetsa karolo e sieo,' me disk ea molomo e hutsoeng calyx kapele e nkeloa sebaka ke e ncha, ka melomo ea molomo le ea anal le li-grooves tse etellang pele. Nchafatso ha e etsahale ha feela matsoho ohle a khaotsoe phoofolo. Maemong ana, ba lahleheloa ke monyetla oa ho ja le ho shoa.
Ha e fepa, anhedon e khangoa ke meqathatso karolong ea eona ebe e otlolla matsoho ka mela e otlolohileng e atolositsoeng likhutlong tse ka letsohong le letona, e theha mofuta oa marang-rang. Siosib ho ja likhahla tsena tsa leoatle o ithutile G le s-len.
Gislen o hlokometse ka metsing a tlhaho mofuta oa Atlantic ea North Atlantic. Ba ha Agerons ba lapileng ba ne ba lutse ka maballo a arohaneng, li-pinnulas tse otlolohileng, le maoto a otlolohileng a otlolohileng ka ho otloloha. Hang ha lijo li kena ka metsing, khahla ea leoatle e qala ho sebetsa: hangata li-grooves tse koetsoeng li ile tsa buloa, molomo o koetsoeng oa potoloha, maoto a ambulacral a inamela mootlong mme a lahlela lijo tse o oeleng. Hang ha likaroloana tsa bofutsana le likokoana-hloko li kena moqomong, hang hoba li qale ho ikhurumetsa ka moqomong o neng o patiloe ke lisele tsa glandular, li-membrane tse khothetseng tsa mucous li ile tsa tlameha ho feta likhoele molomong ka lebaka la ho sisinyeha ha cilia. Gislen o hlokometse hore ho iterambulacra ea "disk" ea "audio" disk "ho boetse ho na le phallo e khutlelang molomong oa" disk "e lebisitsoeng pheletsong ea disk. Ka lebaka la sena sa hajoale, masalela a lijo a tsoa 'me disk e hloekisoa litšila. Tlhahlobo ea lijo e bonts'a hore e ne e na le motsoako oa detritus, plankton le likokoana-hloko tse nyane tsa benthic. Khahla ena ea leoatle e fumaneha lebopong la Norway, Iceland le Great Britain ka botebo ba limilimithara tse 20 ho isa ho tse 325. Ho fapana le mefuta e meng e haufi, L. pelasns e behela mahe ka metsing ka kotlolloho, ntle le ho ba kenya lipineng tsa matsoho, joalo ka ha ho etsoa, ka mohlala, ke anhedon ea Mediterranean ( A. Medi-lerranea) le Adriatic anhedon (A. adrialica). Mefuteng ena, ho tsoala ho qala nakong ea selemo kapa lehlabula, ho latela tikoloho, mahe a emolisitsoeng a emisoa ke bo-'mouoa ho tsoa ho li-pinnulas tsa basali, moo li fumanehang bakeng sa matsatsi a>>. Lera e holileng ka botlalo ka lithapo tsa bohlano tsa khoele e tsoang lehe.
Leoatleng la Atlantic, baemeli ba mofuta o mong oa comatulid, leptmeter (Leplomelra), hangata ba fumanoa. Kahoo, mobung o silika o botebo ba limithara tse ka bang 50 ho tloha lebopong la Great Britain, L. cellica ea phela, e lemohuoa habonolo ke 'mala oa eona o motala kapa o moputsoa le "metso" e melelele haholo, e metenya. Liraka tse telele joalo, li phatlalalitsoe empa li le kahara substrate, li fa leptometer monyetla oa ho phela mobung o bobebe, o makatsang ntle le ho oela.
Selelekela heliometer (lieliomelra glacialis) e atile haholo maoatleng a rona. Mofuta ona o moholo oa 'mala o moputsoa oa li-ray tse 10 o hasoa botebong ba limilimithara tse 10 ho isa ho 1300 maoatleng' ohle a Arctic, karolong e ka leboea-eo eseng ea Leoatle la Atlantic, hammoho le Leoatleng la Japane le Okhotsk. Mefuta ea Bochabela bo Hare e kholo haholo, bolelele ba mahlaseli a bona bo ka fihla ho 35 cm, botebong ba 150 ho isa ho 600 m libakeng tse ling li-heliometers li theha lihlopha tse kholo.
Likhahla tse kholo tsa leoatle tse haufi le heliometer ea metsi a batang, ka mohlala Flororaetra ai.larctica, li lula Antarctic.
Har'a likhahla tsa leoatle tsa Antarctic ho na le mefuta e hlokometseng peō. Ka lipalesa tsa leoatle tsa mofuta oa Fripsouielra, mahe a emolisitsoeng a mela ka lipokothong tsa bana (likamoreng), le boemo ba tsoelo-pele ea embryos bo fapana bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng. Kahoo, ho basali Ph. likamore tsa bana ba bolelele ba li-longipinna li haufi le li-niinules, 'me ho na le manonyeletso a mangata a sethaleng se le seng sa ntlafatso. Hang ha likhoele tsa "ciliary" li se li entsoe, li tlohela 'mele oa mme li feta sethaleng sa pentacrppus ka metsing. Pitchfork e 'ngoe ea Antarctic - li-phnxometers tsa viviparous Ph. virx - mahe a emolisitsoeng a bo-mme le lipokotho tsa bana li feta methating eohle ea ntlafatso, ho kenyeletsa le sethala sa futureacrinus. Ho tse tšehali tsa mofuta ona, u ka bona li-pentacrinus tse nyane tse hokelletsoeng ke kutu ho mekotla ea bana ba 'm'e. Khahla e nyane ea leoatle e entsoeng ka botlalo e siea ntho e tsoang ho mosali.
Boitšisinyo ba bacha ka lipokothong tsa bana bo lebisa khotsong ea maikutlo a botona le botšehali. Ho baemeli ba Isometrinae ba seng ba le ka tlase ba lulang metsing a Antarctic, matšoao a thobalano a batšehali moo ba batšehali a hokeloang a atoloha ka mokhoa oa ntloana, le ha e le banna, liboko li lula li sa fetoha. Ka lipontšo tsena, o ka khetholla bong hang, ka mohlala, ho batho ba fapaneng ba li-isometers (Fsomelra vivipara). Metsong e meholo e khabisitsoeng ea lese lena la leoatle, mahe a nang le lehe la yolk a nts'etsopele ho fihlela makhopho a etsa likhoele tsa likhoele. Ebe lehlaku le tlohela mokotla oa bana, empa nako ea ho sesa e khuts'oane haholo: hang-hang e lula holima motho ea moholo, moo e fetelang mohatong o latelang oa ntlafatso.
Mefuteng ea ho hlokomela bana, palo ea mahe e hlahisoang e fokotsehile haholo. Mohlala, ho mefuta ea Antarctic Notocrinus virilis ea tsoang lelapeng la notocrinids (Notocrinidae), ke mahe a mabeli feela kapa a mararo mothating o le mong oa ntlafatso a atisang ho fumanoa masapong a bana. Mahe a lenngoeng a kenella ka har'a lisakete tse haufi le lekhapetla leboteng pakeng tsa ovary le brood sac. Leha ho le joalo, mokhoa oa ho kopanya mahe ka likhahla tsena tsa leoatle ha o so hlakisoe.
Baemeli ba malapa a mang a li-comatulids le bona ba bonts'a tlhokomelo e tšoanang bakeng sa litloholo, empa re batla ho ela hloko feela mefuta e khahlisang haholo ho tloha ntlheng ea pono ea biology kapa phetisetso.
Ponahalo e khahlehang haholo ke likhahla tsa leoatle tsa lelapa la Comasteridae (Comasteridae). Lelapa lena le leholo le na le mefuta e ka bang 100 ea setho sa genera e 19. Har'a tsona, mefuta ea multipath e ata ka matsoho ho fihlela ho 20-25 cm, a phela metsing a leoatle a libaka tse chesang. 'Mala o motšo kapa o khanyang o ntlafatsa ho tšoana ha liphoofolo tsena ka lipalesa. Baemeli ba lelapa lena ba fapana le likhahla tse ling tsa leoatle tse sa pheleng letho ka hore melomo ea tsona e tšekaletsoe pheletsong ea disc, 'me anus e boemong bo bohareng. Karolo e 'ngoe e khethollang ea li-comasterid ke maqhubu a molomo o ikhethileng. Li telele, li na le likarolo tse khutšoane, tse hatelletsoeng hamorao, ka lehlakoreng le holimo moo ho nang le menoana e fanang ka lipheo joaloka chebahalo e kang ea raha. Ho hlakile hore sena ke sesebelisoa sa ho ts'oara kapa ho kuta lintho tse nyane, empa lipono tsa mofuta ona li ntse li fokola haholo. Gislen o khothalelitse hore ka lebaka la linotsi tsa sebopeho sena, li-comasterps li na le mokhoa o eketsehileng oa ho fepa. Ha ba sebelise feela lijo tse kenang ka hanong molomong ka lireschorenteng tsa matsoho, empa, ho fapana le li-comatulids tse ling, li ka khona ho ts'oara liphoofolo tse nyane ka li-pinnulas tsa serrate ebe li li fetisetsa li-grooves tse etellang pele. Taba ena e boetse e tiisoa ke 'nete ea hore tsamaiso ea ambulacral ea li-comasterids e fokotsehile ka tsela e itseng,' me mala a bolelele ba makhetlo a 'maloa ho feta a likhahla tse ling tse se nang litaete.
Hangata hangata har'a li-comasterids, mefuta e nang le bolelele bo fapaneng ba letsoho e fumanoa. Ho na le matsoho a malelele a ka pele (dexterous) le morao tse khuts'oane, tse nang le lihlahisoa tsa ho ikatisa. Likhahla tsa leoatleng tse nang le sebopeho se joalo sa letsoho, ka mohlala Comatula pectinata, e khomarela ka tlase le fan ntle ka ho lekana matsohong a hona joale a ho ts'oasa ka li-grooves tse tsoetseng pele tsa ambulacral.
Li-comasterid ke liphoofolo tse liehang ho ba teng, ho ne ho etsahala ka seoelo ho li bona li phaphamala. K lark o hlokometse ho Torrey Strait kamoo li-comasterid li tsoang setulong se tlase, butle butle ebile e le ka thata. Sena se etsahala ka tsela e latelang: karolo ea matsoho e atolositsoe, e ts'oaroe ntho e nepahetseng ka lithupa, e hlakisang lekunutu. Ebe konteraka ea matsoho a hokahaneng ebe phoofolo e huleloa, ha e ntse e phethola karolo e katlasa lefatše ka matsoho a mahala. Ka tsela ena, komasterpda e tsamaea ka lebelo la 40 m / h ho fihlela e fumana sebaka se loketseng sa khokahano. Haeba khahla ea leoatle e na le mahlaseli a bolelele bo fapaneng (hona ho bonoa sebakeng se chesang se chesang sa Comatula), joale matsoho a malelele a lula a sebelisoa ho otlolla le ho hokahanya le ntho, 'me tse khutšoane li sebelisoa ho sutumetsa ho tsoa karolong e ka tlase ha ho hula mmele.
Ka tloaelo, boholo ba li-comasterid li khangoa fatše li sebelisa cirr, empa mefuta e meng e lulang lehlabatheng la likorale, li-cirr lia fokotseha, khaba e kholo ea senoelo e fetoha pentagon e sephara e lutseng e le sefofane se tšoanang le mahlaseli. Likhahla tse joalo, ka mohlala, Comatula rotolaria, e ajoang metsing a leoatle a lihlekehlekeng tsa Malawi, e lula lehlabatheng feela. Phokotso ea cirr e felletseng e ka bonoa ho 198-ray Comathina schlegeli, e lulang haufi le Lihlekehleke tsa Philippines.
Maemong a fapaneng a makhetlo a mangata a mefuta e tšoanang, palo ea matsoho e ka fapana. Comatella stelligera e tsejoang haholo, e atileng haholo lithutong tsa Mala Archipelago, e na le mahlaseli a 12 ho isa ho a 43.
Libakeng tse ling tsa libakeng tse chesang tse mongobo, ho fiela ha lihlahisoa tsa botona ho amana le likarolo tsa khoeli. Ho hlokometsoe hore Canthus oa Japane (Comanthus japonicus), ea lulang setopong sa boroa ba Leoatle la Japane, o behela mahe hang ka selemo kotareng ea pele kapa ea ho qetela. Lihlahisoa tsa thobalano li lula li hlatsuoa mantsiboea, tse tona ke tsa pele ho lokolla peo ea botona, e thusang basali ho behela mahe. Mahe a hlahisoa ka lebaka la likarolo tse tšesaane tsa sekoaelo, ka matsoho ohle a leoatle a nang le maballo a mangata a hlahisang lihlahisoa tsa thobalano ka nako e le 'ngoe. Mahe a lenngoeng a kentsoe ka khetla, hangata a entsoe ka linoko tse fapa-fapaneng, linale, joalo-joalo Tlas'a sekoaelo sa khetla ena, lehe le hlaha ho fihlela setsi sa serethe se nang le likhoele tsa likhoele.
Likhahla tsa leoatle tse mebala e khanyang tse lulang libakeng tse chesang tse mongobo li ka fumaneha malapeng a mang a taelo ea Comatulid. Amphimetra discoidea e ntle haholo, e pharalletse ho tloha Japane ho ea Australia ka botebo ba limithara tse 5 ho isa ho 35. Moemeli enoa oa lelapa le leholo la li-limeter (Himeromelridae), palo ea mefuta e ka bang 50, e na le mahlaseli a maholo a 10 a sootho. Sleplianomelra spicata e tsoang lelapeng la marimetrid (Mnriraelridae) e na le likala tse 20, e pentiloe ka bofubelu le mosehla.
Class Crinoidea. Crinoids, kapa likhahla tsa leoatle
Litšobotsi tse akaretsang. Crinoids (gr. krinon - lily), kapa likhahla tsa leoatle, ke sehlopha se seholo ka ho fetisisa sa li-crinozoid, 'mele oa tsona o nang le calyx e kenyelletsang litho tsa ka hare, tse hlano tse tsoetseng pele hantle ho sebelisoa ho bokella lijo, le kutu kapa sistimi ea antennae e etselitsoeng ho ikamahanya le metsi. lithuto. Calyx e lumellana ka tsela e tšoanang, e hahiloe ka lebanta la lipolanete tsa radial le lebanta le le leng kapa a mabeli a lipolanete tse ka sehloohong. Senoelo se koaheloa ka holimo ka sekwahelo, kapa tegmen, moo ho nang le li-ambule ea ambulacral e fetisetsoang matsohong ebe e ea ho raha. Ordovician - joale.
Sebopeho sa mmele. Litho tsa kahare tsa leoatle tsa kahare li kentsoe ka har'a senoelo, kahare moo molomo o lutseng ka lehlakoreng le holimo. Molomo o kenella ka har'a tšilo ea lijo, o inama ka tsela e le 'ngoe kapa tse' maloa ebe o bula bohare ka mokokotlong oa mokokotlong. Mokhoa oa tšilo o lutse mokokotlong oa 'mele' me o emisoa marakong a 'mele o sebelisa li-membrane tsa mesenteric. Matsoho a mahlano a sa laoloang kapa a makala a atolosa linoelo tsa 'ona. Senoelo hammoho le matsoho se etsa moqhaka.Haufi le tšilo ea lijo ho na le kotopo e potolohang ea sistimi ea ambulacral, likharetene tse hlano tsa radial li atoloha haufi le maoto a ambulacral, li supiloe ka likhahla tsa leoatle, li haelloa ke lintho tse ngata, lijana tsa ho hlapela le ho etsa mesebetsi ea tšilo, e phefumolohang le e tebileng. Likokoana-hloko tsa Planktonic le likarolo tse nyane tsa detritus li ja lijo tsa crinoids. Lijo li isoa molomong ka lireschorenteng matsohong ka thuso ea maoto a ambulacral le cilia ea epithelium e tsitsitseng. Palo ea lijo tse fumanoeng ke khahla ea leoatle e itšetlehile ka hore na o na le makala a makae, ka hona, bolelele ba li-grooo kapa li-grooves. Motseng o mong oa tropike o nang le makala a matsoho a 68, bolelele bohle ba likhoele tsa lijo bo fihla ho limilimithara tse 100. Lesale la methapo le kenella molomong, leo likutu tsa methapo ea letsoho li feteletsang matsohong a mahlaseli a mahlano, ho netefatsa ho sisinyeha ha tsona.
Feie. 263. Sebopeho sa lehloa la leoatle: 1a, b - calyx ea monocyclic, 2a, b - calyx ea diceclic, 3 - karolo e reriloeng ka senoelo, 4 - pono e akaretsang ea khahla ea leoatle e khomaretsoeng, amk - ambulacral canal, anus - anus, k - 'metso ', cr - moqhaka, pi - khokh, p - molomo, matsoho - matsoho, st - stalk, h - senoelo, lipoleiti: bz - basal, br - brachial, ib - infrabasal, rd - radial
Skeleton calyx. Calyx, kapa theca, ea libopeho tse fapaneng, conical, goblet, disc -umbwa kapa spherical. Karolo ea senoelo ka tlase ho likarolo tsa sehokelo sa matsoho e bitsoa dorsal, kapa dorsal, 'me karolo e kaholimo e bitsoa sekoaelo, kapa tegmen. Karolo ea letsopa eaca e thehiloe ke lihlopha tse peli kapa tse tharo tsa lipolanete. Khetholla pakeng tsa lihlopha: radial (RR), basal (BB) le infrabasal (IB) lipoleiti ka 'ngoe li na le lipoleiti tse hlano. Sutu e tloha botebong ba senoelo kapa ka mefuta e sa tsitsang - antennae, kapa cirri, matsoho a hokeletsoe lipaneng tsa radial. Calyx, e leng karolo e ka hare ho eona eo, ntle le moqhaka oa lipolanete tse radial, e nang le senyepa sa basal, e bitsoa monocyclic, haeba e e-na le senyepa sa lipolanete tsa basal le infrabasal - dicyclic. Karolo ea letsopa eaca hangata ka linako tse ling e hahoa feela ho lipolanete tsa radial, hangata ho tloha feela ho tsa basal. Khafetsa, lipalo tse ling tse ngata li nka karolo sebopeho sa karolo ea dorsal, eo ho eona anal (e le 'ngoe kapa tse' maloa) e fumanehang ka har'a posterior interradius, radial, le tse ling li hlahelletseng. Nakong ea ho iphetola ha lintho, keketseho ea boholo ba calyx e bonoa likhahla tsa leoatle. Keketseho ena e etsahala ka lebaka la kenyelletso ea "calyx" ea likarolo tse tlase tsa matsoho le nts'etsopele ea lipolanete tse ncha tse bitsoang li-interradial le interbrachial (bona sa feiga. 271, 5-8).
Skeleton ea letsoho. Matsoho a sutumelletsa hole le likhaba tsa senoelo. Hangata ha li lule li le bonolo, hobane boholo ba tsona li na le linako tse ngata. Matsoho a entsoe ka likarolo tse tšoanang le li-vertebrae ka sebopeho, tse hokahantsoeng ka bomong li sebelisa mesifa kapa ligament e phahameng. Ha e le molao, li na le li-appendages tse khutšoanyane tse kopantsoeng - li-pinnulas. Manonyeletso a matsoho a boetse a hlalosoa a sebelisa li-platform tse khethehileng, hangata a e-na le marokho a le mong kapa a mabeli. Matsoho a na le maemo le ho sisinyeha ho hoholo. Tlas'a maemo a mabe (mocheso o phahameng, ho haella ha oksijene, tlhaselo ea lira), likhahla tsa leoatle li khona ho roba matsoho, ha likarolo tse lahlehileng li khutlisoa hamorao. Matsoho le lithipa li fanoa ka li-grooves tse tebileng tse hahiloeng ka mefuta ea sejoale-joale ea citheary epithelium. Khanale ea radial ambulacral e atoloha lehlohlojane, moo maqhubu a bonts'itseng a maoto a ambulacral ntle le li-ampoules (tse tharo ka ngoe) li etsa mosebetsi oa ho ama le ho hema. Makala a morao-rao a lisekoere tsa radial le ona a ea likhatellong.
Matsoho a ho bokella lijo. Bokaholimo ba 'mele, likutu tsa methapo ea kutlo le likepe tsa tsamaiso ea potoloho li ntse li tsoela pele matsohong. Ka likhasong tsa matsoho tsa lijo, lijo li kenella ka setsing sa molomo se bohareng ba tegmen. Ts'ebetsong ea ho iphetola ha lintho, bolelele le bophahamo ba lekala la matsoho le eketseha. Letsoho le le leng la mela ea khale le nkeloa sebaka ke letsoho le mekato e 'meli (sa feiga. 264, 2), letsoho le nang le mekhahlelo e' meli le lumella lehla la leoatle ho bokella lijo tse ling. Keketseho ea bolelele ba matsoho e ba teng nakong ea lekala la bona la dichotomous kapa nakong ea sebopeho sa cirrus (sa feiga. 264, 1). Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebetsong ea ho iphetola ha lintho, likhahla tsa leoatle li ile tsa hlaha, tse matsohong a eona kapa ka ho felletseng. Nakong ea phokotso ea matsoho, lipoleiti tsa radial tse ba tšehetsang le tsona li ka nyamela.
Feie. 264. Schematic ea sebopeho sa matsoho: 1 - nts'etsopele ea letsoho la cirrus ho tloha ho li-dichotomely, 2 - nts'etsopele ea letsoho le mekato e 'meli ho tloha moleng o le mong, 3 - karolo ea letsoho (likarolo tse 4) e nang le kanale ea ambulacral le lipalo tse koahelang, likarolo tse 4 - tse peli tsa letsoho Diamenocrinus (Devon) tsa matsoho li ka nyamela le ho ts'ehetsa lipolanete tsa bona tsa radial
Li-tegmen ka mefuta ea sejoale-joale li batla li se na lintho tse kholo tsa masapo. E kenella ka li-pores tse ngata tse lebisang mokokotlong oa 'mele, eo ka eona ts'ebetso ea ambulacral e phetoang hape ka metsi. Maoto a Ambulacral a haufi le molomo a fetotsoe hore e be likamore tse haufi le molomo. Ka likhahla tsa khale tsa leoatle, tegmen e ne e koahetsoe ka matlapa a mahlano a molomo, kapa a molomo, a fumanehang lipakeng. Matlapa a molomo a ntlafalitsoe ho isa mekhahlelong e fapaneng: ka mefuta e meng e tsejoa feela sethaleng sa mahalal mme e le sieo ho batho ba baholo, ho tse ling e ntlafalitsoe hantle 'me e hokahane ka thata, ho tse ling sekoaelo se na le lipolanete tse ngata tse tlase, tseo ho tsona ho nang le lipolanete tse koahelang li-grooves tsa lijo. , le matlapa a interambulacral a pakeng tsa bona. Lirurubele tsena, li hokahana, li theha mofuta oa lesira kaholimo ho senoelo, molomo o behiloe ka tlas'a lekhoakhoa, 'me lijo li kenella ka har'a likhoro tsa lijo tse katileng sekhukhu.
Feie. 265. Mefuta ea sebopeho sa sekoaelo (tegmen): 1 - matlapa a molomo feela a ntlafalitsoeng, 2 - sekoaelo ka masimo a ambulacral, 3 - matlapa a molomo a fokotsoe (a bolokiloe haufi le molomo), 4 - li-grooves tsa lijo li behiloe ka tlas'a sekoaelo se matla, lesoba la m, madreporitis, matlapa: am - ambulacral, at - anal, iam - interambulacral, kapa - ka molomo
Anus e behiloe ka lehlakoreng le holimo la disc ea molomo oa calyx ka nako e 'ngoe, haufi le pheletsong ea eona. Lipapaling tsa leoatle tse phelang ka har'a metsi a khutsitseng, a sa sebetseng, ho ile ha hlaha tube ea anal, e koahetsoeng ka lipolanete tse nyane. Chubung e joalo e ne e lumella phoofolo hore e tlose mantle a tsoa hole le molomo.
Feie. 266. Mefuta ea lithupa tsa likhahla tsa leoatleng: 1 - stem ea Eifelocrinus e hokahantsoe le kolone ea bryozoans (e nchafalitsoeng), 2 - 'anchor' ea Aticyrocrinus, 3 - stalketaryal stalk e nang le antennae (moustache) ea Myelodactylus, e pota-potileng moqhaka (cr), 4 - Amone eariniki e kopane ho pota calyx
Sebaka. Sutu e feto-fetohang e hokahane le karolo e ka tlase ea calyx, poleiting ea eona e bohareng, e nang le likarolo tse fapaneng tsa sebopeho: chitja, selikalikoe, quadrangular, pentagonal, 'me ha se seoelo ebile se nang le hexagonal. Ka genera e itseng, kutu e fihla ho bolelele ba limithara tse 'maloa, ho tse ling e lula e le khutšoane kapa e atrophies ka botlalo. Ka mefuta e meng, senoelo se ne se hola ka setsi sa sona. Ho pholletsa le kutu eohle ho feta mocha oa axial o nang le karolo e fapaneng ea sefapano. Mefuteng ea khale ea leoatle, kutu eo e ne e e-na le mela e mehlano ea lipolanete tse hlophisitsoeng ka tatellano e fapaneng. Ts'ebetsong ea ho iphetola ha lintho, phetoho ea sebopeho sa cyclic le ho kopanya lipolanete tse ling tse hlano tse haufi le karolo e le 'ngoe ea kutu e bonoa. Hangata har'a likarolo tse tšoanang, ho fumanoa likarolo tse kholo tse bitsoang li-nodal tse nang le antennae. Likhahla tsa leoatle li hokahana le karoloana ena ka litsela tse fapaneng: ka ho holisa kutu ho ea lefikeng le tlase ka ho arola palo e kholo ea lime ho potoloha likarolo tse kholo le ho theha disk ea khokahanyo, ho nts'etsapele makala a makala a makala qetellong ea kutu, le mofuta oa anke o etselitsoeng ho lokisa likhahla tse ling tsa leoatle. kapa polypnyaki likorale 'me li sebelisitsoe bakeng sa khokahano ea nakoana, ha ba bang - ba sotletse ho potoloha senoelo sebakeng se sephara' me ba kanna ba se sebeletsa motsamao o potlakileng le o atamelaneng haufi le tlase ka thuso ea antennae e mekha e 'meli (bona feiga. 266, 5). Ntho e tsejoang hape ke ntšetso-morao qetellong ea kutu ea ho saroloha, e arotsoeng ke likarolo tsa likamore tse arohaneng 'me ho bonahala e sebetsa joalo ka lesela la ho sesa le mokhoa oa bophelo oa plankton. Khabareng, ka mefuta e mengata stem e ne e le sieo mme e le sieo sethaleng sa batho ba baholo litsong tse ngata tsa sejoale-joale tsa makhala. Linakong tse joalo tsa leoatle tse se nang lesapo, sebo sena se ba maemong a pele feela a ho hola khoeli le halofo, ka mor'a moo senoelo sa bona se qhalana ka ntle ho kutu mme lehlaka le lenyenyane la leoatle le fetela bophelong ba mahala. Botlaaseng ba senoelo, antennae, kapa cirri, ea hola. Ho sisinyeha ha likhahla tse joalo ho etsahala ka thuso ea matsoho, empa ho e le 'ngoe ba sesa sebaka se sekhutšoanyane (ho fihlela ho 3 m), ba etsa li-beats tse ka bang 100 ka motsotso. Palo, boholo, bolelele le ponahalo ea antenna li ipapisitse le maemo a bophelo: likhahla tsa leoatleng tse lulang ho li-silts tse bonolo li na le li-antennae tse otlolohileng, likhahla tse lulang majoeng li na le antennae e khutšoane.
Feie. 267. Ho fetoha hoa leseli ho tloha mela e mehlano ho ea ho cyclic
Ho hlahisa le ho holisa. Se ithutoang ka botlalo ke ho hlahisa le ho ntšetsa pele khetla ea sejoale-joale e sa tsoakoang ea setho sa gened Antedon. Likhahla tsa leoatleng lia fapana. Lisele tsa thobalano tse holileng holima manonyeletso a matsoho, hangata tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tsa tsoalo e etsahala ka nako e le ngoe, 'me mahe a emolisoa ka metsing. Mahe a lenngoeng a kenngoa khetla, hangata e nang le li-spikes tse fapaneng, linale. Ka likhetla tsena, mahe a hola ho fihlela sethopo. Qalong, makhoaba ha a na molomo ebile a fepa feela ka yolk. Ka lehlakoreng la ventral, o na le senoelo sa ho inamisa. Kamora ho sesa ka nako e telele ka metsing, maiketsetso a tetebela tlase, a hokahana le karolo e ka pele ea mmele. Qetellong e moqotetsane e fetoha stalk, 'me e sephara e boele e fetohe calyx. Cilia e koahelang 'mele oa larva ea nyamela,' me likarolo tse rarahaneng tsa litho tsa ka hare li potoloha 90 °. Ho hlaha matlapa a mahlano a molomo, a etsa piramite ka lehlakoreng le holimo, matlapa a mahlano a basal a nts'etsopele ho tloha tlase. Pakeng tsa tsona le qalong ea stem 3-5 infrabasal matlapa a hlaha. Ka nako ena, skeleton ea lily e nyane ea leoatle e batla e tšoana le skeleton ea li-cystoids tse ling tsa Paleozoic. Haufinyane, pakeng tsa matlapa a basal le a molomo, ho itlama ka lebanta ho nang le matlapa a mahlano a radial, 'me matsoho a hlaha. Moeling o pakeng tsa calyx le stem, ho thehoa likarolo tse ncha tsa stem. Libeke tse hlano kamora hore seretse se sebetse, khahla e nyane ea leoatle e sutumetsa ka limilimithara tse 'ne. Nakong e tlang, matsoho a lelefala butle-butle, letsoho le leng le le leng le arotsoe ka makala a mabeli, likokono li hlahella ka letsohong, 'me li arohana. Mothating ona, khahla ea leoatle e ts'oana le baemeli ba khahla ea leoatle e sentsoeng ea Pentacrinus ea genus. Kamora nako e itseng, matlapa a molomo a fokotsehile, 'me ka lehlakoreng le holimo letlalo lea nts'oa - tegmen. Matlapa a basal le ona a fokotsehile. Ebe kopi e khaola kutu, 'me khahla e nyane e fetoha seqhetsoana, e qala ho phela bophelo ba thekeng, e tsamaea ka thuso ea matsoho. Bakeng sa khokahanyo ea nakoana, cirri e hlaha botlaaseng ba senoelo. Phuputso e entsoeng ka li-paligenis tsa likhahla tsa sejoale-joale tsa leoatle li bonts'a ponahalo ea baemeli ba se nang boikhabi ba tsoang ho ba ikopantseng.
Feie. 268. Ontogenesis ea Antedon bipida: 1-2 - seretse se sa thellang se phaphametseng (poleiti ea parietal e shebileng tlase), sethala se 3 - se ts'oantsoeng (se ts'oanang le cystoid), 4 - sethala sa pentacrine ka matsoho a arohaneng, senoelo sa pelepele, matlapa: bz - basal, kapa - molomo, rd - radial
Bohlokoa ba lekhetho le ho khetholloa. Sistimi ea likhahla tsa leoatle e ipapisitse le sebopeho sa calyx kaofela, sebopeho sa karolo ea eona ea methapo, cap (tegmen), matsoho le kutu, ka palo le mofuta oa sebaka sa lipolanete tse lipakeng, tse lipakeng le tse lipakeng. Sehlopha sena se kenyelletsa li-subclass tse 'ne: Camerata, Inadunata, Flexibilia, Articulata, eo boraro ba bona ba pele bo neng bo le teng ho tloha Ordovician ho ea Perm, mme baemeli ba bone, ba hlahang qalong ea Triassic, ba ntse ba le teng maoatleng a kajeno (sa feiga. 269-272).
Feie. 269. Sehlekehleke sa Camerata. Setšoantšo sa moralo (1-3 - ka moralo, 4 - ka lehlakoreng): 1 - Cleiocrinus (Ordovician o mahareng), 2 - Glyptocrinus (Ordovician ea morao-rao), 3 - Platycrinites (Devon - Perm), 4 - Acrocrinus (khabinete)
Feie. 270. Subclass Inadunata. Setšoantšo sa moralo: 1 - calyx ea ho fetoha ha li-crinoids tsa inadunate, 2 - Cornucrinus (Ordovician): 2a - pono e ka morao, 2b - pono e holimo, 3 - locrinus (bohareng - morao Ordovician), 4 - Cupressocrinites (bohareng ba Devonia): 4a - senoelo ka matsoho, 4b - pono ea calyx e tsoang holimo, 5 - Cromyocrinus (khabin), dc - dorsal canal, matlapa: anal - anal, kapa - molomo (bakeng sa temoso eohle ea bona setšoantšo sa feiga. 263)
Tlhaho le tekanyetso. Likhahla tsa leoatle Paleozoic le Mesozoic e ne e le baahi ba libaka tse ka tlas'a leoatle tse sa tebang. Ba bang ba bona ba ne ba phela tlasa ts'ireletso ea mafika a likorale, ba bang ba theohetse botebong ba leoatle. Likhahla tsa kajeno tsa leoatle li lula botebong bohle: ho tloha ka sekhukhu ho isa mohohlong (ho fihlela ho 9700 m), ho tloha libakeng tse chesang tse mongobo ho ea fihla libakeng tse phahameng tsa polar. Ka linako tse ling ba theha libaka tse kholo - "meadows", e nang le mofuta o le mong. Mohlomong "makhulo" a joalo a likhahla tsa leoatle li kile tsa ba teng mehleng ea geoloji e fetileng, hobane likarolo tsa lejoe la crinoid li tsejoa, e na le likarolo tsa lithupa, hangata matsoho le masala a li-calyx. Likhahla tse tebileng tsa leoatle li na le matsoho a malelele a matala, lithupa tse tšesaane le calyx e nyane; qetellong ea kutu e na le metso e fapaneng. Lifateng tsa leoatleng tse lulang metsing a futhumetseng, calyx e kholo haholo, ka linako tse ling e na le li-spikes, stem, joalo ka molao, ea khutsufatsoa, maemong a mang e le sieo ka ho feletseng, 'me khahla ea leoatle e khangoa ka kotloloho karolong e ka tlase ea lefatše e nang le senoelo. Malapa a mangata a sejoale-joale a leoatleng a phela bophelo bo sa lefelloeng ba ho sesa butle butle ka tlase ka matsoho. Makhoaba a tšoanang le a phallang a phaphametse a fumaneha Paleozoic (Silurian, Perm), karolo e nyane ea likhahla tsa leoatleng ho bonahala e ne e phela ka tsela e makatsang ea bophelo. Tsena li kenyelletsa sebopeho sa Silurian (Scyphocrinites), moo sesebelisoa sa ho sesa se ikhethileng (pneumophore) se hlahileng qetellong ea kutu. Mofuta oa leoatle oa "Caccaceous" o sa hlahisoang o sentse o fumaneha ka lebaka la ho ba le calyx e nyane le matsoho a malelele. Ho sisinyeha ho tlase ha likhahla tsa leoatle ho etsa hore li be teng pele ho rarolla mefuta e meng ea liphoofolo ho tsona, bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ea ho kopana, ho fihlela parasitism ea 'nete. Liboko tsa lelapa la Myzostomidae hangata li lula holim'a likhahla tsa leoatle, tse ling tsa tsona li hahaba holima sehlahla le calyx, tse ling li qalella ho kenella ka mokhoa o ikhethileng mananeng a matlo a tsona, 'me tse ling li ikatisa kahare ho' mele. Mohlomong li-gastropods tse ling e ne e le li-commensalists tsa likhahla tsa leoatle. Ka lehlakoreng le ka hare la calyx ea li-crinoids tse ling tsa Paleozoic, likhetla tsa gastropod mollusks (platinoderatids) li fumanoa e le hore pheletso ea estuarine e ne e le haufi le bohloa ba leoatle; ho ka etsahala hore li-gastropods tsena li fepeloe ke makhopho a likhahla.
Feie. 271. Flexibilia subclass: 1 - senoelo sa taxocrinus se tsoang ho Devon ka khetla ea gastropod clam Platyceras (Pl), 2a, b - karolo ea kutu ea khase e senyehileng ke parostic misostomids (Annelides), 3,8 - Sagenocrinites (Silur), senoelo se kenyeletsa brachial (br) le matlapa a interbrachial (ibr), 4 - Protaxocrinus (Ordovician ea bohareng - Silurian), la 5-6 - kholo ea kholo ea senoelo ka lebaka la matlapa a brachial, 7 - Ichthyocrinus (Silurian - Pele ea Dedonia), senoelo se kenyeletsa matlapa a brachial , (mabitso a bona feiga. 263)
Nalane ea nts'etsopele ea li-crinoids. Tšimoloho ea li-crinoids e ntse e sa hlaka. Ho lumeloa hore ba ne ba qheletsoe ka thoko ho Cambrian ho tsoa ho moholo-holo ea tloaelehileng ea nang le li-dystoids mme nts'etsopele ea bona e ne e amana le ponahalo ea mahlaseli a kotsi a 'mele - matsoho a etselitsoeng ho bokella lijo. Matsoho ha a phutholohe ho brachioles cystoid lehlambtoid. Nakong ea Ordovician ea pele, baemeli ba likarolo tse peli tse tlase ba tsejoa: camerath le inadunate, le ho qala ho tloha ho Ordovician ea bohareng, subclass ea maemo a bonolo. Haeba li-subclass tse peli tsa pele li theha lihlopha tse khelohang, sebaka sa Flexibilia se lula e le sehlotšoana nakong ea Paleozoic, e timella bohareng ba Permian. Haholo-holo tse ngata le tse fapaneng e ne e le camerata le li-inadunate ho Devonia le Early Carboniferous.Palo ea camerata e fokotseha haholo ho ea qetellong ea Carboniferous, mme baemeli ba ho qetela ba setsi sena se tlase ba bolaoa bohareng ba Perm. Ba inadunates, ho fapana le moo, Perm e fana ka khanya e ncha 'me ba tsebahala ka peo e pharaletseng e pharalletseng. E 'ngoe ea li-subunits tsa inadunate (enkrinin) e phehella nakong ea Triassic, empa e boetse e shoa qetellong ea Triassic. Baemeli ba pele ba subclass e fana ka maikutlo ho Triassic, ho Jurassic le Cretaceous ba ngatafala, hara bona hammoho le mefuta e hokeletsoeng e bonahala e le li-crinoids tse sa sisinyeheng. Ho maoatle a sejoale-joale, mefuta e 75 e sa sisinyeheng (mefuta e fetang 75) ke baemeli feela ba sehlopha sa "crinoids" se kileng sa ba seholoholo, empa le sehlopha se akaretsang sa crinose.
Feie. 272. Subclass of Articulata: 1 - Uintacrinus (Late Cretaceous), 2a, b - Marsupites (Late Cretaceous), 3 - Saccocoma (Late Jurassic - Cretaceous), li-plates: iber - interbrachial, hammoho - sethala sa pentagonal (bakeng sa tse ling kaofela tsa temoso ea bona feiga. . 263)
Tšobotsi
Li khetholloa ka ho ba teng ha stalk feela bocheng (sethaleng sa pentacrinus). Kamora metamorphosis, eo ka nako eo ho nang le ho hana ho tsoa ho kutu, anhedones e tsamaea ka thuso ea cirrhae (lihlompheho tsa lehlakoreng la 'mele), hape e khona ho nyolohela moleng oa metsi, o kenella ka matla. Li-antedones li fumanoa mobung o thata oa metsi a sa tebang (ka tlase ho limitara tse 200) maoatleng a Atlantic le Pacific.
Maikutlo
Ka mosa Antedon Mefuta e 14:
Antedon (Antedon medwireanea) Na ke mofuta oa likhahla tse sa kopaneng lewatle tse atileng Leoatleng la Mediterranean, o lula har'a mehloa e bitsoang li-leoatle tsa leoatle, tse hokahantsoeng le mafika kapa mokokotlo oa coral, botebong ba limithara tse 220 ho tloha holim'a metsi. E na le 'mala o bofubelu ba' mala oa lamunu. Lily ena ea leoatle e khona ho kheloha sebakeng se ka tlas'a lefatše ebe e sesa ka bolokolohi leoatleng le bulehileng, e kenella ka potlako ka li-tentpaper.
Class Liemahale tsa Leoatle (Crinoidea) (Z. I. Baranova)
Lebitso la sehlopha sena ke sa Greek mme le fetoletsoe ka Serussia "le tšoana le likhahla." Ha e le hantle, baemeli ba sehlopha sena ba na le sebopeho se makatsang sa 'mele se tšoanang le palesa. Mmala o motle kapa o khanyang oa boholo ba tsona o ntlafatsa ho tšoana hona. Ke mekhabiso ea 'nete ea lirapa tse ka tlasa metsi. Likhahla tsa leoatleng li lula feela maoatleng le maoatleng, a khangoa ke lintho tse ka tlasa metsi. E mong oa bona - likhahla tse koetsoeng - ba qeta bophelo bohle ba bona ba le maemong a hoketsweng, ba inamela setaleng sa bona. Ba bang - lipalesa tse se nang lesapo - ba fetohetse mokhoa oa bophelo oa mahala, ba lahlile kutu ea bona mme ba ba le bokhoni ba ho kheloha sebaka se tlase le ho sesa libaka tse nyane, ba tsamaisa meroalo ea bona joalo ka mafahla. Leha ho le joalo, tsoelopeleng e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, likhahla tse sa laoloang li kenella sethaleng se tiisitsoeng, se bonts'ang kamano ea lihlopha tsena ka bobeli tsa likhahla tsa sejoale-joale tsa leoatle.
Sebopeho Likhahla tsa leoatle li ikhethang haholo. 'Mele oa bona o na le sebopeho sa senoelo,' me lehlakore le lelelele le khurumelitsoeng holimo, moo mahlaseli a sefahleho sa cirrus kapa matsoho a tsoang teng. Meru ke sebopeho se ikhethang bakeng sa sehlopha sena, 'me mefuta e fapaneng ea likhahla tsa leoatle e amana haholo le likarolo tsa mahlaseli.
Likhahla ka bobeli tsa leoatle tse tsekiloeng le tse se nang thipa, ho fapana le li-echinoderms tse ling, li lebisitsoe ka molomo (molomo) lehlakoreng le ka nqane ho karolo e ka lehlakoreng le lehlakoreng, ea bori. Kaofela ha tsona li na le masapo a 'mele a ntlafalitsoeng a nang le bokhoni, a nang le lipolanete tse kholo tsa boholo bo fapaneng le libopeho, hangata a phunyeletsoa ka masoba bakeng sa ho fetisa methapo kapa menyetla ea tsamaiso ea ambulacral. Le ha lipolanete tsa marapo li kenelletse letlalong la phoofolo, li bonahala ka ho hlaka ho tloha kantle, joalo ka likhahla tsa batho ba baholo sefahleho sa tsona se pepesitsoe ka botlalo. Ka lehlakoreng la aby ea calyx e koahetsoe ka khetla e nang le likarolo tse peli (monocyclic calyxkapa tse tharo (senoelo sa dicyclic) corollasliphoofotsoana tse ling tse haufi le radii le li-interradius tse potolohileng poleiti e kholo (e ka sehloohong) ea senoelo, lipolanete tse 5 khorong ka 'ngoe. Ka likhahla tsa leoatle tse koahetsoeng ke motheo oa calyx, hantle ka poleiti ea eona e bohareng, stalk e bonolo e hokahane, e boetse e sebeletsa ho hokahanya phoofolo le substrate. Re lokela ho hlokomela hore mekhoa ea ho hokahanya likhahla tsa leoatle ho substrate e fapane. Mefuteng e meng, poleiti ea ho qetela ea kutu e atoloha ka sebopeho sa disk kapa hook, ho tse ling, metso e nyane e atoloha ho tloha botlaaseng ba kutu, ho karolo ea boraro, lits'ebetso tse tsamaeang (li-cirres) li hlophisitsoe ka mehele hammoho le kutu eohle hole. Lifateng tse se nang lesapo, moo poleiti e le 'ngoe feela e setseng e tsoang semeleng, e kopaneng le poleiti e bohareng ea calyx, ho hokahana ka nakoana le karolo e kholo ho etsoa ka metso (likhoele), tse nang le manala qetellong. Likhoele li hokahane le likarolo tsa masapo a calyx, ho feta moo, khafetsa, joalo ka ha ho bonoa kahare ea rona e ka leboea ea Heliometra glacialis, poleiti e bohareng ea calyx e hola mme e bopa seo ho thoeng ke bohareng ba mokokotlo, se nang le mekotla e khethehileng bakeng sa ho kopanya cirrus. Ka tlase ho fossa e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e joalo ho na le sebaka se bulang ka moo kutu ea methapo e kenang cirrus. Cirr e ka fetisa lekholo.
Feie. 130. Sebopeho sa leoatle lily Heliometra glacialis: A - ponahalo ea khahla, B - lintlha tsa calyx le karolo ea mahlaseli, C - disc ea molomo ea khahla e nyane (e holisitsoe). 1 - khaba e bohareng ea calyx, 2 - cirr, 3 - libaka tsa khokahano ea mosoeu, 4 - mahlaseli, 5 - karolo ea pele (vertebra), 6 - karolo ea bobeli ea mahlaseli, 7 - poleiti ea radial, 8 - koff, 9 - molomo o bulehileng, o lutseng ka papillomas Li-grooves tse 10 - li-ambulacral, 11 - anal elex, 12 - anus, 13 - li-saccule, 14 - li-pores tse lebisang ho li-funnels tsa ciliary, 15 - lipapatso tse qaqileng tsa skeleton ea molomo
Matsoho a likhahla tsa leoatle a boetse a na le masapo a tšehetsang hantle a nang le likarolo tse ngata, kapa vertebrae, e bitsoang lipoleiti tsa brachial. Poleiti ea pele ea brachial e hokahane le lipolanete tsa radial tsa calyx ea ho qetela, e haufi le moeli oa lehlakore la molomo. Lithapo tsa masapo li hokahane ka thuso ea mesifa, ho fana ka maemo a tsona a fetohang le ho sisinyeha. Polelo e joalo ea methapo ea methapo e bonahala ho tsoa kantle ka sebopeho sa lekhalo le pharalletseng le lipakeng tsa bona. Leha ho le joalo, libakeng tse ling, khokahano ea lipolanete tsa brachial e etsahala ntle le mesifa, ka nako eo meeli pakeng tsa bona ha e bonahale ebile e hlahella e le sethala se tšesaane sa transverse. Manonyeletso ana a bitsoa syzygial, le bokhoni ba likhahla ho roba mahlaseli a bona tlasa maemo a mabe, mohlala, ka mocheso o phahameng, ho haella ha oksijene, tlhaselo ea lira, ho amana haholo le mokhoa o sa tsitsitseng oa ho hokela vertebrae. Boithuto bo bontšitse hore ho tloha ho 75 ho isa ho 90% ea likhahla li roala mahlaseli a tsona mesebetsing ea mesifa le ka seoelo manonyeletsong a mesifa. Tlhaho Autotomy (ho tlola) matsoho ke ntho e atileng haholo hara likhahla tsa leoatle, 'me likarolo tse lahlehileng li khutlisetsoa ka potlako haholo (li nchafala). Ka tloaelo, ray e nchafalitsoeng e ka khetholoha habonolo ho mahlaseli a mang ka nako e itseng ka 'mala o bobebe le boholo bo nyane. E le molao, li-syzygal sutures li fapana le suture ea mesifa mme e etsahala ka mor'a vertebrae ea 3-4. Hoo e batlang e le vertebra e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea borashe, makala a lehlakoreng a fapana ka ho le letona kapa ka ho le letšehali - o rahile, hape e na le likarolo, kapa vertebrae, e ka lehlakoreng la abor. Tsena li raha 'me li etsa hore mahlaseli a shebahale a le masiba. Mekotlo ea likhahla tsa leoatle hangata ha e na lekala 'me e lula e le palo ea bohlano. Ka tloaelo, ho qala ka poleiti ea bobeli ea brachial, ba kopantsoe habeli, ebe ba se ba le 10, kapa ba arotsoe ka bongata, 'me palo ea bona e ka fihla 200. Ka lehlakoreng la molomo oa beamo, ho kenyelletsa le makala ohle a eona, ho fihlela ho raha, ho feta sethala sa ambulacral se lekanang, se lutseng mola o habeli oa maoto a ambulacral. Motheong oa mahlaseli ana, li-grooves tsena lia kopana 'me li fetela sebakeng sa molomo oa calyx, moo li atisang ho bula molomo, e fumanehang lifomong tse ngata bohareng ba disc ea molomo. Disc e molomo oa calyx e koaheloa feela ke letlalo le bonolo ebile e batla e se na likarolo tsa masapo. Letlalo la hae le kenella ka li-pores tse ngata tse lebisang mehatong ea likhoele ebe li kenella hare bokong ba mmele mme li sebeletsa ho tlatsa sisteme ea ambulacral ka metsi. Maoto a ambulacral a haufi haholo le molomo a fetoha liseneke tse haufi le molomo, tse nang le li-papilloma tse bonolo. Li-kick tse peli tsa pele, tse se nang likhoele, hangata li roaloa ka lehlakoreng la molomo, 'me joalo ka lipampiri tsa molomo, li thusa ka ho ja. Anus e sebakeng se phahameng se phahameng se fumanehang ho mefuta e mengata ho e 'ngoe ea li-interradiuse tsa disk ea molomo, haufi le pheletso ea eona. Molomo oa likhahla tsa leoatle o kenella ka selenggus, o kenella ka mpeng, ebe o kena ka matlung, o etsa loops e le 'ngoe kapa ho feta.
Lijo tsa likhahla ke likokoanyana tse nyane tsa planktonic, likaroloana tse nyane tsa detritus. Mokhoa oa phepo ea bona o motle haholo ha o bapisoa le mekhoa ea ho fepa li-echinoderms tse ling. Ba fepa feela. Lijo li isoa molomong ka thuso ea maoto a ambulacral le ka lebaka la ketso ea li-cilia tse ngata tsa epithelium ea li-ambulacral. Karolo ea bohlokoa ho sena e bapaloa ke limpho tse epolotsoeng ke lisele tsa methapo ea methapo ea likhoele. E koahela likaroloana tsa lijo, e etsa likotlo tsa lijo, tseo ka maqhubu a metsi a bakoang ke ketso ea cilia, li romelloang molomong ka li-ambulense. Ho sebetsa ha mokhoa ona oa ho fepa haholo ho latela bolelele ba likhoele. Ha mahlaseli a mela haholo, mela e melelele ho feta, ka hona, lijo li ka isoa molomong. Ho ile ha hakanngoa hore ka har'a lehloa le sitsoeng la leoatle Metacrinus rotundus, e nang le mahlaseli a 56, bolelele bohle ba mehala ke 72 m'me ka har'a 68-ray tropical Comantheria Grandicalix, likhoele li ka ba 100 m.
Sebaka se seholo joalo sa likhahla ha se bapisoa le boholo ba tsona bo fokolang se tlosa tlhokeho ea nts'etsopele ea sistimi e khethehileng ea ho phefumoloha. Ho phefumoloha ka bonolo mohlomong ke ka letlalo, maoto le matsoho.
Likhahla tsa leoatle ke liphoofolo tse lulang li lutse fatše. Likhahla tsa sehlahla li ka tsamaea feela ka matsoho, mefuta e meng e mengata e sa sisinyeheng ea tropike e hahlaula butle ho tloha sebakeng se seng, ha baemeli lelapa Antedonidae e khona ho sesa libaka tse nyane (ho fihla ho limitara tse 'maloa ka nako e le ngoe). Sesa anhedones eseng hangata haholo. Haeba maemo a lumela, ba ka ba sebakeng se le seng ka likhoeli tse 'maloa. Ho tsamaea ha likhahla tse ngata ho etsa hore li be teng bakeng sa tšoaetso ke likokoana-hloko tse ling, ho fihla ho li-parasite tsa 'nete. Kahoo, liboko tsa lelapa la Myzostomidae li ka fumanoa li feta lekholo ka lehare le le leng, 'me li phela ka tsela e fapaneng: tse ling li hahlaula ka bolokolohi holim' a khahla, tse ling li theha li-pinnules, meroallo, ho ruruha ho khethehileng, moo li behiloeng teng, tse ling li fetoha likokoana-hloko tsa 'nete tsa kahare.
Har'a lira tse tšosang ka ho fetisisa tsa likhahla tsa leoatle ho hlokahala hore li rehe li-mollusks tse nyane tse jang nama lelapa Melanellidae. Ba hahla le likhahla, ba cheka likarolo tsa bona tse thata tsa masapo ka lipalesa tsa bona, ba kena ka har'a lithane tse bonolo 'me ba li ja. Lilies hangata li angoa ke mefuta e meng e mengata ea likhokahano e lutseng ka mpeng ea lijo, kapa kahare, kapa ka har'a disk.
Lihlaha tsohle tsa leoatle lia fapana. Lihlahisoa tsa botona le botšehali li hlaha lithong tse haufi haholo le calyx. Khafetsa, ba batona ba lokolla peo ea botona pele ka ho buleha ka mokhoa o ikhethileng ka nako ea tholoana ea lihlahisoa tsa ho ikatisa. Sena se matlafatsa mahe a basali a ho hlohlona. Tsena tsa morao-rao ha li na maqeba a khethehileng a setho sa botšehali, 'me mahe a tsoa ka ho roba mabota a ba kjoang. Mahe a mefuta e mengata a manyolo ka kotloloho metsing. Lera e nang le sebakana e qala ho thehoa lehe le emolisitsoeng lobar, e nang le bophelo bo bokhutšoanyane ba polankton ha e bapisoa le makhoaba a echinoderms tse ling. Kamora matsatsi a 2 kapa a 3, e inamela tlase mme e khomarela substrate kapa linthong tse ling tse tiileng, ho kenyeletsoa le batsoali ba eona. Sehokelo sa polokelo se etsoa ke pheletso e ka pele, kamora eona e lahleheloa ke cilia ebe e fetoha koloi.
'Mele oa larva o qala ho lelefala le ho arohana le bakoa le "calyx" holimo moo molomo o tsoang teng. eona cystoid sethala sa larval. Haufinyane, senoelo se fumana sebopeho sa mabota a mahlano, matsoho a thefuleha haufi le molomo, kutu e ntse e hola, sehokelo sa khokahano sea hola, 'me seretse se fetoha joaloka lehlahla le lenyenyane la leoatle le ntseng le sutumetsa holima kutu ea lona. Ona e se e le mohato pentacrinus. Lebitso la eona le bakoa ke taba ea hore pejana, ha nts'etsopele ea semela sa Atlant stemless Antedon bifida se ne se e-so ithutoe, makhopho a joalo a ile a nkeloa mofuta o ikemetseng oa likhahla tse bitsoang Pentacrinus europeus. Meetso ea pentacrinuse e nyane haholo - ho tloha ho 4 mm ho fihla ho 1 cm, empa mefuta e meholo e ka hlaha metsing a batang a Antarctic, ho fihla ho 5 cm telele.
Feie. 131. Likarolo tsa nts'etsopele ea khahla ea leoatleng: 1 - lobola la leoatle la leoatle, 2 - lehla la leoatle sethaleng sa cystoid, 3 - sethala sa pentacrinus, 4 - se khetla semela sa leoatleng se hlahisang limela se bitsoang li-lipotarous lily Phrixometrus se nang le pentacrinoids e tsoetseng ka sejaneng sa bana.
Tsoelo-pele e tsoelang pele ea lihlopha tsena ka bobeli tsa likhahla tsa leoatle tsa kajeno e tsoela pele ka tsela e fapaneng. Likarolong tsa lipalesa tsa leoatle tse tsekiloeng, tse lulang li kopane bophelo bohle ba tsona, ho hlaha likarolo tse ncha tsa lehlakore ka lehlakoreng la calyx. Mofuta o ntse o eketseha ka boholo. E na le likarolo tsa motho ka mong (vertebrae) tse kaholimo ho e 'ngoe, tse tšoanang le mokotla oa lichelete. Likarolo tsa bakoang, tse hokahantsoeng ka thata ka thuso ea mesifa le ho phunyeletsa bohareng ka seterata seo methapo le litho tse ling li fetang ho sona, li hlahella mefuta e meng ea methapo ea methapo e haufi le kutu eohle, ho tse ling - motheong oa eona feela. Khahla ea leoatle e fetoha joaloka palesa ka botlalo. Bolelele ba kutu ea likhahla tsa sejoale-joale bo fihla ho 75-90 cm, mme mefuta ea mesaletsa ea khale e ne e le linatla tse kholo, ho isa ho tse 21 ka bolelele m.
Ho seng joalo, nts'etsopele ea likhahla tsa leoatle tse sa tsitsang tsa pentacrinus li tsoela pele. Kamora nako e ka bang khoeli le halofo, senoelo sa bona ha se itlhahele feela, ebe ba fetoha bophelo ba mahala, 'me butle-butle semela sea shoa.
Likhahla tsa leoatle tse sitsoeng ke liphoofolo tsa khale ka ho fetisisa har'a li-echinoderms tsa mehleng ena, empa li fumanoe maoatleng morao tjena. Kopi ea bona ea pele e fumanoe ka 1765 haufi le sehlekehleke sa Martinique (Leoatle la Atlantic) mme e hlalositsoe tlasa lebitso la "palema ea leoatle". Hajoale, mefuta ea 75 ea likhahla tsa stem tse phelang e tsejoa, e ajoa haholo botebong bo phahameng, ho fihlela ho 9700 m. Ho fapana le hoo, likhahla tsa leoatle tse sa tsitsang li khetha metsi a sa tebang, li ka fumaneha le matlapeng, ka hona li tsejoa ke litsebi tsa tlhokomelo ea liphoofolo pejana ho feta tse ling. Ho boleloa ha mefuta ea Mediterranean ea Antedon e ka fumanoa qetellong ea lekholo la XVI. Likhahla tsa leoatleng tse lulang li sa pheleng li ntlafalitsoe haholo. Ho maoatle a sejoale-joale, mefuta e 540 ea tsebahala, e fumanehang libakeng tse chesang tse mongobo le metsing a Antarctic le Arctic. Leha ho le joalo, sebaka se ka sehloohong sa ho ajoa ha liphoofolo tsena ke libaka tse futhumetseng tsa Leoatle la India le Pacific. Likhahla tsohle tsa sejoale-joale ke tsa mofuta o le mong hlakolalikhahla tse kopaneng (Articulata) le tse nne subcontracts, tse tharo li kopantseng likhahla tse khabetsoeng 'me e le' ngoe feela - e sa sisinyeheng (Comatulida).
Har'a likhahla tse sitsoeng, baemeli ba tsebahalang ka ho fetisisa suborderisocrinide (Isocrinida). Li na le thupa e telele, e ka bang mahlakore a mahlano, e na le mehele e meholo ea cirr e telele ka bolelele, e le ngoe ea cirr ka 'ngoe, e hole hole le e mong. Meru ea likhahla e na le makala a mangata, 'me moqhaka oa eona o tšoana hantle le palesa. Likhahla tsena li ne li lula li fumaneha ka ho rengoa ha li robehile, kahoo mokhoa oa ho hokahanya karoloana ena o lula o sa tsejoe ka nako e telele. Haufinyane tjena, ho sibolotsoe mefuta-futa eohle ka mehala ea telegraph. Ho ile ha fumaneha hore likhahla tsa leoatle tsa suborder ena li na le keketseho e nyane motheong oa kutu, e khomaretsoeng substrate. Ho hokahanya karolo e katlase ho ena ho bobebe, likhahla li atisa ho qhalana ebe li phela bophelo bo bobebe kapa bo sa pheleng, ka nakoana li kopantsoe le cirrus ea kutu ho ntho e loketseng. Ho ne ho khonahala ho bona likhahla tse phahamisitsoeng ho tloha tlase ho tse robehileng, moo mohala oa "cirr" o haufi haholo le khefu o neng o aparetsoe ka hare, ke hore, o ne o le maemong a ts'oaroang.Bongata ba mefuta ea suborder ena ke mofuta oa Metacrinus, e emeloang haholo karolong ea Indo-Mala. Mona u ka fumana Metacrinus nobilis (Lethathamo 17), ea lulang botebong ba 250 m. Mofuta ona o na le kutu e tšoeu e tšoeu e nang le moqhaka o bobebe oa 'mala o mosehla kapa o mofubelu.
Botebong ba 145-400 m kantle le lebopong la Japane o ka fumana mofuta o mong - Metacrinus interruptus. E khomarela ntho efe kapa efe habonolo, kaha e bontšitse likhoele tse nang le likhopo.
Ka metsing a rona u ka kopana le baemeli ba karolo e 'ngoe ea likhahla tse otlolohileng - subordermillericrinide (Millericrinida), e tšoauoa ka boholo bo bonyenyane, mahlaseli a manyane a sa sebetseng hammoho le kutu e chitja, e nkile mekotla ea eona. Pele ho tsena, ho loketse ho bolela mefuta e meng ea mofuta oa leoatle le tebileng la Bathycrinus, e leng palo ea mefuta e 9, e abeloang botebong ba metsi a futhumetseng le a futhumetseng.
Leoatleng la Pacific ho Commander Islands ka botebo ba 2840 m Bathycrinus complanatus o ile a fumanoa. Lily ena e nyane haholo, e bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 'maloa e bonolo e harelana moheleng e nang le metso e khuts'oane e fumanehang motheong oa kutu. Karolo e setseng ea kutu ha e na cirr.
Haufi haholo le mofuta oa pejana Bathycrinus pacificus, e fumanehang ka boroa ho Japane ka botebo ba 1650 m. Methapo ea eona e nyane, calyx le mahlaseli a 'mala o mosehla ka' mala (Tafole ea 22).
Mofuta o moholo oa Atlantic North ke Bathycrinus carpenteri. Bolelele ba kutu ea eona ke 27 cmle matsoho - 3 cm. Sehla se phethela ka metso e 'maloa eseng e thata e kopantseng phoofolo ho karolo e tlase. E fumanoe 'metli oa mapolanka oa batikrinus haufi le Iceland, Greenland, Norway le Svalbard botebong ba 1350-2800 m.
Rhizocrinus lofotensis e atile haholo Leoatleng la Atlantic. Bohareng ba eona ho tloha Norway ho ea fihla Bay of Biscay ka bochabela ho Leoatle la Atlantic le ho tloha Davis Strait ho ea Florida karolong e ka bophirima. Nyane, e mosa lofoten rhizocrinuse na le hlooho ea maballo a mahlano (ka linako tse ling ho ea ho 4 le ea 7-beam) hloohong e tšesaane ea lisentimitara tse 7, e na le leqhubu le leholo la ho ajoa ka botebo ho tloha ho 140 ho isa ho 3 likete. m. E hokahana le substrate, joalo ka mefuta e fetileng, e nang le metso e tšesaane, e nang le makala haholo.
Feie. 132. Likhahla tsa leoatle tse tsamaeang: 1 - Rhizocrinus lofotensis, 2 - Holopus rangii
Mokhoa o fapaneng hanyane oa khokahanyo oa baemeli ba malapa a mang a millericrinids. Mohlala, Proisocrinusruberrimus, e le setho sa lelapa sa Apiocrinidae, e tsitsitse fatše ka motheo o bonolo o holisitsoeng oa kutu. Khahla ena e kopane ka botebo ba 1700 m haufi le lihlekehleke tsa Philippines. Tšobotsi ea bona ke 'mala o bofubelu bo khanyang bo makatsang. Ho na le monahano oa hore likhahla tsena li ka robeha 'me tsa phaphamala holim'a substrate nako e teletsana.
Mokhoa o ikhethang le ho feta oa ho fumana moemeli oa boraro suborderlikhahla tse koetsoeng - Cyrtocrinida. Mefuta e phelang feela ea seteraeke sena se seholo - Holopus paint - e fumanoe ka 1837 Leoatleng la Caribbean ka botebo ba 180 m. Ho tloha ka nako eo, ho entsoe lipapatso tse ka bang 12 feela. lekhobae fumanehang sebakeng se le seng botebong ba 10 ho isa ho 180 m. Fossil ena e ntseng e phela kantle e tšoana le lere le lengolong la knight (Setšoantšo sa 132, 2). Sutu ea khutsufatsoa, 'me ho hokahana le karoloana ena ho etsoa ke motheong oa senoelo. Ho feta moo, lipolanete tsohle tsa calyx, mohlomong likarolo tse ling tsa bakoang, hammoho le vertebrae ea pele le ea bobeli ea borokho li kopana 'me li theha tube, qetellong e tlase e atoloha, e nka karolo ea lefika' me e khomaretse ka thata ho eona. Kahoo, litho tsa kahare le disk e tsoang ka molomo ea khahla e kenngoa ka har'a calyx e nang le sebopeho sa tube. Molomo oa buleha bohareng ba disc mme o pota-potiloe ke lipolanete tse kholo tse tharo. Matsoho ohle a leshome a likhahla ke a boholo bo fapaneng, ka lehlakoreng le leng a maholo ho feta ka lehlakoreng le leng, ka hona, ha a pentiloe ka tsela ea nkhono, phoofolo e nka lehlakore le kobehileng. Ho otla ka matsoho, ho fapana le likhahla tse ling, ho kenella ka hare, ho tsamaea ka morao, ho theha tube e batlang e tsoelapele lebopong le leng le le leng. Li-holopus li fepa, joalo ka likhahla tse ling, liphoofolong tsa planktonic, tse isitsoeng molomong ka melatsoana ea metsi e thehiloeng ke lipompo tsa lefutso tse bakoang ke ketso ea ambulacra cilia.
Holopus ke e 'ngoe ea likhahla tse nyane tsa sejoale-joale. Bolelele ba mofuta oa eona oa kholo ka ho fetisisa ha o fihle ho 6 cm.
Mefuta eohle e 540 ea likhahla tse sa kopaneng ke ea e le 'ngoe subcontractcomatulide (Comatulida). Li-comatulides li phela bophelo ba mahala, lia sesa kapa lia khasa, li boloka molomo o lula o le holimo. Haeba u fetolela tse ling tsa li-comatulide ka molomo ho substrate, joale kapele e nka boemo bo nepahetseng. Boholo ba li-comatulides (ntle le baemeli lelapa Comasteridae) khaohana le hole le ts'ehetso le ho sesa ka nakoana, ka mosa o phahamisa le ho theola marang-rang. Batho ba bangata ha ba sesa ba sebelisa likarolo tse fapaneng tsa mahlaseli a bona ho fihlela matsoho kaofela a nka karolo ho sisinyeheng. Li-Comatulides li tsamaea ka nako e ka bang 5 m motsotso o le mong, ha ba ntse ba etsa metsero e ka bang 100, empa ha ho mohla ba kileng ba sesa ka nako e telele libaka tse kholo. Ho sesa ho na le tšusumetso, ke hore, ba sesa ka ho emisa, ha ba potlakela ho khathala le ho phomola nakoana. Ho lumeloa hore ha ho na li-comatulides tse fetang 3 ka nako e le 'ngoe mempa kamora ho phomola ba sesa hape ho fihlela ba fumana sebaka se loketseng sa ho ikamahanya. Li-Comatulides li hokahantsoe le karoloana ena ka thuso ea likhoerese, palo, ponahalo, bolelele le tlhaho ea tsona tse itšetlehileng haholo ka libaka tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea likhahla. Mohlala, li-komatulids tse lulang ka silika tse bonolo li na le likhoele tse telele, tse tšesaane, tse otlolohileng tse ka koahelang libaka tse kholo tsa mobu le ho fana ka polokeho e ntle. Ho fapana le moo, likhahla tse lulang majoeng li na le likhoele tse khutšoanyane tse lohiloeng ka thata, tse loileng ka thata linthong life kapa life tse tiileng. Ha ho etsoa lipalesa tse ngata, likoena ha li nke karolo.
Ke li-comatulides tse 'maloa feela tse sa tsotelleng khanya, joalo ka Tropiometra carinata. Karolo ea bohlokoa ea tsona e khetha ho lula libakeng tse moriti 'me e qoba khanya ea letsatsi ka kotloloho.
Haeba lesela leo likhahla li khokelitsoeng ho lona le fetiselitsoe leseli, joale le lona le tloha kapele le leba karolong e tlase e bopehileng.
Lelapa le leholo ka ho fetesisa le lelapaanhedonide (Antedonidae) - kakaretso ea mefuta e 130 ke karolo ea 46 ea genera. Kopana anhedonides hohle ho tloha littateng ho isa ho 6,000 m, hape li tloaelehile kantle ho libaka tse chesang tse mongobo. Har'a bona, batho ba li-ray tse 10 ke bona ba tlang pele, athe batho ba nang le maballo a mangata ha ba na seoelo. Mofuta o tummeng haholo ebile o kile oa pharalla ho tloha joale oa mofuta oa Antedon joale o kenyelletsa mefuta e supileng feela ea Europe. Mefuta ena kaofela e haufi haholo ebile e fapana haholo ka sebopeho sa mahlaseli, bolelele le botenya ba mohatelli le ho raha.
Leoatleng la Atlantic lebopong la Engelane, Ireland, Fora, Portugal, ho fihla Azores botebong ba 5 ho isa ho 450 m e ka fumaneha Antedon bifida. Khahla ena hangata e hokahana le likhoele tsa eona tse bokhutšoaane, tse kobehileng ka thata meqomong ea libaskete, e theoleloa bakeng sa ho tšoasa makhala, le lebopong la Fora, ka bongata bo lutseng ho li-rhizomes le kutu ea leoatle. 'Mala oa eona o fapana haholo: hammoho le batho ba pherese haholo, pinki,' mala oa lamunu kapa 'mala oa lamunu,' me ka linako tse ling le tsona lia fumaneha. Meroalo e mosesaane, e fetohang e ka ba ho fihla ho 12,5 cm. Li fokola haholo 'me li senya habonolo ha li tšoaroa hanyane. Joalo ka mefuta e meng e mengata, Antedon bifida e roba mahlaseli a eona habonolo kapa e sa le kotsi. Ke ka seoelo ho fumanang mofuta oa mofuta o tla ba le matsoho ohle a 10 ka polokeho e felletseng, hoo e batlang e le mahlaseli a le mong kapa a mangata a le boemong ba ho nchafala. Bokhabane ba anhedon bo boholo hoo ha e khaoloa likarolo tse peli, halofo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e fetoha ntho e akaretsang, 'me disk ea molomo e hutsoeng ka har'a calyx kapele e nkeloa sebaka ke e ncha, ka molomo, mamati a bulehileng le li-grooves tse etellang pele. Nchafatso ha e etsahale ha feela matsoho ohle a khaotsoe ho khahla. Maemong ana, phoofolo e lahleheloa ke matla a ho ja le ho shoa.
Feie. 133. Leoatle le sa tsitsang la leoatle Antedon bifida
Ha e fepa, anhedon e khangoa ke meqathatso ho karolo e ka tlase 'me e otlolla matsoho ka litšiea tse otlolohileng ka lehlakoreng le letona ho ea mahlakoreng, e theha mofuta oa marang-rang. Mokhoa oa ho ja likhahla tsena o se o hlahlobiloe. Gislenom (Gislen T.).
Gislen o hlokometse ka metsing a leoatle mofuta oa Atlanton ea Leboea. Linokoane tse lapileng li ne li lutse ka maballo a arohaneng, li-pinnulas tse otlolohileng le maoto a otlolohileng ka ho fetesisa. Hang ha lijo li kena ka setsing sa metsi, khahla eohle e qala ho sebetsa: hangata li-grooves tse koetsoeng li ile tsa buloa, molomo o koaletsoe pele ho ho pota, maoto a ambulacral a inamela moqomong mme a lahlela lijo tse o oeleng. Hang ha likaroloana tsa lijo le likokoana-hloko li kena ka moqomong, hang-hang ba ile ba qala ho ikhurumetsa ka mohloa o khang o patiloeng ke lisele tsa glandular tsa furrow, 'me ka eona, ka lebaka la ho sisinyeha ha cilia, ba ile ba romeloa hammoho le likhohlo ka hanong. Gislen o hlokometse hore ka "disk" ea molomo "disk" ea "" "" "ho boetse ho na le ho sisinyeha ho fapaneng ha" cilia "sebakeng sa discambulacra, se neng se lebisitsoe pheletsong ea disk. Ho phalla hona ha moea ho ile ha isa masala a lijo pheletsong ea disk, ho tloha moo a lahleloang teng 'me ka tsela eo a hloekisa litšila tsa litšila. Boithuto ba lijo bo bonts'itse hore e na le motsoako oa detritus, plankton le likokoana-hloko tsa benthic. Antedon petasus e fumaneha lebopong la Norway, Iceland, Engelane botebong ba 20-325 m. Ho fapana le mefuta e meng e amanang haufi, e behela mahe ka metsing ka kotloloho, ntle le ho e khokella lithabeng tsa matsoho, joalo ka ha li etsa, ka mohlala. Mediterranean (Antedon mediganaanea) le adriatic anhedon (Antedon adriatica). Mefuteng eo ka bobeli, ho tsoala hape ho qala nakong ea selemo kapa lehlabula, ho latela sebaka sa bolulo, mahe a emolisitsoeng a emisoa ka thuso ea mucus ho tsoa ho li-pinnulas tsa basali, moo a leng teng matsatsi a ka bang 5. Lera e holileng ka botlalo e nang le likhoele tse hlano tsa khoele e tsoang mahe.
Baemeli ba mofuta o mong oa li-comatulides hangata ba fumanoa Leoatleng la Atlantic. Kahoo, mobung o seretse ka botebo ba 50 m lebopong la Engelane ho lula Leptometra celtica, e khetholloang habonolo ke 'mala oa eona o motala kapa o moputsoa le "metso" ea eona e telele haholo, e tšesaane. Liraka tse telele joalo, tse phahamisitsoeng kaholimo ho substrate, fana leptometer bokhoni ba ho phela ka mobu o bonolo o bonoang ntle le ho oela ho bona.
Libakeng tsa rona tsa leoatle, metsi a batang a tloaelehile haholo heliometer (Heliometra glacialis). Mofuta ona o moholo oa 'mala o moputsoa oa lipalesa tse leshome o hasoa ka botebo ho tloha ho 10 ho isa ho 1300 m maoatleng 'ohle a Arctic, Leoatleng le Leoatle la Atlantic, hammoho le Leoatleng la Japane le Okhotsk. Meetso ea Bochabela e hole haholo, bolelele ba mahlaseli a bona bo ka fihla ho 35 cm, libakeng tsa bona ba theha litsu tsa 'nete tse tebileng ho tloha ho tse 150 ho isa ho tse 600 m.
Likhahla tse kholo tse tšoanang, tse haufi haholo le heliometer e nang le metsi a batang, li lula Antarctic, ka mohlala, Floridaometra antarctica.
Har'a likhahla tsa Antarctic ho na le mefuta e hlokomelang bana ba bona. Likhahla mosa Mahe a emolisitsoeng a phrixometra a hola ka likamoreng tsa bana, 'me boemo ba tsoalo ea "embryos" bo fapana ka mefuta e fapaneng. Ka hona, ho basali ba Phrixometra longipinna, ho na le likamore tsa bana tse haufi le lintja 'me ho behiloe mahe a mangata ho tsona, tseo kaofela li leng mohatong o le mong oa ntlafatso. Hang ha ba theha likhoele tsa likhoele, ba siea 'mele oa mme ba sesa metsing pele ba feta pentacrine sethala. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mofuta o mong oa Antarctic oa lelapa la Bathymetridae - viviparous li-freexometers (Phrixometra virx) - mahe a emolisitsoeng ka lipokothong tsa bana ba bo-mme a tsoa methating eohle ea kholo, ho kenyeletsoa le sethala sa pentacrine. Ho basali ba mofuta ona, u ka bona tse nyane pentacrinuse kopantsoeng ke kutu ka mekotleng ea bana ba bo-mme. Tse nyane li siea setho sa 'mele sa komatulidkoi se bopehileng hantle.
Lethathamo la 17 echinoderms tsa sejoale-joale. Likhahla tsa leoatle: 1 - Metacrinus nobilis. Holothuria: 3 - Cucumaria japonica, 4 - Trochostoma arcticum. Starfish: 2 - Ceramaster patagonicus, 7 - Asterias thibesi. Li-urchins tsa leoatleng: 5 - Rotula orbiculus, 9 - Stylocidaris affinis. Ofiura: 6 - Gorgonocephalus caryt, 8 - Ophiura sarsi
Lethathamo la 17 echinoderms tsa sejoale-joale. Likhahla tsa leoatle: 1 - Metacrinus nobilis. Holothuria: 3 - Cucumaria japonica, 4 - Trochostoma arcticum. Starfish: 2 - Ceramaster patagonicus, 7 - Asterias thibesi. Li-urchins tsa leoatleng: 5 - Rotula orbiculus, 9 - Stylocidaris affinis. Ofiura: 6 - Gorgonocephalus caryt, 8 - Ophiura sarsi
Boitšisinyo ba bacha bo lebisa kholong ea tlhabollo ea maikutlo. Baemeli lelapa Isometridae e lulang metsing a Antarctic, letsoalo la botona kapa botšehali le tšehali le atoloha ka mokhoa oa leholiotsoana, athe le ho banna le lula le tloaelehile. Ka lipontšo tsena, o ka khetholla botšehali, mohlala, oa mofuta o joalo ka Isometra vivipara. Ka li-pinnulas tse kholo tsa vaulted viviparous li-isometers mahe a nang le yolk e kholo ea nts'etsopele ho fihlela makhopho a etsa likhoele tsa likhoele. Ebe lehlaku le tloha kamoreng ea bana, empa nako ea eona ea ho sesa e khuts'oane haholo: hanghang e lula holima mohono oa motho e moholo, moo e fetisang mohato o latelang oa pentacrine.
Mabapi le tlhokomelo ea bana, palo ea mahe e hlahisitsoeng e fokotsehile haholo, ka hona, ho mefuta ea Antarctic Notocrinus virilis, ke mahe a mabeli feela kapa a mararo a mohato o le mong oa ntlafatso a ka fumanoang mekotleng ea bana. Mekotla ea mekotla ea mofuta ona e na le sebopeho sa pokotho e lekanang botlaaseng ba ba raoang. Mahe a kena ka ho tsona a se a entsoe manyolo, ka ho roba lebota lipakeng tsa lehe le lehe, leha ho le joalo, mokhoa oa ho kopanya mahe o ntse o sa hlaka.
Baemeli ba malapa a mang a li-comatulids le bona ba bonts'a tlhokomelo e ts'oanang bakeng sa bana, empa mona re batla ho ela hloko feela mefuta e khahlisang haholo ho tloha ntlheng ea pono ea biology ea bona kapa kabo.
Malala a khahleha haholo ponahalong ea 'ona. lelapa Comasteridae. Lelapa lena le leholo le na le mefuta e ka bang 100 ea setho sa genera e 19. Har'a tsona, mefuta ea li-multipath e ata ka matsoho ho fihlela 20-25 cme phelang metsing a leoatle a libaka tse chesang. Mmala oa tsona o motšo kapa o khanyang o ntlafatsa ho tšoana ha liphoofolo tsena ka lipalesa (tab. 18-19). Baemeli ba lelapa lena ba fapana le likhahla tse ling tsa bolulo tse sa pheleng letho ka hore melomo ea tsona e tšekaletse pheletsong ea disk, 'me anus e boemong bo bohareng. Ntho e 'ngoe e ba khethollang ke melomo e makatsang ea molomo. Li telele, li na le likarolo tse ngata tse khuts'oane, tse hatelletsoeng hamorao, ka lehlakoreng le holimo moo ho nang le meno a fanang ka lipheo ponahalo ea kick-sawtooth. Ho hlakile hore sena ke sesebelisoa sa ho hapa kapa ho khaola lintho tse nyane, empa ho na le liphihlelo tse fokolang haholo tsa ts'ebeliso. Ghislen o khothalelitse seo li-comasterids ka lebaka la li-pinnulas tse joalo, ba na le mokhoa o eketsehileng oa ho fepa. Ha ba sebelise lijo feela ka mokhoa o kenang molomong ka meqolong ea bona, empa, ho fapana le li-comatulide tse ling, ba ka ts'oara liphoofolo tse nyane ka li-pinnulas tse serated mme ba li fetisetse merung e etellang pele. Mohopolo ona o tsamaisana le taba ea hore tsamaiso ea ambulacral ho li-comasterids e fokotsoe ka tsela e itseng, 'me mala a bolelele ba makhetlo a' maloa ho feta likhahla tse ling tse se nang litaete.
Tafole ea 18. Echinoderms ea metsi a sa tebang a tropike. Likhahla tsa leoatleng: 1 - Gomatella stelligera, 2 - Pterometra pulcherrima. Holothuria: 4 - Brandtothuria arenicola, 7 - Stichopus chloronotus, 10 - Ludwigothuria atra. Starfish: 5 - Linckia laevigata, 11 - Oreaster nodosus. Urchins ea leoatle: 6 - Heterocentrotus mammillatus, 8 - Colobocentrotus atratus. Ofiuri: 3 - ophiotrix coerulea, 9 - Ophiomastix annulosa
Tafole ea 18. Echinoderms ea metsi a sa tebang a tropike. Likhahla tsa leoatleng: 1 - Gomatella stelligera, 2 - Pterometra pulcherrima. Holothuria: 4 - Brandtothuria arenicola, 7 - Stichopus chloronotus, 10 - Ludwigothuria atra. Starfish: 5 - Linckia laevigata, 11 - Oreaster nodosus. Urchins ea leoatle: 6 - Heterocentrotus mammillatus, 8 - Colobocentrotus atratus. Ofiuri: 3 - ophiotrix coerulea, 9 - Ophiomastix annulosa
Hangata hangata har'a li-comasterid, likhahla tse nang le bolelele bo fapaneng ba letsoho lia fumanoa. Matsoho a joalo a arotsoe ka pele (ho ts'oasa) le morao (bokhutšoanyane), lihlahisoa tsa ho ikatisa. Lihlaha tse tšoanang, joalo ka Comatula pectinata, e khomarela ka tlase mme e thunye ka matsoho a malelele a ho ts'oara ka li-ambulacral grooves fan-design perpendicular tse tsoetseng pele ho phallo.
Feie. 134. Lily lily Comatula pectinata (shebahala lehlakoreng la abors)
Comasteride ha e bonahale hangata e phaphamala, ke liphoofolo tse liehang ho tsamaea. Bophelo ba bona bo bonoe ke Clark (Clark, H.) ho Torres Strait. O hlokometse hore ha li-comasterid li theoha substrate, li ts'oasa butle ebile li le thata ka ho otlolla matsoho le ho ts'oara ntho e loketseng ka litlhako tsa matjeketjane, e totobatsa lekunutu.Ebe, konteraka ea matsoho a hokahaneng le khahla ea phahama, e sutumetsa ka nako e ts'oanang ho tloha substrate ka matsoho a bapileng. Boloi bona bo ka tsoela pele lihora tse ngata ka lebelo la 40 m ka hora, ho fihlela khahla e fumana sebaka se setle sa ho ikamahanya le eona. Haeba khahla e na le mahlaseli a bolelele bo fapaneng, bo boetse bo bonoa libakeng tse chesang tse futhumetseng tsa Comatula, joale matsoho a malelele a lula a sebelisoa ho otlolla le ho hokahanya le ntho, le tse khuts'oane - ho phethola ho tsoa molekaneng ha o hula mmele -
Ka tloaelo, boholo ba li-comasterid li khangoa fatše li sebelisa cirr, empa mefuta e meng e lulang lehlabatheng la likorale, li-cirr lia fokotseha, khaba e kholo ea senoelo e fetoha pentagon e sephara e lutseng e le sefofane se tšoanang le mahlaseli. Likhahla tse kang, ka mohlala, Comatula rotolaria, e ajoang majoeng a likorale sehlekehlekeng sa Indo-Malayan, li lula lehlabatheng feela.
Phokotso e felletseng ea cirr e ka bonoa ho 198-ray Comathina schlegelli, e lulang haufi le Lihlekehleke tsa Philippines.
Palo ea mahlaseli a mangata a li-comasterid a ka fapana maemong a fapaneng a mefuta e le 'ngoe. Comatella stelligera (Lethathamo la 18), le tloaelehileng haholo leqetheng la Indo-Malaan Archipelago, le na le mahlaseli a 12 ho isa ho a 43.
Hoa hlokomeleha hore libakeng tse ling tsa libakeng tse chesang tse mongobo, ho pepeseha ha lihlahisoa tsa thobalano ho amana le mekhahlelo ea khoeli. Ho hlokometsoe hore ho lula matlong a boroa a Japane taelo ea japanese (Comanthus japonicus) e behela mahe hang ka selemo halofo ea pele ea Mphalane, ha khoeli e le kotara ea pele kapa ea ho qetela. Lihlahisoa tsa thobalano li lula li hlatsuoa mantsiboea, tse tona ke tsa pele ho lokolla peo ea botona, e thusang basali ho behela mahe. Mahe a tsoa ka ho rusolla libaka tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa ho raha, 'me mahlaseli ohle a mangata a lisa lihlahisoa tsa thobalano ka nako e le' ngoe. Mahe a lenngoeng a kentsoe ka khetla, hangata a nang le makhapetla a fapaneng, linale, joalo-joalo.
Lipalesa tse ntle tse pentiloeng hantle tse lulang libakeng tse chesang tse mongobo li ka fumanoa har'a malapa a mang a likhahla tse sa kopaneng. Amphimetra discoidea e ntle haholo, e pharalletse ho tloha Japane ho ea Australia ka botebo ba 5-35 m. Moemeli enoa oa e kholo lelapa Himerometridae, e ka ba mefuta e ka bang 50, e na le mahlaseli a maholo a mebala e 10 a mebala e mebala e sootho ka 'mala oa lamunu,' me Stephanometra spicata (Lethathamo 19) le tsoang lelapeng la Marimetridae le na le likala tse 20 tse pentiloeng ka lithane tse khubelu.