Boholo ba metsi a hloekileng a kenelletse sekoaelong sa lehloa le leqhoa, 'me ke karolo e nyane feela ea sona e ajoang metsing a hloekileng a metsi. Ebile palo ena e ne e tla lekana litlhoko tsa batho bohle, haeba e ne e se bakeng sa tšilafalo e kholo ea maoatle.

Tsoelo-pele ea saense le theknoloji ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli la lilemo li lebisitse ho tšilafalo e sebetsang ea likamore tsa metsi, seo sekhahla sa sona se ntseng se eketseha selemo se seng le se seng.

Lintho tsohle tse silafatsang li arotsoe ka mefuta e 3 e meholo.

E atile haholo tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale joalo ka chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, tšepe e boima, lihlahisoa tsa oli le peterole, likarolo tse fapaneng tsa maiketsetso. Tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale ke eona e atileng ka ho fetisisa ebile e phehella, e nang le phello e matla ho hydrosphere. Maemong a mangata, ho itlhoekisa ka botlalo metsing a tlhaho ka mofuta ona oa tšilafalo ho ke ke ha khoneha.

Sa feiga. 1. Tšilafalo ea metsi ke lihlahisoa tsa oli

Ho tšilafalo ea likokoana-hloko likokoana-hloko tse fapaneng. Tšilafalo ea baktheria e fokotseha ho phatlalatsoa ha li-fungus, protozoa, libaktheria tsa pathogenic, 'me ke tsa nakoana.

Ntle le mefuta e meholo ea tšilafalo, hydrospheres e boetse e khelosa metsi ka lits'oants'o tsa patsi ea lehong, litšila tsa ntlo le tsa indasteri, tse mpefatsang boemo ba metsi le ho tsitsisa tsitsipano ea tikoloho.

Sa feiga. 2. Tšilafalo ea ka tlung ka metsing a tlhaho

Litlamorao tsa tšilafalo ea hydrosphere

Mehloli ea metsi ke leruo la tlhaho le bōpang maemo ohle a bophelo bo khotsofatsang lefatšeng. Empa le phepelo e khahlisang haholo ea bona, batho ba atlehile ho tlisa boemo bo thata. Ho thata ho nahana hore na bophelo bo tla mpefala hakae polaneteng haeba tšilafalo ea lefatše ea hydrosphere e etsahala.

Bo-rasaense ba fumane hore tšilafalo ea metsi a maoatle e lebisa ho liphetoho tse kholo piramide ea lijo, tahlehelo e felletseng ea khokahanyo ea matšoao ho biocenosis, ho senyeha ha boleng ba bophelo le lefu la palo e kholo ea baemeli ba limela le lefats'e.

Tšokelo e ikhethang ho tsohle tse phelang polaneteng ke tšilafalo ea radio radio ea hydrosphere. Tšilafalo ea radio radio ke bomo ea nako ea nnete, e ka kenang ts'ebetsong nako efe kapa efe, e tlosa lintho tsohle tse phelang sefahlehong sa lefatše.

Ho thibela tšilafalo ea ho qetela ea lisebelisoa tsa metsi, mefuta eohle ea tlhahiso e hloka ho hlahisa theknoloji e ncha, haholo-holo, potoloho ea phepelo ea metsi. Ka lebaka la bona, metsi a litšila ha a lahleloe ka matlong a tlhaho, empa a alafshoa le ho sebelisoa hangata ho feta ts'ebetsong ea tlhahiso.

Sa feiga. 3. Sistimi ea kalafo ea metsi

Tšilafalo ea hydrosphere

Leholimo e kopanya metsi ohle a mahala a ka tsamaeang tlas'a tšusumetso ea matla a letsatsi le matla a khoheli. Ana ke metsi a leoatle, maoatle, matša, lehloa, ka tlas'a lefatše, noka, noka, ka sepakapaka (ka sebopeho sa moholi, moholi).

Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe Karolong ea 2.2.3, ho na le metsi a letsoai a ka bang limilione tse likete tse 1,4 ho Earth (97%). Sebaka se ka holimo ke limilione tse 361 km 2. Lefatšeng ho na le metsi a hloekileng a fihlang ho limilione tse 40 km (3%). Ka sebopeho sa melapo ea lefatše ea linonyana tse nchafalitsoeng selemo le selemo, bophahamo ba metsi a hloekileng a hlokahalang haholo bakeng sa lintho tse phelang ke hoo e ka bang limilione tse 0.04 km 3, kapa hoo e ka bang 0,1% ea kakaretso ea eona.

Mefuta ea litšila tsa hydrosphere

Khetholla litšila tsa hydrosphere ka tlhaho: liminerale (ka bang 42%), manyolo (hoo e ka bang 58%), tsa tlhaho (bacterial), ka ntho: indasteri, ntlo, fecal, ka solubility: insoluble, soluble, jj.

Litšila tse nang le liminerale li kenyelletsa lehlabathe, letsopa, slag, letsoai, acid, alkal, oli ea liminerale, jj., Tse fumanehang metsing a litšila a indasteri ea metallurgishene le ea boenjiniere, litšila tse tsoang liindastering tsa oli le tse sebetsang.

Lintho tse silafatsang tsa tlhaho ka tlhaho li arotsoe ka meroho: joang, limela le masala a lijo, pampiri, lihlahisoa tsa oli, liphoofolo: Tšilafalo ea mapolasi a mehlape, kabo ea liphoofolo, likhomo tse itlhommeng pele, likhomo tsa litlolo, li-biofactories.

Mehloli ea tšilafalo ea hydrosphere - ke ntho kapa taba e hlahisang tšilafalo, likokoana-hloko kapa mocheso ka metsing. Ke metsi a sepakapaka le a qhibilihang metseng e meholo, metsi a litšila a malapeng le a indasteri, metsi a phallang metsing le metsi a lefats'e a nang le manyolo le meriana e bolaeang likokonyana. Metsi a ka bang libilione tse 30 a metsi a sa tsoaloang a tšeloa metsing a metsi selemo le selemo. Sesosa se ka sehloohong sa tšilafalo ea metsi a leoatle ke ho qhalana ha oli. Tšilafalo ea lits'ebetso tsa metsi e kotsi ho feta tšilafalo ea sepakapaka, hobane lits'ebetso tsa tlhoekiso ea metsi li butle butle.

Tšilafalo ea linoka le metsi a metsi. Li silafalitsoe ke metsi a litšila a tsoang likhoebong tsa likhoebo le tsa bomasepala, metsi a meepo, merafong, masimo a oli, moea o silafetseng oa sepakapaka, ho lahla thepa ea lipapatso, lihlahisoa tsa temo le ho ts'ebetso ea lijalo tsa indasteri, litšila tsa indasteri, litšila tsa lehong nakong ea kotulo le ha ho etsoa mapolanka. Lintho tse silafetseng li kenyelletsa: lits'oants'o, litlolo tsa maiketsetso, meriana e bolaeang likokonyana le metsoako e meng ea lik'hemik'hale, matsoapo a fecal, jj.

Libakeng tse nang le baahi ba bangata haholo linoka li silafetse. Metsi a linoka tse joalo ha a noe feela, empa le uena u ka se sesa. Noka ke noka ea khale ea batho, bakeng sa selemo e fumana limilione tse 100 tsa mantle a nang le litšila le likhoere-khoere. India, ho tloha ka 1940 ho fihlela ka 1950, tšoaetso ea fecal e tsoang metsing a nang le litšila e ile ea lebisa lefung la batho ba ka bang limilione tse 27. Rhine e fetoha sejo sa Europe. Ke sejoana se le seng feela sa indasteri, Bayor, se kenyang lithane tse 3 000 tsa lintho tse nang le chefo ho tsona selemo le selemo. Ka sehloohong, lipolao tse chefo ka bongata ba lithane tse fetang 800 li fanoa ke Farbercht Hoechst. Hoo e ka bang 25 km 3 / selemo sa metsi a litšila a kena noka e kholo ka ho fetisisa Russia ea Europe, Volga, e nang le phallo ea metsi haufi le Volgograd ka 240 km 3 / selemo. Phokotso ea metsi a litšila e ka tlase ho 1/10, athe ka maemo e lokela ho ba ho tloha ho 1/20 ho isa ho 1/30.

Matša a shoa. Mohlala oa sena ke letša la leoatle la Aral, le shoang ka lebaka la phokotseho ea phepelo ea metsi mabapi le kaho ea moeli oa kola ea Karakum le keketseho ea phallo ea metsi a linoka tsa Amu Darya le Syr Darya bakeng sa nosetso. E ngoe ea Letša le Leholo la Amerika, Letša la Erie, e fetoha seliba sa likhoerekhoere, moo ho nang le likhoerekhoere tse 6 tsa merafo ea likhoerekhoere le ho fihlela ho limilione tse 40 tsa merafo ea liindasteri selemo se seng le se seng. E silafalitsoe haholo ke litlolo tsa leloala tsa pulp, Lake Ladoga le letša le hloekileng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng - Lake Baikal.

Metsi a ka tlasa lefatše a silafetse ebile a felile. Lehloa lehloa le silafatsoa ke pula. Ka leqhoa la Greenland, litaba tse etelletseng pele ka 1969 ha li bapisoa le 1953 li eketsehile ka makhetlo a 20 mme e feta boemo ba tlhaho ba leqhoa le hloekileng ka makhetlo a 500.

Tšilafalo ea maoatle. Hoa etsahala: ka lebaka la mesebetsi ea indasteri, temo le ntlo ea batho, e lebisang ho ts'ilafalo ea linoka tse phallang maoatleng, ka lebaka la ho lahla litšila le litšila tse litšila tse kenang leoatleng, ka lebaka la tšilafalo ea oli e tsoang ho litanka nakong ea ha e oa. Tse ling tsa litšila li kopanya likarolo tse lebopong la leoatle le maoatle, li theha phytoplankton e ngata, kholo ea bolele bo botala ba limela 'me ka lebaka leo, li li tlatsa libaka tse kholo tsa metsi le lefu la lintho tse ling tse phelang leoatleng. Joale e se e fihlile haholo hoo leoatle, leha ho na le mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ea polokelo ea ho itlhoekisa, ha e sa khona ho khutlisa litšobotsi tsa eona tsa tlhaho haeba e sa thusoe. Pele ho tsohle, sena se sebetsa ho metsi a kenang ka hare ho naha: Caspian, Mediterranean, Baltic, Bokhubelu, Aral le maoatle a mang. Ho latela sephetho sa J.I. Cousteau, ntle le mehato e potlakileng ea ho khutlisetsa metsi a Leoatle la Mediterranean, e tla be e shoele ka lilemo tse 40 feela.

Sebakeng sa pele har'a lintho tse silafatsang leoatle ke oli. Ka hona, kotsi e ileng ea hlaha selibeng se haufi le Santa Barbara California ka 1969 e ne e tsamaisana le ho qhalakana hoa letsatsi le letsatsi ka leoatleng le etsang lilitha tse likete tse 100 tsa oli. Kotsi ea ea supertanker "Torri Carion" ntlheng e ka boroa ea Engelane e lebisitse ho tšilafalo ea leoatle lithane tse likete tse 17 tsa oli. 'Me mehlala ena e ka qotsoa ka nako e telele. Ka lebaka la phallo ea oli, tlhahiso ea mantlha ea leoatle lilemong tse 25 tse fetileng e fokotsehile ka 15-25%. Lintho tse ling tse silafatsang tsa metsi a leoatle ke chefo e bolaeang likokonyana, litšila tse tsoang indastering ea metallological le ea lik'hemik'hale, haholo-holo tse nang le litšepe tse tharo tse boima: zebore, koporo le lead. Kahoo, lithane tse ka bang likete tse 5 tsa mercury li lokolloa tikolohong ea metsing selemo le selemo.

Kameho ea tšilafalo ea hydrosphere ho limela, limela le batho

Pula ea asiti tse hlahisoang ke lihlahisoa tsa matla a tlhaho a mashala le lihlahisoa tsa oli, li senya limela, 'me li mpefatsa boleng ba metsi a lefats'e. Keketseho ea rekoto ea acidity ea metsi ho pH 2.4 e tlalehiloe toropong ea Switzerland ea Pitlochry. Ka leboea ho Scandinavia, ho ile ha theha matša a acid. Kua Austria ka 1983, lihekthere tse likete tse 200 tsa meru li ile tsa ameha. Ho shoa ha moru ho lebisa ho foqoha ha matsoapo a lithaba, ho eketsa menyetla ea ho qhoba le ho putlama ha lefatše. Meru e fetoha lesupi le majoe.

Ho tloha mongobo oa metsi a sa phekoloang hore e be mehloli ea metsi, litlhapi le limela tsa metsing lia shoa. Tšebeliso e sa khaotseng ea metsi ke motho ea nang le methapo ea litšila tse mpe makhetlo a 'maloa ho feta MPC e lebisa ho mafu a sa foleng a letlalo, mpa le sebete. Ka MPC e ngata haholo, chefo le lefu li khonahala. Ho hlaha ha likokoana-hloko ka metsing ho ka baka lefu la seoa, joalo ka k'holera.

Kotsi e ikhethang ho lintho tse phelang ke tšilafalo ea maoatle le sebaka se lebopong la leoatle nakong ea ho qhalla ha oli ho tsoa litankeng tse senyehileng (hoo e ka bang lithane tse limilione tse 10 ka selemo), nakong ea likotsi litsing tsa ho cheka thepa kantle ho naha, le nakong ea ho hlatsoa litanka (hoo e ka bang lithane tse limilione tse peli / selemo). Ka tloaelo, likotsi tse joalo li baka koluoa ​​ea tikoloho libakeng tseo oli e qhalloang metsing, hobane lihlahisoa tsa oli le oli li na le tšusumetso e mpe liphoofolong tse ngata tse phelang, haholo-holo plankton, e leng sehlahisoa sa mantlha sa lijo tse ngata tsa metsing.

Mehloli ea tšilafalo ea hydrosphere

Bothata bo ka sehloohong ke tšilafalo ea metsi. Litsebi li reha mehloli e latelang ea tšilafalo ea metsi:

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• likhoebo tsa indasteri
• lits'ebeletso tsa matlo le tsa sechaba,
• lipalangwa tsa lihlahisoa tsa peterole,
• Temo ea Temo
• tsamaiso ea lipalangwang
• bohahlauli.

Ho silafatsa ha leoatle

Joale, a re bue haholoanyane ka liketsahalo tse ikhethang. Ha e le indasteri ea oli, ho tsoa hoa oli e nyane ho etsahala nakong ea ho ntšoa ha lisebelisoa tse tala liatleng tsa leoatle. Sena ha se koluoa ​​joaloka ho qhalana ha oli nakong ea likotsi tsa tanker. Tabeng ena, letheba la oli le koahela sebaka se seholo. Baahi ba 'mele ea metsi ba a tsubella hobane oli ha e lumelle oksijene ho feta. Litlhapi, linonyana, mollusk, li-dolphin, maruarua, le lintho tse ling tse phelang lia timela, litlama lia shoa. Sebakeng sa tšollo ea oli, sebopeho sa libaka tse shoeleng, ho feta moo, sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale sa metsi se fetoha, 'me ha e sa tšoanele litlhoko tsa motho.

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Tšilafalo ea linoka le matša

Matša le linoka tse phallang kontinenteng ena li sotloa ke mesebetsi ea anthropogenic. Ha e le hantle letsatsi le leng le le leng, lisebelisoa tse sa phekoloang tsa ka tlung le tsa indasteri li lahleloa ho tsona. Manyolo a nang le limatlafatsi tse ngata le meriana e bolaeang likokonyana le tsona li oela ka metsing. Sena sohle se lebisa ntlheng ea hore sebaka sa metsi se na le lintho tse ngata tse nang le liminerale, tse tlatsetsang kholong e mafolofolo ea lekhala. Le tsona, li sebelisa oksijene e ngata, e leng moo litlhapi le liphoofolo tsa noka li leng teng. Hona ho ka lebisa lefung la matangoana le matša. Ka bomalimabe, metsi a holim 'a naha le' ona a tlas'a tšilafalo ea linoka, tsa radio radio, le tlhaho, tse etsahalang ka lebaka la liphoso tsa batho.

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Mehloli ea metsi ke leruo la polanete ea rona, mohlomong e ngata haholo. Ebile le phepelo ena e kholo ea batho e khonne ho tlisa boemo bo bobe le ho feta. Sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale, sepakapaka sa hydrosphere, le baahi ba linoka, maoatle, maoatle le meeli ea metsi a metsi e amehile. Ke batho feela ba khonang ho thusa ho hloekisa libaka tsa metsing ho pholosa libaka tse ngata tsa metsi timetsong. Ka mohlala, Leoatle la Aral le haufi le ho timela, 'me metsi a mang a lebelletse pheletso ea ona. Ka ho boloka hydrosphere, re tla pholosa bophelo ba mefuta e mengata ea limela le limela, hape re tlohele mehloli ea metsi ho litloholo tsa rona.

Karolo ea metsi

Metsi a bapala karolo ea bohlokoa mererong ea likokoana-hloko le maemong a leholimo. Metsi ke solvent ea lik'hemik'hale tsohle. Karolo ea bohlokoa ea metsi polaneteng ke ka lebaka la thepa ea ona ea tlhaho.

Metsi a na le mocheso o phahameng oa 4,18 J / g · K (bophahamo ba moea oa mocheso ke 1,009 J / g · K). Tlas'a maemo a tlholeho, metsi a pholile butle ebile o fokotseha butle, e le molaoli oa mocheso Lefatšeng.

Botebo ba metsi bo boholo ho 3,98 ° C mme ke 1.0 g / cm 3. Sekhahla sa metsi se fokotseha ka bobeli ka mocheso o ntseng o eketseha le o fokotsehang. Ena anomaly e etsa hore ho khonehe ho phela metsing a metsi a koahelang mariha mariha. Kaha leqhoa le bobebe ho feta metsi (letsoalo la lona le tlase), le fumaneha ka holimo mme le sireletsa likarolo tse ka tlasa metsi hore li se ke tsa chesa. Ka ho theoha ho eketsehileng ha mocheso, bokima ba leqhoa boa eketseha, empa mocheso oa metsi o ka tlas'a leqhoa o lula o le maemong

4 ° C, e lumellang bophelo ba metsing.

Mehloli e meholo ea tšilafalo ea hydrosphere

Tšilafalo ea metsi e iponahatsa e le phetoho ea thepa ea 'mele le ea li-psychanoleptic, keketseho ea litaba tsa sulfates, chloride, nitrate, tšepe tse boima tse nang le chefo, ho fokotseha ha oksijene e qhibilihang ka metsing, ponahalo ea likarolo tsa radioactive, libaktheria tsa pathogenic le lintho tse ling tse silafatsang. Ho hakanyetsoa hore metsi a litšila a fetang 420 km 3 a tšeloa selemo le selemo lefatšeng ka bophara.

Mehloli e meholo ea tšilafalo ea hydrosphere ke:

• metsi a litšila a liindasteri
• metsi a litšila a lapeng,
• draina metsi a tsoang libakeng tse nosetsoang,
• masimo a temo le meaho e meholo ea liphoofolo.
• dipalangwang tsa metsi.

Ts'ilafalo eohle ea metsi a litšila e arotsoe ka lihlopha tse tharo:

1. litšila tsa likokoana-hloko: likokoana-hloko - likokoana-hloko, libaktheria, limela - algae, tomoso, hlobo
2. Lintho tse silafatsang tsa lik'hemik'hale: lintho tse silafatsang ka ho fetisisa ke lihlahisoa tsa oli le oli, li-surapyant, meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana, tšepe e boima, dioxin, phenols, amonia le nitrite nitrogen, jj.
3. litšilafalo tsa 'mele: lintho tse nang le radio radio, li-solids tse emisitsoeng, sludge, lehlabathe, sludge, mocheso, jj.

Mefuta ea Phepelo ea Metsi

Tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale e ka ba organic (phenols, meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana), inorganic (letsoai, asiti, alkali), chefo (zebaki, arsenic, cadmium, lead), e seng chefo. Eutrophication ke ntho e amanang le ho kenella metsing a metsi a lipalo tse ngata (motsoako oa naetrojene le phosphorous) ka sebopeho sa manyolo, litšila, litšila tsa liphoofolo.

Naheng ea Russia, khatello ea lintho tse silafatsang e feta ea MPC metsing a mangata a metsi (Lethathamo 6). Ha e behelloa ka tlase botebong ba mebele ea metsi, lintho tse kotsi li longoa ke likaroloana tsa lejoe, li-oxidised - li fokotsehile, li behiloe ka mokhoa o hlakileng. Leha ho le joalo, e le molao, ho itlhoekisa ka botlalo ha ho etsahale.

Tšoaetso ea baktheria e hlahisoa ka ponahalo ea libaktheria tsa pathogenic, livaerase, protozoa, fungi joalo-joalo ka metsing.

Tšilafalo ea 'mele e ka ba radio radio, mochine, mocheso.

Likahare tsa lintho tse nang le radio radio ka metsing, esita le linthong tse nyane haholo, li kotsi haholo. Lintho tse nang le radioadio li oela metsing a metsi ha ho lahleloa litšila tse nang le radioa, litšila li patoa, jj.Lintho tse nang le radioadio li kenella ka metsing ka lebaka la tlholeho ea tsona holim 'a lefatše le lekhalo le latelang la lefats'e, kapa ka lebaka la tšebelisano ea metsi a lefats'e ka mafika a radio radio.

Tšilafalo ea mochine e tšoauoa ka tsela e sa lekanyetsoang ea litšila tse fapaneng tsa mochini ka metsing (sludge, lehlabathe, silika, jj), e ka fokolisang litšobotsi tsa psychanoleptic haholo.

Tšilafalo ea mocheso e amahanngoa le keketseho ea mocheso oa metsi a tlhaho ka lebaka la ho tsoaka ha bona le metsi a ts'ebetso. Mocheso oa metsi a litšila o tsoang ho limela tsa matla a futhumatsang le limela tsa matla a nyutlelie o phahameng ka ho fetisisa 10ºC ho feta mocheso oa metsi a haufi. Ka mocheso o ntseng o eketseha, ho na le phetoho mohloling oa khase le lik'hemik'hale ka metsing, e lebisang ho eketsong ha libaktheria tsa anaerobic, tokollo ea likhase tse chefo - N₂S, CH₄. Lithunthung tsa metsi, nts'etsopele e potlakileng ea microflora le microfauna.

Mesebetsi ea tikoloho

Ho sireletsa metsi a tsoang holim'a tšilafalo, ho fanoa ka mehato e latelang ea ts'ireletso ea tikoloho.

• Nts'etsopele ea mahlale a se nang litšila le a se nang metsi, ho hlahisoa ha lits'ebetso tsa phepelo ea metsi a hahelletsoeng - ho theha potoloho ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ebeliso ea metsi a litšila le a malapeng, ha metsi a litšila a ntse a potoloha ka linako tsohle, mme ho kenella ha 'ona metsing a holim' a metsi ho sa kengoe.
• Phekolo ea metsi a litšila.
• Ho itlhoekisa le ho bolaea likokoana-hloko tsa metsi a ka holimo a sebelisetsoang phepelo ea metsi le merero e meng.

Tšilafalo e ka sehloohong ea metsi a holim'a metsi - Metsi a litšila, ka hona, nts'etsopele le ho kenya tšebetsong mekhoa e sebetsang ea kalafo ea metsi a litšila ke mosebetsi oa bohlokoa le oa tikoloho.

Ho itlhoekisa

E sebelisoa ho tlosa lintho tse emisitsoeng metsing a litšila (lehlabathe, likaroloana tsa letsopa, likhoele, joalo-joalo). Ho hloekisa mochini ho ipapisitse le mekhoa e mene:

• qobella,
• phahamisa
• sebetsa ts'ebetsong ea matla a maholo a maholo,
• lefisa.

Filter e bonoa lithahasellong tse ntle le tse fesheneng. E sebelisetsoa ho tlosa lintho tse kholo le tse fesheneng metsing a litšila (metsi a litšila ho tsoa makhapetleng le lifemeng tsa masela le masela). Bophara ba likheo ke 10-20 mm.

Sedimentation e ipapisitse le tahlehelo ea mahala ea litšila tse nang le letsoalo ρ> ρ ea metsi kapa moepa oa litšila ka ρ Pestov Sergey 2013 (c)

Tšilafalo ea oli ea Lefatše

Tlhahiso ea oli e ka etsahala lefatšeng kapa mose ho maoatle. Maemong ka bobeli, lihlahisoa tse hloekisitsoeng li lokolloa tikolohong. Boholo ba menyetla e joalo e ke ke ea hlalosoa, empa e sebetsa nako e telele. Ka lebaka leo, oli e tšoaelitsoe - matša, matangoana, metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše, maoatle le maoatle.

Tšilafalo ea oli e ka hlaha nakong ea:

• likotsi tsa litanka tse isang thepa kapa lihlahisoa tse tala,
• maemo a sa lebelloang li-platform tsa oli,
• maemo a tšohanyetso liphaepheng tse behiloeng ka tlase ho leoatle le maoatle.

Likoluoa ​​tse kholo ka ho fetisisa khoebong ka lilemo tse 30 ke:

• kotsi ea Guanaraba Bay e lebisang koluoeng ea tikoloho Rio de Janeiro,
• Boema-fofane ba koloi e phatlohileng lebopong la Spain,
• Ho qhala hoa oli ea mafura le li-hydrocarbon tse tsoang tankeng ea Philippines,
• Tšenyo ea li-tanker tse peli Kerch Strait e lebisitse ho tšollo ea oli le lefu la liphoofolo le lihlapi tsa metsing,
• Koluoa ​​e kholo ka ho fetisisa sethaleng sa oli Koung ea Mexico.

Tšilafalo ea Detergent

Li-detergents ke mehloli ea tšilafalo ea hydrosphere. Tsena ke lintho tse kenyellelitsoeng ho li-detergents. Li fokotsa tsitsipano ea metsi. Sena se lebisa ho eketseheng ha foam le ho hloekisa hamolemo libaka tse tsoang litšila.

Lits'ebetso li kenyelletsa:

• gels tsa ho hlapela
• bohloeki
• mebala le mebala,
• likarolo tsa polasetiki le polyvinyl chloride,
• shampoos
• Litsela tsa ho hlatsoa lijana le sefahleho,
• Lintho tse tsoakiloeng le li-gel.

Li-detergents li boetse li bitsoa surapyant. Lintho tse bolokiloeng li sebelisoa temong ho emisa meriana e bolaeang likokonyana le manyolo a mang, le li-parasine tse sebelisang limela.

Li-cosmetic le li-detergents li kena mobung hammoho le metsi a litšila, li lahleloa leoatleng le maoatleng.

Ts'ebeliso ea lihlahisoa tsa lik'hemik'hale mesebetsing ea temo e lebisa ntlheng ea hore li hlahella hodima limela le ho qhibiliha ka metsing, li oele ka metsing a fatše ka pula, li tšoaetsa karolo e ncha ea metsi a hloekileng. Linōka tse phallela maoatleng li boetse li tsamaisa lintho tse chefo.

Tlhabollo ea metsi

Tšilafalo ea metsi a fokolang ke ho kenella linthong tse latelang ho hydrosphere:

• letsoai la liminerale
• acid le tharollo ea tsona,
• alkali
• tšepe tse boima
• slag khoebong litšila,
• dikarolwana tsa ore
• dikarolwana tsa letsopa.

Salinization ea metsi a litšila ke sesosa sa tšilafalo le tšilafalo ea metsi. Tekanyo ea botaoa ke bongata ba ntho e setseng kamora metsi a le mouoane ebe e theoha ka mokhoa o tiileng oa pula.

Tšilafalo ea tšepe e boima

Metali e boima ke mofuta o nang le chefo oa tšilafalo. Li ikamahanya le litšobotsi tsa tsona le lihlopha tsa lintho tse fumanehang, empa li na le kotsi ho batho le liphoofolo. Ho tlosoa ha bona ho thata. Litsela tse boima le matsoai a tsona a lula 'meleng ka ho sa feleng, li ama litho le lits'ebetso tsa bophelo hampe, li baka liphetoho le chefo.

Mehloli ea tšepe e boima:

• lintho tsa tlholeho - boemo ba leholimo ba majoe le mobu, khoholeho ea mobu, ketso ea ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang,
• mabaka a bakiloeng ke motho a amanang le ts'ebetso le phepelo ea liminerale, motsoako oa mafura, mesebetsi ea temo le makoloi.

Tšilafalo ea mocheso

Ho lokolloa ha lintho tse futhumetseng tse futhumetseng ho lebisa ho futhumatsang metsi a tlhaho. Ka lebaka leo, hydrosphere liphihlelo tse feteletseng le tšilafalo ea mocheso lia etsahala. Sena se ama bophelo ba lintho tse phelang, tseo ntlo ea hae e nang le metsi a hloekileng le matamo a letsoai.

Mohlala o motle o bonts'a phello ea ho nosetsa hoa metsi holim'a lintho tse phelang ke boemo bo nang le mafika a maholo a litšitiso. Ka lebaka la hore metsi a leoatle a fetohile a futhumetseng ka hoo e ka bang 1 ° C, likorale tse lefikeng li qala ho shoa. Mme ts'ebetso ena e qala ho nka sebopeho se ke keng sa fetoloa, se hlokang tharollo ea bothata hanghang.

Tšilafalo ea polasetiki

Tikoloho le ho ba le boima ba bophelo ba motho. Mehloli e meholo ea tšilafalo ke:

• chloride ea polyvinyl
• polyamide
• polystyrene
• polyester
• polyethylene
• lavsan
• marang-rang
• rabara.

Polasetiki e sa senyeheng e tlala lebopong, e senya lintho tse phelang.

Mekhoa ea ho fumana li-contamin ka metsing

Ts'oaetso ea ts'ebetso ea lefats'e ea lefats'e e etsahala ka mekhoa e latelang:

• tšilafalo ea mantlha e ka kotloloho - ka mokhoa ona, lintho tse kotsi li kena ka kotloloho 'meleng oa metsi ho tsoa kantle,
• tšilafalo ea tlhaho - ntlheng ena, lintho tse chefo li kena ka pele mobung kapa moeeng, mme ke feela ha li fetela ka metsing.

Khanyetso ea tšilafalo

Ho ea ka tekanyo ea botsitso ba lik'hemik'hale tse kenang tikolohong ea metsing, tšilafalo ea hydrosphere e ka aroloa:

• e sa tsitsang - lik'hemik'hale li kena ka har'a potoloho ea lintho tse kahara hydrogen, ka lebaka leo li nyamela kapele tlasa ts'usumetso ea tlhaho.
• Lintho tse phehellang - likarolo tse silafatsang ha li kopanele mokhatlong oa tlhaho oa lik'hemikhale tse ka hara metsi, ka hona, li bokellana le ho tsoela pele ho silafatsa metsi.

Bakeng sa ho lekola tšoaetso ea hau, sebelisa index ea hydrochemical ea tšilafalo ea metsi.

Tekanyo ea ho ata ha tšilafalo

Ho latela sekala sa kabo ea thepa, ho na le:

• tšilafalo ea lefatše, e pharalletseng e ka hlahang kae kapa kae lefatšeng,
• tekanyo ea tikoloho ea chefo ea metsi e etsahala sebakeng sa heno, sebakeng se itseng sa lefatše,
• tšilafalo ea lehae e etsahala mebeleng e meng ea metsi moo likhoebo tse silafatsang tikoloho li leng teng

Tšilafalo ea hydrosphere e kotsi ho lintho tse phelang ke eng?

Ho na le litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa tikoloho tse bakoang ke tšilafalo ea metsi. Empa kaofela li ama hampe:

• ketsahalo ya mmele
• ts'ebetso e felletseng ea kholo,
• sebetsa hantle
• Sesebelisoa sa ho ikatisa le ho ba le bana ba tloaelehileng.

Ka hona, ts'ireletso ea metsi tšilafatsong e hloka tlhokomelo e haufi le tšebeliso ea tharollo e phethahetseng ea bothata ba chefo ea hydrosphere.

Litlamorao tsa Neurotoxic

Lirame tse boima, tse oelang nthong e phelang, li baka tšenyo ea lisele tsa methapo. Sistimi e khaotsa ho sebetsa ka botlalo, e lebisang ho mafu a mangata a methapo:

• mathata a methapo
• khatello ea maikutlo
• Ho sithabela maikutlo
• Autism
• dysfunctions tse fokolang bokong,
• Autism mahlaseli a kotsi
• ho phomola kelellong
• khathatso ea boroko
• migraines
• tlolo ea mesebetsi ea methapo,
• phallo ea mali e sa senyeheng liseleng tsa bokong,
• e lebisang tlolong ea ts'ebetso ea kelello.

Mathata a ho ikatisa

Haeba ho na le lintho tse ngata tse silafatsang, 'mele o ka shoa kapele. Haeba khatello ea maikutlo e le tlase, joale lintho tse nang le chefo butle-butle li bokellana 'meleng, ho fokotsa ts'ebetso ea eona e behang.

Ke litšila tse kotsi le litšila tse nang le radioadio tse fumanehang ka metsing li ka lebisang tahlehelong ea bokhoni ba ho ikatisa.

Mathata a ho Fetolela Matla

Phapanyetsano ea matla ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea tšebetso ea 'mele. Ts'ebetso ena e etsahala boemong ba "interellular". Empa haeba lisele tsa 'mele li pepesetsoa lintho tse kotsi, ts'ebetso ea phapanyetsano ea matla e sitisoa ho tsona. Ka lebaka leo, mekhoa ea bophelo 'meleng e qala ho fokotseha, ebe ea emisa ebe' mele o khaotsa ho ba teng.

Mekhoa e tsitsitseng ea tikoloho ea tikoloho ea lefatše

Nts'etsopele ea indasteri e hloka ts'ireletso ea hydrosphere. Kaha nts'etsopele e eketsehileng e tla lebisa tokollong e sa laoleheng ea litšila le lintho tse chefo, tse tla ba le phello e mpe ka ho fetesisa seterekeng sa tikoloho ea metsing. Tšireletso ea hydrosphere e lokela ho kenyelletsa ho tšeloa metsi a litšila.

Tšusumetso ea likoloi le eona e lokela ho fokotseha. Linaha tse 'maloa li nkile mehato e sebetsang ka ho fetisisa ntlheng ena, re ntse re nkela enjine ea peterole ea peterole ka motlakase oa motlakase.

Bothata ba tšilafalo ea metsi ke bothata ba lefats'e ka bophara, bo hlokang mokhoa o kopaneng, mabapi le ho baka sekhahla sa phatlalatso le kotsi ea tšilafalo. Ho sireletsa hydrosphere ho tšilafalo ea lik'hemik'hale ke e 'ngoe ea mathata a mantlha a hlokang mekhoa le lisebelisoa tse fapaneng.