Swift e ntšo e kholo ho feta mookotaba - bolelele ba 'mele ho fihlela 18 cm, boima ba ho fihlela ho 40. Mapheo a bolelele bo bolelele, mohatla ke lifereko. Ho bonahala e le lerootho le letšo, empa e bonoa haufi le hore 'metso o bobebe mme ho na le moriti o mong o moputsoa le o moputsoa ka bongata. Mahlo a sootho, a molomo o moputsoa, maoto a bosootho bo bobebe. Tse tona le tse tšehali ha li shebahale li fapane.
Ho fofa ho potlakile (lebelo le felletseng la sefofane le fihla ho 120-180 km / h), ka mokhoa o batlang o nyoloha, ka karolo e 'ngoe ka mapheo a potlakileng a mapheo, hangata a phahame moeeng. Lintsintsi moo ho nang le likokoanyana tse holimo moeeng, hangata ho feta litoropo. E ka ba moeeng ntle le ho emisa ka lilemo tse 2-3, ka nako ena e ja, e nooa le bo-mme ntle le ho lula fatše, 'me e fetole sebaka se ho fihlela 500,000 km. Lefatšeng, ha ho na thuso ea letho. Lebaka feela leo linonyana tsena li oelang fatše ke ho behela mahe le hatch.
Likokoana-hloko tse katiloeng ka marako, hangata li lula matlong a linonyana le ka mekoting. Balekane ba haha sehlaha ho tloha masiba le makhasi a joang a khethiloeng sefofaneng seo ba se hokahanyang ka sekotlolo se bataletseng. Qetellong ea la 2 Mots'eanong kapa a mahe a 3, mahe a masoeu a hlaha, 'me kamora matsatsi a 18 - 19 a se a hlobotse matsuane. Li lula sehlaheng hoo e ka bang libeke tse 6. Empa ha qetellong ea Phupu li fofa sehlaheng, li se li ikemetse ka ho felletseng mme li ka fofa ho fihlela ho li-km tse 1000 ka letsatsi. Pele, li ka khetholloa ho batsoali ba tsona ka mapheo a sephara.
E iphepa ka likokoanyana tse fofang moeeng.
Litšobotsi tse akaretsang le litšobotsi tsa tšimo
E potlakile ka boholo bo bohareng, e kholo ho feta e potlakile, le halofo ea mohala oa nale. Bolelele kaofela (limilimithara) - 160-170, mapheo a 4pap80420.
'Mala o na le lefifi haholo ntle le mebala kapa mehala e ikhethang. Maqhubu a maputsoa a sootho, 'me a na le masiba a' mala o moputsoa, 'mala oa bosoeu bo sa bonahaleng' meleng. Ha sefofane se fofa se fapana ka mebala e meng ka 'mala oa sona o lefifi le ho se be teng ha litšobotsi joalo ka lesela le lesoeu kapa mpa e tšoeu.
Nkoe e ntšo e shebeloa haholo ha e fofa, hangata hangata sebakeng sa nesting kapa sehlaheng, maemong a ikhethang a fatše. Moeeng, e tšoana le mothamo oa toropo, empa o shebahala o le mapheo a malelele, sefofane se potlakile, se khona ho sebetsa, se na le tšusumetso e matla ka lebaka la tšebeliso ea mefuta e fapaneng ea sefofane (ho tsitsipana le ho thellisa, ho thothomela le ho nyoloha), ka ts'oarello ea moea o fokang, o phallang ebile o phalla ka moea o phallang (Luleyeva, 1970 , Dolnik, Kinzhevskaya, 1980). Li-Swows hangata ha li thehe mehlape e teteaneng, empa nakong ea ho hola le pele ba tloha, ba fofa ka sehlopha se nyane ka lebelo ho fihla ho 250 km / h (mona, lebelo la ho atamela le bonahala le laoloa ke lipontšo tsa molumo o bohale o hlakileng o tsoelang pele).
Lentsoe le letsa molumo oa boleng bo fapaneng, ho thata ho bo fetisa ka mantsoe. Mohlape o etsa molumo o matla oa ho phunya, ka mantsoe a bitsang a "melapo. le. le ”, nakong ea ho ruruha nakong ea motšehare (le maemong a itseng bosiu), maruarua a lutseng sehlaheng a letsa mololi o molelele o phahameng, o supa ho balekane moeeng. Nakong ea ho falla, bosiu le motšehare, ba khutsitse haholo.
Hang ha e le holim 'a lefatše, ntsu e ntšo e tsamaea ka thata, e khasa ka mpeng ea eona, e ithusa ka maoto a makgutshwane, empa e le matla haholo e nang le mealo e bohale, e kobehileng mme e le mapheo a mapheo a malelele a tiileng. Nonyana e kholo e phetseng hantle e tloha fatše ka thuso ha e otla mapheo a eona a matla fatše. Mofuta o oelang fatše, o ke keng oa tloha, o ipapisitse le maemo a ho tloha litsuonyana kapele ho lihlaha, tse ka ntle li fapaneng le linonyana tse kholo.
Tlhaloso
Colouring. Phapang pakeng tsa thobalano le nako ea selemo ha e hlahisoe hantle, kahoo likarolo tse tlase le boima ba 'mele li kopantsoe. Tse tona le tse tšehali tse holileng ka thobalano li batla li le mebala e sootho ka ho sootho ka mebala e lefifi, e nang le mapheo a sootho le mohatla. Ho linonyana tsa khale (ho qala ho tloha selemong sa khalendara ea boraro), botebo ba molumo o moputsoa ka har'a makhopho a eketseha, hloohong, mokokotlong le mahetleng, hammoho le mepopotlong e kaholimo e koahelang. Linakong tse ncha tse ncha, linonyana tse fetang le tsona li fapana ntlheng e pota-potiloeng ke ntsintsi e kholo ea pele. Ho linonyana tsa khale, masiba a mantlha a ne a lema hanyane ka hanyane ebile a le lefifi, mme lepheo le le lefifi. Linonyana tse kholo le tsona li fapana le tse nyane ka sebopeho sa lipheletso tsa masiba a mohatla a feteletseng (Cramp, 1985) le masiba a sehloho a feteletseng (Luleyeva, 1986). Mookoli o sootho, molomo le maoto a sootho. Malinyane a leng seaparong se tlaase o lefifi, a le bokhubelu bo botala, maoto le molomo joalo ka batho ba baholo, a sootho.
Seaparo sa ka tlung, malinyane a na a sootho, a bile a na le mapheoana a apolehileng a tšoeu a apereng 'mapheo a' ona. Kamora mariha, malinyane a lilemo tsa pele a ba le molumo o lerootho ha a phatsima, 'me a lahleheloa ke meeli e tšoeu' me ka linako tse ling a tene. Liphetho tsa li-flywheel tsa mantlha tse kholo li supiloe, hammoho le lipheletso tsa ho tsamaisa ka matla.
Swift e tloaelehileng
Swift e Tloaelehileng - Apus - Mofuta oa 'mala o leputsoa o moputsoa ka' mala o moputsoa ka 'mala o mosoeu haholoanyane. Boholo bo mahareng - bolelele ba 'mele 15-16 cm, mapheo a bolelele ba 42-48 cm, boima ba 36-52 g. Swift e lula sebakeng se futhumetseng le libaka tse ka tlas'a lefatše tsa Epasia ho tloha Europe Bophirima, Afrika Leboea le Lihlekehleke tsa Canary ho ea fihla bohareng ba Siberia Bochabela, Transcaucasia, China Bochabela, Tibet, Iran.
Mariha a tloaelehileng a mariha Afrika e ka boroa ho Sahara, Madagascar. Ho tloha mariha e qala ka Hlakubele, e fofa ho ea Russia bohareng ka Mots'eanong. Ho falla ha selemo hoa atoloha, nako ea nako ea ho fihla e fapana ho tloha matsatsing a 18 ho isa ho a 27 ho latela maemo a tlhaho. E fihla ka lihlopha tse nyane. Nesting e qala beke kamora ho fihla. Ka ho kuta, hangata 2, ha tlase hangata 3 (joalo ka mokhelo, 1 kapa 4). Incubation ho latela maemo a leholimo a nka matsatsi a 11-16. Haeba maemo a leholimo a se a fihlile, marang-rang a theoha masonry ebe a qala mokoloko oa bobeli oa nesting. Matsatsi a ho tloha ha matsuane le ona a boetse a itšetlehile ka boemo ba leholimo 'me a fapana haholo - ho tloha matsatsing a 33 ho isa ho a 56.
Mocheso oa 'mele oa matsuane o ka theoha ho isa ho li-degrees tsa C, empa li ka fella ntle le lijo nako e telele, li lumella batho ba baholo ho etsa maeto a leholimo a le hole le 70 km ho tloha sehlaheng, ho nka beke kapa ho feta. Ho hakanngoa hore sebaka se fofang ka lebelo letsatsi le letsatsi ha se batla lijo se lekana le potoloho ea Lefatše sebakeng se phahameng sa St. Nakong ea lihora tsa motšehare oa lehlabula (hoo e ka bang lihora tse 19), lebelo le le leng le tlisa lijo sehlaheng makhetlo a 34, pele matsuoa a tloha - makhetlo a 3-4 feela. Sekhahla se seng le se seng sa lijo se na le likokoanyana tse 400- 1500; ka letsatsi, malinyane a ja likokoanyana tse ka bang 40 000. Tsena li nona haholo ka letsatsi la bo mashome a mabeli la bophelo, ebe butle-butle li theola boima ba 'mele (papiso e tsotehang ea ho fepa litsuonyana tse tsoang ho li-albatross le liphooko).
Ho falla ha sehla ho qala ho elella bofelong ba Phato le qalong ea Loetse, hoo e batlang e le libaka tsohle tse sebakeng se itseng, joalo ka molao, li nyamela libakeng tsa nesting nakong ea matsatsi a 1-2. Lehlabuleng la pele, linonyana tse nyane hangata li lula libakeng tsa mariha.
Le ha 'mete o motšo o ka har'a tsela e bohareng o shebahala joalo ka nonyana e litoropong feela, e boetse e lula libakeng tsa tlhaho, matloana ka mekoting, marokho, mafika, mehala le mafika a majoe,' me libakeng tse ling ho sebelisoa libaka tsa tlhaho le tsa litoropo bakeng sa nesting ka ho lekana. Kahare ho naha e bataletseng, o khetha meaho e phahameng ea majoe - mabanta, likereke.
Ho Transbaikalia, libakeng tsa bolulo bo nang le kutloelo-bohloko ka lebelo le nang le lebanta le lesoeu, le nkelang batho ba batsho ho Siberia Bochabela le Chaena, makhoaba a maputsoa a lula lithabeng, metseng - metseng e molelele feela. Lithabeng tsa Tibet, mokotla o moputsoa o moputsoa ka mafika a bophahamo ba limithara tse 5700 ka holim'a bophahamo ba leoatle. Ena ke nonyana e tloaelehileng, ebile e mengata, e ntse e eketsa palo ea eona ka botsitso mabapi le keketseho ea libaka tsa litoropo. Ke naheng ea mahaeng feela ea linonyana tse limilione tse 1-5 ho la Russia.
Molting
Seaparo sa marikhoe se thellang se hlaha ka la 8 - la 9 letsatsi la nts'etsopele ea poso, mme ka la 14- 17, masiba a masiba a bobebe a 'mala o moputsoa o lefifi, bolelele ba 5-6 mm, a pota-potile masiba a ntseng a hola a pterillia e kholo (Collins, 1963) mme a bapala bohlokoa karolo e tlatsetsang, e koahelang letlalo le senotsoeng la chisi. Ho theha seaparo sa bana ho fela ka letsatsi la 35-3 la 8 la nts'etsopele ea postembryonic. Leha ho le joalo, nts'etsopele ea li-flyworms tsa mantlha tse feteletseng (II-IV) e liehisoa ke matsatsi a mang a 3-4. Nonyana e nyane ha e tlohe moo e lallang teng ho fihlela linonyana tse fofang, li etsa karolo e kaholimo ea lepheo, li lokolloa ka sekoaelong botlaaseng ba masiba (linyeoe tsa lefu la malinyane a mosesane a siileng sehlaha pele ho nts'etsopele ea linonyana tse fofang, li etsa karolo e holimo ea lepheo.)
Maqhubu a mapheo a a mapheoana a a mapheoana a mariha a fetoha feela nakong ea mariha a bobeli, tsela eo a lokelang ho e hlola habeli. Nakong ea motsamao oa "lehlabula" le "boemo ba leholimo" bakeng sa lik'hilomithara tse likete, masiba a manyane a lla haholo (maemong a mang, ka masiba a selemo se le seng, masiba a fofa a robehile mme a entsoe ka hinge), e leng se etsang hore bana ba banyenyane ba fapane haholo le bo-'mampuli ba lilemo tse ling ba sa tsoa fetola mapheo a bona a mapheo mme ba phetse hantle e boloka ho fihlela molt o latelang. Qaleho ea molt ea pele ea makhopho a bacha a mapheo e qala ka Phato-September oa selemo se tlang sa almanaka, ka pele ho kuta ha matrimonial ho latela lenyalo. Li-swpe tsa pele tse ntšo li ile tsa tšoaea bass. Kongo ka la 18 Phato. Mona, ho qhibiliha ha linonyana tsa mofuta ona ho etsahala bohareng ba tsona. Ntho ea pele e fofa ka pele. Ho fofa fofa ea mantlha e phethoa ka lebelo la masiba a 2-3 ka khoeli, 'me e telele - masiba a 1-1,5 ka khoeli (De Roo, 1966).
Ka Pulungoana, lipulumo tse ngata li na le nako ea ho fetola lintsintsi tse supileng. Lipehelo tsa phetoho ea sefofane li tsitsitse, phetoho ea manonyeletso ea maqhubu e lumellana (marang-rang a manyane, a fumanoang motheong o le mong ka nako e ts'oanang, ka nako e ts'oanang a fetotse masiba a tšoanang). Mathoasong a Hlakubele, lifofane tsohle, ntle le tse feteletseng, li nkeloe sebaka ke tse ncha; bofelong ba Pherekhong, phetoho e felletseng ea lifofane e se e lemohuoe. Haeba ka nako ena ts'ebetso ea mantlha e feteletseng e so fetohe, joale ho tla lieha ho qhibiliha ha eona ho fihlela Phato-Phato, i.e. pele ho mariha a latelang. Phetoho ea mapheoana a mapheoana a eona e qala hloohong - masiba a le mong ka khoeli. Lits'oants'o tse nyane, tse halikiloeng bophahamong ba 2 ° 35 ′ N le bolelele 23 ° 37 'E, ho qhibiliha ha lintsintsi tse feteletseng ho ile ha hlokomeloa bofelong ba Hlakubele le mathoasong a Mphalane (De Roo, 1966, Cramp, 1985). Liphetoho tse kholo li lieha ho qhibiliha ka ho qhibiliha ka nako e ka etsang khoeli. Li-swwing tse holileng tsebong (selemo sa 3-4 sa bophelo), molting e felletse ha seaparo sa bacha se fetotsoe ho pele ho lenyalo. Lifofane tse feteletseng li lula li tsofetse, 'me liphiri tse holimo tsa mapheoana a bobeli, a fapaneng le masiba a macha ka' mala o mosoeu, ha a fetohe. Phetoho ea seaparo sa pele sa matenya liqalong e qala ka ntsintsi ea pele, e sa kang ea nyamela nakong ea mariha ea ho qetela, nakong ea mariha ea boraro. Kamora ho qhibiliha, sefofane se secha sa mantlha se fumana pheletso e potiloeng ka notch ea apical, ho fapana le e bohale. Ka kakaretso, masiba a lisurubele tsa selemo sa boraro le se seng a holile a tšoauoa ka molumo o mongata o motšo, leha ho le joalo, likarolo tse ling tse holimo tsa sekhukhu sa mofuta o fofang li sootho ka lipheo tse loileng, mapheo a mapheo a bohareng a fapana ka molumo oa brownish, o nkeloang sebaka sa pele. Ka lebaka la likarolo tsena tse se nang ponahalo, ke ka tlhahlobo e felletseng ea li-swows re ka khethollang batho ba lilemo tsa pele, tsa bobeli, le tsa boraro tsa bophelo ho linonyana tsa khale tse tlotsitsoeng ka molumo o motšo o khanyang, haholo hlooho, morao, mapheo le mohatla o tsoang holimo.
Subspecies taxonomy
Hajoale, ho na le lipeeletso tse peli kapa tse tharo:
1.Apus apus apus
Hirundo apus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., Ed. 10, leq. 192, Sweden.
2.Apus apus pekinensis
Cypselus pekinensis Swinhoe, 1870, Proc. Zool. Motsoalle London, leq. 435, Beijing.
Litlalehong tsa pele, mebala e akaretsang e ba lefifi, phatla ea 'mala o tšoanang ka mokokotlo kapa o bobebe hanyane. Lebala la 'metso le lenyane ebile le lefifi. Ea bobeli e na le mebala e bobebe, phatla e putsoa, e bobebe ho feta mokokotlo, 'mala oa' metso o moholo ebile o mosoeu ho feta (Stepanyan, 1975).
Tsamaiso
Metsi a makatsang. Kantle ho linaha tse batang, swift e ntšo e atile hohle Asiaasia hohle. E ngata haholo lithabeng tsa Asia Bohareng le Caucasus (sa feiga. 35, 36).
Seane 35. Sebaka sa kabo ea makhopho a mapheo a batho ba batšo:
sebaka sa nesting, b - sebaka sa mariha, c - lintsintsi, d - tataiso ea ho fallisoa ha hoetla (ho latela: Voos, 1960). Subspecies: 1 - A. a. apus, 2 - A. a. pekinensis.
Seane 36. Phapang ea makhopho a maputsoa a Europe Bochabela le Asia Leboea: sebaka sa mefuta.
Mananeo a ikhethileng a Apus apus apus a ajoa ho tsoa Leboea-bophirima. Afrika (Morocco le Bochabela. Tunisia) ka boroa ho Sahara Atlas. Kua Eurasia, ho tloha lebopong la Atlantic ka bochabela ho ea phuleng ea Olekma, Nerchinsky Range, Mongolia bochabela, ka boroa ho Hei-Longjiang, Hloahloeng ea Shandun. Ho ea leboea ho Scandinavia ho isa ho la borobeli la 69, Hloahloeng ea Kola ho latela karolo ea 68, ho ea sebakeng sa Arkhangelsk, ka bass. Pechora ho fihlela paramente ea 66 (Stepanyan, 1975), ka beseng. Ob ho fihlela la bo-63, bass. Yenisei e bapisoa le karolo ea 57, libakeng tse tlaase tsa Olekma ho isa ho ea 60th e tšoanang. Ka boroa ho lebopong la Leoatle la Mediterranean, Palestina, Iraq, Boroa. Iran, Boroa Afghanistan, Leboea Balochistan, Himalayas, libaka tse holimo tsa Noka ea Yellow, Letša Ku-Kunor, Boroa Gansu, Middle Shansi, Hloahloeng ea Shandong. Mefuta e lihlekehlekeng tsa Leoatle la Mediterranean le Borithane. Bochabela Europe le Leboea. Asia e ajoa ho tsoa meeling ea bophirima ea Moldova, Ukraine, linaha tsa Baltic ka bochabela ho Letša la Baikal. Ka leboea ho meeli ea mefuta. Ho ea ka boroa karolong ea Europe le Transcaucasia ho ea moeling oa USSR ea mehleng, ka bochabela ho isa libakeng tse tlase tsa Emba, Mugodzhar, libaka tse bohareng tsa maralla a manyane a Kazakh, Zaysan, ka nqa boroa ho meeli ea USSR ea mehleng. Ka tsela e fapaneng Zap. le Leboea. Kazakhstan, meeling e ka boroa ea kabo, e hokahana le A. a. pekinensis. E tšoanang e ke ke ea ahloleloa sebaka sa pele ho Baikal.
Apus apus pekinensis o lula Asia Bohareng ho tloha Leoatleng la Caspian ho isa bochabela le boroa ho ea meeling ea naha ea Iran, Afghanistan le Chaena. Ho ea leboea ho isa libakeng tse tlase tsa Emba, Mugodzhar, libaka tse bohareng tsa maralla a manyane a Kazakh, Letša. Zaysan le ho tloha Baikal ka bochabela ho ea phuleng ea Olekma le Nerchinsk Range. Ka tsela e fapaneng Zap. le Leboea. Kazakhstan, e moeling o ka leboea oa ho ajoa, e kopana le apus. Sebakeng sa Prebaikalia le bass. holimo Lena mohlomong le kopantsoe le apus (Stepanyan, 1975). E tsamaisoa ho pholletsa le Pamir-Alai (nesting kapa span), ka palo e kholo ho Alai Range. (Ivanov, 1969), haholo phuleng ea Alai haufi le Daraut Kurgan (Molchanov, Zarudny, 1915), o fumanoe moqomo. Nuratau e tloaelehile Samarkand mehahong ea litoropo (Meklenburtsev, 1937). Ka boroa, lihlaha ho pholletsa le lithaba ho tloha mosikong. Kugi-tang moeling oa Darvaz, moeling oa Badakhshan le Pamirs, nokeng. Shahdara. Phuleng ea noka. Zeravshan e nyoloha ho fihla ho 2,400 m (Abdusalyamov, 1964), lebopong la noka. Kyzylsu - ho fihla ho limilimithara tse 3,100. E etsahala nakong ea sefofane ho Pamirs (Severtsov, 1879, Abdusalyamov, 1967, Bolshakov, Popov, 1985). Lintlha tsa sefofane Asia Bohareng li ka hlahisoa hanghang ke subspecies tse peli (Abdusalyamov, 1977).
Ho falla
Black Swift ke motho ea fallisang equator. E etsa lifofane tsa selemo le selemo ho tloha sebakeng sa nesting ho ea sebakeng sa ho lelera tsa mariha, se koahelang sebaka se ka fihlang ho 10,000 km. Ho tloha mariha, o tloha bohareng le mafelong a Hlakubele. Ho tloha ho otlollotsoe (karolo e 'ngoe e bakoa ke molting) ho fihlela qetellong ea Mmesa, empa linonyana "tse tsoetseng pele" li ka Boroa. Spain e se e le qetellong ea Hlakubele. Nakong ea selemo, tataiso ea mantlha ea sefofane se fallang e lebile leboea-bophirima, ebe ka leboea-bochabela, lebopong la leoatle la Atlantic.
Mots'eare o moholo oa motšehare o tsamaisoa ka lithemparetjha tse phahameng (eseng tlase ho + 10 ° С), mahlaseli a matla a letsatsi, le moea o matla oa bochabela le leboea-bochabela. Ho falla bosiu ho etsahala ka khutso kapa ka moholi o itekanetseng oa kotara e ka boroa le mocheso oa moea o seng tlase ho + 10 ° C, o thehiloe libakeng tse bolelele ba lik'hilomithara tse ngata moo likepe li fetang teng. Bosiu, joalo ka motšehare, lintsu li sebelisa mefuta e mafolofolo le e sa lebelloang ea sefofane. Likarolong tsa leoatle le tsa lithaba, ho fofa ho hoholo ho ikhethang. Ts'ebeliso ea phallo ea moea ho tsamaea maeto a malelele ke mofuta oa mefuta ka nako ea mots'eare le bosiu. Nakong ea mots'eare oa mots'eare, manonyeletso a maputsoa a ne a tlalehiloe bophahamong ho tloha ho 10 ho isa ho 1,700 m, 'me bosiu - ho tloha ho 200 ho isa ho 3,000-6,000 m (eo 60-70% e bophahamo ba 200 ho 800 m, 15-20% - ho tloha 800 ho isa ho 1,500 m, le 1-1.5% - 3000-6000 m). Ka hora ea pele, halofo ea hora kamora hore letsatsi le likele, bongata ba lisosa tse ntšo, tse qalileng sepakapakeng bosiu, li ts'oarelletsoe ka moea (200-300 m high), ka lihora tse peli tse latelang, bophahamo ba sefofane bo nyoloha ka matla, bo fihla bohareng ba 480 limithara ka holim'a bophahamo ba leoatle. . (Bulyuk, 1985, Luleyeva, 1983).
Matsatsi a ho fihla libakeng tsa nesting le nako ea ho fallisoa ha batho ba bangata ha a tsitse (matsatsing a ± matsatsi a 5).Ka lebopong la leoatle le Letšo la Crimea, ho hlaha leqhubu le letšo ho elella bofelong ba Hlakubele - mathoasong a Mphalane (Kostin, 1982), 'me ponahalo ea pele ea selemo e supiloe Armenia ka nako e le' ngoe (Sosnin, Leister, 1942). Ka leboea. Caucasus, ho fihla ha batho ba bats'oaruoa ka nako e fetang lilemo tse 12 ho tlalehiloe pakeng tsa la 17 Mmesa (1986) le la 3 Mots'eanong (1984) (Khokhlov, 1989). Karolong e ka leboea ea Leboea. Li-swows tse ntšo tsa Ossetian li hlaha ka kakaretso ka la 20 Mmesa (bakeng sa lilemo tse 24), metseng e lithabeng tse phahameng - ka la 2 Motšeanong (lilemo tse 13) (Komarov, 1991). Bophirima. Ho la Ukraine, linonyana tsa pele li hlaha bofelong ba Pherekhong - mathoasong a Mots'eanong, 'me ho fihla ha bongata ho ngolisitsoe kamora matsatsi a 2-4, ho Lviv ka lilemo tse 17 - la 30 Mmesa - la 1 Mots'eanong, le lilemong tse batang libeke tse peli hamorao (Strautman, 1963). Phuleng ea Vakhsh ea Tajikistan, litlhapi li fofa ho tloha ka la 10 Hlakubele ho isa la 5 Mots'eanong, mme tlhōrō ea tlhaselo ea batho ba fallang e ile ea bonoa ka letsatsi la bone la matsatsi a mahlano a Hlakubele (Abdusalyamov, 1977), phuleng ea Gissar e hlahile ka la 11 Pherekhong (Ivanov, 1969), le pheletsong ea noka. Mehlape ea pele ea Varzob e tlalehiloe ka la 24 Mmesa (Boehme, Sytov, 1963).
Kokand, ho fihlisa ha swwing ho ile ha bonoa ka la 16 Hlakubele, Margilan - ka la 15 Hlakubele le la 22, ho Samarkand - ka la 14 Hlakubele (Bogdanov, 1956), ka Termez - ka la 17 Hlakubele (Salikhabaev, Ostapenko, 1964). Libakeng tse bohareng tsa Kazakhstan, letšeng. Li-swwing tsa Kurgaldzhin li fihla ka May 17-19 (Krivitsky, Khrokov et al., 1985), mosikong oa Zap. Tien Shan ho Chok-Pak Pass likhahla tsa pele ka karolelano ka lilemo tse 9 li tlalehiloe ka la 11 Tšitoe, ho falla ho matla ka ho fetesisa (84,6% ea kakaretso) ho etsahala lilemong tse mashome a mararo tsa Mphalane - lilemo tse leshome tsa pele tsa Mots'eanong, ho fela ka kakaretso ka Mots'eanong 14 (Gavrilov, Gissov , 1985). Kua Morovia, pela Saransk, ho sesa ho hlaha ka la 5 Mots'eanong (Lugovoi, 1975) seterekeng sa Nizhny Novgorod. - Mots'eanong 15-17 (Vorontsov, 1967), le ponahalo ea bongata libakeng tse ikhethileng tsa tsoalo e etsahala matsatsi a 2.7 le a 10 kamora ho hlaha ha li-swows tse tsoetseng pele (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Ponahalo e potlakileng ea marang-rang e bonoa libakeng tse kholo tsa bohareng ba karolo ea Europe ea Russia. Kahoo, ba ngolisitsoe ka la 16 Mots'eanong, 1963 metseng ea Gorky, Moscow le Ryazan, hammoho le Oksky Zap., Lintlheng tse tšoanang ka 1946-1960. ba ile ba bonoa, ka kakaretso, ka la 15 Mots'eanong (S. G. Priklonsky, puisano ea motho ka mong).
Ho falla khafetsa ha lehlabula ha meroallo e metšo ho etsahala Zap. Europe, linaheng tsa Scandinavia le Baltic States ho tloha pheletsong ea Phato ho isa bohareng ba Pulungoana (Magnusson, Svardson, 1948, Koskimies, 1950, Svardson, 1951, Luleyeva, 1974.1981.1993, Kashentseva, 19786). Ho tsamaea ha lehlabula hoa fapana ho tloha nakong ea selemo ho latela maemo a tsitsitseng, palo e kholo ea bafalli (ho fihla ho 94% ea palo yohle ka nako) le phetoho e ikemetseng ntlheng ea motsamao oa nonyana. Ho falla ha lehlabula ho etsoa bosiu le motšehare (67-70% ea likhahla tse ntšo tse tlalehiloeng khahlanong le semelo sa khoeli ea khoeli ea disk ho tloha pakeng tsa lihora tse peli ho isa ho metsotso e 30 bosiu). Sebopeho sa lilemo tsa bafalli ba lehlabula ha se e-so fumane karabo ea ho qetela, empa tlhaiso-leseling e mabapi le ho ts'oaroa ha lisepa sebakeng sa bafalli e bonts'a ho nka karolo ha makhoaba a manyane, haholo bana ba selemo se le seng le ba lilemo li peli, ka maeto a mangata a hlabula (Luleyeva, 1986).
Ho tloha ha litsuonyana tse ntsho ho tloha libakeng tsa nesting ho etsahala joalo ka ha li falla, tse felang ntle le ho ema mona hang hoba li tlohe sehlaheng. Ho tloha ha bongata ho etsahala bosiu, ka moetlo o qalang oa mofuta oa mofuta oa mefuta (Luleyeva, 1983). Matsatsi a sefofane a marang-rang a ho sesa a sesa ho tloha bofelong ba Phupu ho fihlela la Mphalane mme ka kakaretso a na le meeli e phatsimang. Setereke sa Oksky likopano tsa hoqetela tsa batho ba batšo, tse ka nkoang e le likopano tsa bafalli, ka 1956-2001. e hlokometsoe ho tloha ka la 8 Phato ho isa ho la 19 (Priklonsky, puisano ea motho ka mong).
Ka hoetla, makhoaba a maputsoa a fofa ka tsela e eang boroa-bophirima (e nang le likhohlo tsa Sweden le Finland a fumanoa naheng ea Estonia, sebakeng sa Kaliningrad le Stavropol Territory (Dobrynina, 1981). Ho falla ho nka ho tloha ka Phupu 20-25 ho isa la 10 Mphalane, 'me linonyana tse ling li lula ka har'a moalo. nesting ho fihlela November (Ptushenko, 1951, Jacobi, 1979).
Karolong ea Leningrad boholo ba maqhubu a falla hammoho bohareng ba Phato, St. Petersburg likoloneng tse kholo 60% ea lintsintsi pakeng tsa la 13 Phato 13, le la ho qetela - Loetse 1-2 (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Lebopong la Kou ea Finland le Ladoga, metsamao ea tataiso e ile ea bonoa e se e le pejana ho Phato (Noskov, 1981). Likopano tsa morao-rao seterekeng sa Leningrad. libakeng tse haufinyane li ngolisitsoe ka la 11 Loetse 1978, la 30 Loetse, 1900, la 15 Mphalane, 1879, la 20 Mphalane 1979, ho la Ladoga - la 1 Pulungoana la 1981, la 29 Mphalane ho la 7 Pulungoana 1979, hamorao ba ile ba kopana. le kamora ho oa ha lehloa (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Mabaka a ho lieha ha lisepa tse ntšo sebakeng sa lihlaha a ke ke a nkoa e se feela mokhoa oa ho ikatisa, empa hape le mafolofolo a felletseng ka ho fallisoa ha nesting, hammoho le metsamao e phallang (drift) e nang le maqhubu a moea, ka lebaka leo batho ka bomong ba hlahang libakeng tseo eseng sebopeho sa tsona ka nako e telele (Jacobi, 1979). Khetho ea hypothermia e ikhethileng ea mofuta oa mefuta ea (Koskimies, 1961), hammoho le bokhoni ba ho laola le ho khutlisetsa boima ba 'mele kapele le libaka tsa polokelo ea mafura (Keskpayk, Luleyeva, 1968, Luleyeva, 1976) li lokela ho lumella bakuli ho phela maemong a feteletseng bakeng sa bona le ho tsosolosa tšebetso ea bohlokoa. ha maemo a leholimo a futhumetseng a kena.
Sebakeng sa Moscow le libakeng tse haufi, ho baleha ha makhoaba a manyane ho tlalehiloe ka la 30 Phupu - Phato 10, ho tloha ka la 1 Phato ho fihlela la 18 Phato, 'me linonyana tsa ho qetela li fumanoe ka la 27 Phato- 7 Loetse (Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968). Sebakeng sa Ryazan, sebakeng sa Oksky. ho phahama ha manyane ho ea mapheo ho ile ha hlokomeloa haholo ho tloha qalong ho isa bohareng ba Phato, ho tloha - bohareng - halofo ea bobeli ea khoeli ena. Sebakeng sa Nizhny Novgorod marang-rang a fofa ka la 15 Phato, 'me, ho ea ka E. M. Vorontsov (1967), ka linako tse ling a tloha molemong oa mohau oa bokamoso ba ho se khone ho tsoa ha bana. Bacha ba tloha kapele sebakeng sa kolone (Kashentseva, 1978). Li fofa li tloha Belarus ka la 12 Phato (Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967). Li-Swows li nyamela karolong e tlohelang lehloa ea Ossetia ka karolelano ka Phato 4 (Phato 3, 1981 - Phato 6, 1988). Ho fofa ka bongata mapheong a Range ea Main ea Caucasian. ka hare ho Ossetia ho boletsoe ka la 18 Phato 1980 (Komarov, 19916). Ho fofa ha batho ba bats'oants'o ba lifofane ho tsoa Stavropol ho etsahala matsatsing a pele a leshome a Phato (Khokhlov, 1989) Ho la Mordovia, nako ea hoetla e tšoailoe matsatsing a pele le a bobeli a Phato: ho app ea Mordovia. thepa ea ho qetela e tlalehiloe ka la 14 Phato, ho Saransk e lieha ho feta: lilemo tse 19 tsa ho shebella, letsatsi la pele la ho tloha toropong ke la 2 Loetse, la morao-rao ke la 15 Loetse (Lugovoi, 1975). Lviv, ho tloha ha batho ba bacha ho etsahala ka la 29 Phupu - la 2 Phato 2, le ho tloha libakeng tsa Zap. Ukraine - ho tloha ka la 6 Phato ho isa ho la 12 (Strautman, 1963). Libakeng tsa Baltic, ho Curonia Spit, maqhubu a manyane a pele a nyolohela lepheo ka la 22 Pherekhong, matsatsi a phomolo a manyane mme a tloha ka Phato 1 - 7, 'me linonyana tsa ho qetela li ile tsa bonoa tikolohong ea kolone ka la 10 Pherekhong (ka maemo a mabe a leholimo, matsatsi a ho tloha tsamaisa libeke tse peli). Ho falla ha selemo ka selemo ho etsahala ka Phupu 27 ho fihlela Phato 10 mme ho fihla palo e phahameng feela ka matsatsi a itseng (mohlala, Phupu 29 ka 1971, Phupu 31 ka 1972 le Phato 7 ka 1973) (Luleyeva, 1981).
Ho tloha libakeng tsa nesting ho qaloa pele ke malinyane a manyenyane a tloaelo, a atisang ho latela mekolokotoane nakong ea moalo (Weitnauer, 1947, 1975, Cutclife, 1951, Lack, 1955), ebe o ikopanya le lihlopha tse se nang tsoalo tse etsang maeto a hlabula selemo sena, ho qala ho tloha bohareng ba Phupu. Matsatsi a pele a ho tsamaea ha makhopho a manyane a bonahala a laoloa ke mantsoe a qalang a molting, a qalang bofelong ba Phupu le halofo ea pele ea Phato bakeng sa selemo se le seng le selemo sa batho ba babeli (De Roo, 1966). Sebakeng sa Curonia Spit le libaka tse haufi le tsona, metsamao ea hlabula e neng e sesa ka linako tse ngata e ne e le matla haholo lilemong tse mahlonoko, ha moketjana oa ho ikatisa o ne o sitisoa mme batho ba holileng ka thobalano ba ikopanya le bongata ba lisepa tse nyane (Phupu 15-18, 1974 - Luleyeva, 1976). Mona ka Phupu le Phato August omnidirectional boima ba mekolokotoane e tloaelehileng, e etsahala mots'eare le bosiu (boleng bo boholo ba kheloho ea angular ho tloha azimuth e tloaelehileng ea 247 ± 68 °, e tsejoang ka lifofane tsa bosiu tsa marang-rang ka nako ena, e tiisa ho ba sieo ha maemo a tiileng). Lifofane tse ikamahanyang le maemo li tloaetse August le September, nakong ea hoetla hoetla.
Sebakeng sa Asia Bohareng le Kazakhstan, mehopolo ea hoetla ea liaparo tse ntšo le tsona li qala bofelong ba Pulungoana - qalong ea Phato. Ka khatello ea maikutlo ea Tengiz-Kurgaldzhin ka Phato, mantsiboea, sefofane se phatlalalitsoeng se bonoa ka mehlatsoana. Mona, ka pholileng e matla (+ 8 ° С) kamora pula e batang e nang le moea o matla o ka leboea-bophirima, li-swows tse ngata li ile tsa shoa ka lebaka la ho khathala, li-swip tse 50 li ile tsa bokelloa ka mazars, sheds le li-attic tsa meaho ea bolulo motseng oa Karazhar (Krivitsky, Khrokov et al., 1985) . Sebokeng sa Kurgaldzhin, kopano ea morao-rao ea li-swows e ngolisitsoe ka la 2 Loetse (Vladimirskaya, Mezhenny, 1952). Naheng ea Zap. Ho fofa ha Tien Shan ho qala bohareng ba Phato (Kovshar, 1966). Palo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea lipolao tse tlalehiloeng ho Chok-Pak pass (84,8%) e bile nako e qalang ho tloha bohareng ba Phato ho isa lilemong tse leshome tsa pele tsa Loetse. Har'a ba hapiloeng ka nako ena (n = 445), batho ba baholo ba busoa (73.9%), hamorao ho bile le batho ba baholo ba fokolang - 9.8% (n = 61). Ho fallisoa ho phethetsoe ke batho ba bacha ba selemo sena sa tsoalo (ba selemo), ba ileng ba tšoaroa ka bongata bohareng ba Mphalane ho feta batho ba baholo (ka kakaretso, karolelano ea batho ba baholo ho bana ba selemo e bile 2: 1) Ho falla ho fella mona, ka kakaretso, ka la 30 Loetse (Gavrilov, Gissov, 1985). Sebakeng sa Vakhsh Valley linonyana li fofa ka mehlape e meholo bophahamong ba 100 m, ho tloha bofelong ba Phato ho isa bofelong ba Loetse, ka tlhoro e phahameng ka beke ea bohlano ea matsatsi a mahlano a Mphalane (Abdusalyamov, Lebedev, 1977). Ka Pamirs, A. N. Severtsov o hlokometse ho fofa ha lifofane qetellong ea Phato 1897, Phuleng ea Alai ho tloha ka la 25 Phato ho fihlela la 20 Loetse 1981, metsamao ea linako tse kholo ea A. a. pekinensis pela noka. Kyzyl-Su thapama, pele letsatsi le likela le bosiu. Nakong ea motšehare, ba fofa sebakeng se phahameng ho fihla ho 100, bosiu ho fihlela ho 6000 m (ka karolelano, bophahamong ba 1000 m, haeba u sa ele hloko sebaka sa Phula ea Alai ho 3100 m ka holimo ho bophahamo ba leoatle). Bongata ba linonyana bo ile ba tsamaea phuleng, tse nyane tsa fofa ka Pamir e Bohareng (e batlang e le tseleng e kholo ea sefofane sa bosiu). Letšeng Rangkul I.A. Abdusalyamov o kopane le lihlopha tse nyane tsa batho ba sutumetsang halofo ea bobeli ea Phato. Sebakeng sa Gissar Valley (Noka ea Kashkadarya), ho fallisoa ha mehlape ka bonngoe ho ile ha bonoa ho fihlela la 26 Loetse (Ivanov, 1969).
Bophirima. Kua Siberia ea bohareng, li-swows li fumanoa ho fihlela bohareng ba Phato (Ravkin, 1984); seterekeng sa Minusinsk, linonyana tsa ho qetela li ile tsa bonoa ka la 2 Phato (Sushkin, 1914).
Ho tsamaea ka sefofane libakeng tsa mariha ho etsoa, ka ho hlakileng, ka mekhoa e 'meli: ho pholletsa le Hloahloeng ea Iberia, Morocco, ka bophirima. lebopong la Afrika, ebe o fetela Nigeria ho ea Congo le Afrika Boroa kapa Madagascar, karolo e 'ngoe ea bafalli e haola le naha Boroa. France, Turkey, Chad (Carry-Lindhal, 1975).
Habitat
Ho ea ka A.S. Malchevsky (1983), marang-rang a batho ba bats'oants'o a fumanehang a le maemong a matle bakeng sa ho ahlaha tikolohong ea anthropogenic, leha ho le joalo, ba lula ka bolokolohi lithoteng tsa lifate, 'me ba theha likolone tse nyane esita le libakeng tse sa utloeng haholo litsebeng (merung ea khale ea aspen, e butsoitse meru e sabaletseng ea phaene lihlekehlekeng tse nang le meru tse tsoang leboea-bophirima ba Ladoga - mashome a lik'hilomithara ho tloha metseng e haufi). Likhoho li ratoa ke libaka tsa meru tse bapileng le matangoana kapa libakeng tse kholo tse oallang (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983).
Nesting e Asia Bohareng le Kazakhstan A. a. pekinensis e tsebahala ka boholo ba lithabeng: e ngata ho Alai Range. (Ivanov, 1969), mokoloko oa Nuratau (Meklenburtsev, 1937) le lithabeng tsa Kazakhstan (Korelov, 1970). Linokeng tsa Zerafshan, B. le M. Naryn, li-swamris tsa Susamyr li nyolohela ho 2400-3000 m (Yanushevich et al., 1960, Ivanov,
1969). Mona, linonyana li lula ka har'a mafika a majoe (Yanushevich et al., 1960), libakeng tse nang le mafika tsa linoka tse kholo, mahaheng le niches (Korelov, 1970). Asia Bohareng, lihlaha tse lebelo tse batšo metseng e meholo e kang Samarkand le Osh (Bogdanov, 1956, Yanushevich et al., 1960), bophahamong ba limithara tse 400-700 kaholimo ho leoatle.
Lira, lintho tse bohloko
Litumellano tse ikhethang tsa mokhanni o moputsoa ke mofuta oa likokoana-hloko tse ling ka mpeng Ptilonyssusstrandtmanni, tse hlalositsoeng ke Feng (Fain, 1956) oa Kafra Swift ea tsoang Rwanda-Urundi. Ho la Russia, e fumanoe linonyana ho Oksky Zap. (Butenko, 1984).
Lihlaheng, haholo-holo halofo ea bobeli ea nako ea nts'etsopele ea matsuane, makhopho a lintsintsi le matsetse a fumanoa (Koshreg, 1938), ka linako tse ling, lirurubele, haholo-holo moths (Cutcliffe, 1951).
Ntle le moo, likokoana-hloko tse arolang linonyana li fumanoe lihlaheng: mali avium, moemeli oa lelapa la paragic bug (Cimicidae) - Oeciacus hirundinis. Ntle le bona, ho ile ha fumanoa likokoanyana tse sebelisang litšila, ho bola litšila tsa lijo le lintho tse ling tse khethollang lihlaha tsa marang-rang. Pele ho tsena, ke tšoele: Tinea bisseliella, T. pelionella, Borkhausenia pseudospretella, hammoho le li-staphylins, ba jang letlalo, liphiri, joalo-joalo. villiper, P. tectus, Tenebrio molitor, Omphrale senestralis, Dendrophilus punctatus (Hiks, 1959). Mefuta ea morao-rao e tšoauoa ka libaka tse lulang ka mekoting le linonyana tsa linonyana.