Lelapa la ambisto le lenyane, le kenyeletsa li-amphibians tse tsoang metsing ho tsoa ho li-genera tse 5 le mefuta e 28. Ambistomaceae ke litho tsa lihlopha tsa ma-amphibian tseo tsamaiso ea tsona e ntlafalitsoeng haholo lilemong tse mashome tse fetileng. Mathoasong a lilemo tsa bo-1980, lelapa le ne le se le balile mefuta e 35 le mefuta e 4 - Ambystoma, Rhyacosiredon, Dicamptodon le Rhyacotriton, leha ho le joalo, ts'ebeliso ea mekhoa ea liphatsa tsa lefutso lithutong tsa taxonomic e ntlafalitse sehlopha sa sehlopha sohle le kahare ho genera.
Baemeli ba lelapa la ambisto ba fumanoa feela Amerika Leboea le Bohareng. Linaheng tse buang Senyesemane, li-Ambistomov li bitsoa li-salamanders. Li-Ambistomes li kotsing ea ho ea Amerika Leboea, moo li pharalletseng ho tsoa libakeng tse ka boroa ho Canada le Alaska ka boroa-bochabela ho ea Mexico.
Li-Ambistomes li fumane tumello ea tsona e pharaletseng le ho tuma ka lebaka la axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), eo qalong e neng e sebelisoa haholo ke bo-rasaense lithutong tse fapaneng feela e le phoofolo ea maiketsetso, ebe e fihla ho baetsi ba metsi ba maoatle mme e ile ea qala ho ba ngata haholo. Axolotl ke lehlaku le hlasimolohileng le nang le lebitso la lehae "axolotl", le fetolelang e le "ho bapala ka metsing."
Mefuta e mengata ea li-ambistos ke mofuta oa Ambysloma, o kenyelletsang mefuta e 21, e pharalletseng ebile e tsebahala ka mofuta oa eona oa lero. Mefuta e meng e kopanya mefuta e fokolang e tloaelehileng bophirima ho Amerika Leboea: mofuta oa Rhyacotrilon le mefuta e le 1 le genic Dicamptodon e emeloang ke mefuta e 'meli, kapa Amerika Bohareng: mofuta oa Rhyacosiridon o na le mefuta e 4, le mofuta oa Bathysiridon - mofuta o le mong.
Li-ambistomes tse thehiloeng mobung tsa batho ba baholo li khetholloa ke hlooho e pharaletseng, setopo se teteaneng se nang le mekokotlo e bonojoana, mahlo a manyane, maoto le matsoho a sephara le mohatla o harelaneng. Ho etsa mebala ea 'mele ea mefuta e mengata ho a khahla haholo ebile hoa thabisa:' meleng oa bona khahlano le sebopeho se lefifi ho na le libopeho tse khanyang, tse fapaneng le mebala: ho qala lits'oants'o tsa boputsoa ho isa bofelong ba likhoele tse kholo tsa mmala o moputsoa.
Batho ba baholo ba phelang tlas'a lefatše ba qeta bophelo bohle ba bona tlas'a moru oa moru, ba phela ka tlas'a matlakala kapa makhapetleng ao ba a epang kapa ba ahileng mekoti e siiloeng ke liphoofolo tse ling. Mefuta e mengata e lulang libakeng tse ka leboea tsa Amerika ka mekoting le mariha. Li-ambistomes li lula li le ling, li ja li-invertebrates tse fapaneng.
Li-ambistomes tsa batho ba baholo li khutlela metsing ka nako e khuts'oane feela ea ho ikatisa, li khetha bakeng sa ona matamo a tšoanang le ao ba tsoaletsoeng ho ona. Ho ikatisa ka har'a amphibian hangata ho hlaha mathoasong a selemo, leha mefuta e mengata, ho etsa mohlala, li-ringed (A. annulatum) le 'mabole (A. opacum) ambistomes, e tsoaloa ka hoetla.
Mefuta eohle e behiloe lehe ke ambist, ka ho hlophisa mahe a eona ka bongata, 'me ka linako tse ling likotoana tse ngata li kenella ka mekotleng e khethehileng. Ambistomy e beha mahe ka mahe matangoaneng a emeng kapa a phallang butle. Marble ambistoma e etsa ho hong ho fapaneng: e beha mahe a lefats'e libakeng tse fapaneng tsa mobu, tseo kapele li tlalang ka metsi a pula ea hoetla a hoetla.
Lirosa li phela bophelo ba metsing, empa ka boholo ba 'mele le sebopeho sa' mele li tšoana hantle le batho ba baholo. Mmala oa 'mele, joalo ka molao, o lerootho ebile o le monophonic. Maqhubu a Ambisto a fapana le batho ba baholo ka ho ba teng ha lipara tse tharo tsa likhaba tse kantle tse 4 tse nang le li-gill tse ka morao hloohong. Ka liketeketeng ho na le 'mala o mofubelu ho tsoa ho li-capillaries tse ngata tse tlatsitsoeng ke mali filill. Ntle le moo, ka leqhoeng, lehlakoreng la dorsal lehlakoreng la dorsal ho tloha mokokotlong oa hlooho ho isa pheletsong ea mohatla le lehlakoreng le leholo la ho tloha pheletsong ea mohatla ho ea ho cloaca, makhopho a letlalo le phahameng a theha patudal fin. Hangata mohatla o fela ka mohala oa mohatla.
Ho na le matla a mangata ho tloha nakong ea ha semolao se hlaha, 'me ho na le menoana e mene liphatleng,' me ho na le maoto a 5. Mahlo a mabone ke litlhapi, eseng tse tsoang le tse se nang mahlo.
Litlhaka tsena li sesa ka har'a ambisto, li inama 'mele joalo ka litlhapi. Metsoako ea mefuta e meng, haholo-holo baahi ba boroa ba li-embisome tsa tiger le mefuta e meng e haufi, e khona ho hola ho fihlela e ba batho ba baholo ntle le ho latela metamorphosis. Ho ba teng ha makhoaba a maholo liphoofolong ho etsa hore mefuta e mengata ea limela e be ambistot ka ho felletseng kapa ka mokhoa o batlang o lekane. Batho ba baholo ba mefuta e joalo ha ba tlohele mehloli ea metsi, ba boloka litlatsetso le mesifa e meleele, le ha matšoafo a tsona a ba a ba teng, e le karolo e 'ngoe ea phefumoloho. Ba fihlella kholo ntle le ho feta metamorphosis. Baahi ba lefats'e la Neotenic le ba ratang ho ipha matla ba ile ba fumanoa qalong libakeng tse lithaba tsa United States le Central Plateau ea Mexico. Maemo a loketseng ho hlaha hoa neoteny ke libaka tse bohlokoa haholo, ho se be teng ha libatana tsa metsing le maemo a omeletseng ka ntle ho litopo tsa metsi. Boholo ba neotenic popo ke karolo ea mefuta e mengata ea mofuta oa tiger ambistoma - Ambystoma tigrinum, Ambystoma velasci, Ambystoma mavortium le mefuta e amanang le eona. Mefuta e felletseng ea neotenic ea li-ambistos e bitsoa axolotls - Ambystoma meoticanum, Ambystoma taylori, Ambystoma andersoni le Ambystoma dumerilii. Neotenics e boloka matla a eketsehang a ho nchafatsa semelo sa litlolo tse nyane mme e ka khutlisetsa maoto le matsoho a lahlehileng, le mohatla leha e le ofe.
Ts'ebetsong ea metamorphosis, li-gill le makhopho a boreleli a nyamela, makhopho a tšoloha: nakong ea ho qhibiliha, letlalo le qala ho ba le mebala e tloaelehileng ho batho ba baholo, 'me lintja li hlaha mahlong. Qetellong, mats'oafo a qala ho hlophiseha, e lokisetsang liphoofolo hore li fetele mobung le qaleho ea ho phela lefats'e ka botlalo.
Moemeli o na le lipalo tsa li-chromosome tse 28 - -.
Axolotl le li-ambistome tse ling - Ambystoma tigrinum, Ambystoma mavortium, barati ba amphibian ba boloka e le liphoofolo tsa lapeng.
Ponahalo
Tiger ambistoma ke ambistoma e kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. Hajoale ho na le lipeeletso tse robeli. Hlooho e kholo, setulo se pota-potiloe ka bophara. Mahlo a manyane ho pota-pota. Meketjana e mene lipatleng, le tse hlano maotong a morao. Ho na le li-tubercles tse peli holima marang-rang. 'Mele oa ambistoma o haptjoa mahlakore a 13 ke likharafu. Li-vertebrae ke biconcave, lesapo le sephara la lehata ha le eo, meno a palatine a pharalla. Ka lebaka la "pineal gland" (pineal gland) e hlophisehile hantle sepakapakeng, o na le pono e ntle ea pono. Tšoelesa ea phaene e fumaneha ka mor'a mahlo.
Likarolo tsa Ombistoma le sebaka seo a lulang ho sona
Ka ponahalo e tšoana le mokholutsoane o tsejoang ke batho ba bangata, 'me karolong ea linaha tsa Amerika o ne o bile o bitsoa mousalander. Li lula merung e nang le mongobo o phahameng, o nang le mobu o bobebe le matlakala a teteaneng.
Bongata ba batho ka bomong bo kenyellelitsoe ho moemeli oa sehlopha E fumaneha Amerika Leboea, Canada boroa. Lelapa la mekholutsoane ena le na le mefuta e 33 e fapaneng ea li-ambistos, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e nang le litšobotsi tsa eona.
Tse tummeng haholo ho tsona ke tse latelang:
- Tiger ambistoma. E ka fihla bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 28, ha karolo e ka bang 50% ea 'mele e lula mohatleng. Ka mahlakoreng a salamander ho na le li-dimple tse telele tse 12, 'me' mala ke khanya e tala kapa e sootho .. Mefuta le matheba a mosehla li lula hohle 'meleng. Ho na le menoana e mene maotong a pele, le tse hlano maotong a kamorao. O ka kopana le mofuta ona oa ambisto libakeng tse fumanehang karolong e ka leboea ea Mexico.
Setšoantšo sa tiger ambistoma
Setšoantšong ho na le ambistoma ea 'mabole
Yellow Spotted Ambistoma
Ambistoma ea Mexico
Setšoantšo ke Ambistoma ea Pacific
Ho sheba photo by Elena Livi, tse neng li thathamisitsoe ka holimo, o ka bona phapang e kholo lipakeng tsa tsona.
Sebopeho le mokhoa oa bophelo oa ambistoma
Kaha ho na le mefuta e mengata ea boemeli, ke ha tlhaho hore e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsona e na le sebopeho sa eona le tsela ea bona ea bophelo. Li-ambistomes tsa tiger ho pholletsa le motšehare li rata ho lula mekatong, 'me bosiu li ea batla lijo. Kaha ba ne ba le letsoalo ebile ba le lihlong, kaha ba utloile kotsi, ba khetha ho khutlela ka mokoting, le haeba ba siiloe ba sena lijo.
Li-ambistome tsa Marble li bolokiloe e le lekunutu, li khetha ho iketsetsa masoba tlasa makhasi a oeleng le lifate tse oeleng. Nako le nako lula libakeng tse lahliloeng. Li-salamanders tse matala a matala li khetha tsela e ka tlas'a lefatše ea bophelo, kahoo u ka li bona lefatšeng feela ka matsatsi a lipula. Ka nako e ts'oanang, li-amphibians tsena ha li iketsetse matlo, li sebelisa tse setseng ka mor'a liphoofolo tse ling.
Mefuta eohle ea li-amphibians tsena e phela mekhukhung mme e rata ho tsoma lefifing. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore ha ba mamelle mocheso o feteletseng, mocheso o nepahetseng bakeng sa bona ke li-degree tsa 18-20, maemong a feteletseng, likhato tse 24.
Sebopeho se totobetse, hobane ba rata ho jeoa ke bolutu, 'me ha ba lumelle mang kapa mang hore a be mong. Boemong bo phahameng ke mohopolo oa ho ipoloka. Haeba li-ambistomes li oela mokhoabong oa sebatana, joale li ke ke tsa inehela ho qetela, li loma le ho e shapa. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ntoa eohle ea ambistome e tla tsamaea le lerata le phahameng, ntho e ts'oanang le lerata.
Nutrition ea Ambistoma
Li-Ambistomes tse lulang maemong a tlhaho li iphepa ka lintho tse latelang:
Makhoaba a Ambistome maemong a tlhaho o ja lijo tse kang:
Batho bao ba nang le takatso ea matla ea ho rata bophelo ba ka metsing ba khothalletsoa ho e fepa ka lijo tse latelang:
- nama e boreleli
- lihlapi
- likokoanyana tse fapaneng (liboko, maphele, lirifi).
Axolotl larva E lokela ho jeoa letsatsi le leng le le leng, empa ambisto ea batho ba baholo ha ea lokela ho feptjoa makhetlo a fetang a 3 ka beke.
Likarolo tsa ponahalo ea ambisto
Li-ambistomas tsa batho ba baholo li na le lihlooho tse sephara tse nang le mahlo a manyane. 'Mele o boreleli ebile o le letsoele ebile o na le li-grooves tse hlalositsoeng hantle, maoto a tšesaane, karolo ea mohatla e chitja.
Letlalo le boreleli. Mahlo ho na le lintja tse tsamaeang. Mefuta e mengata ea ambisto e na le 'mala o makatsang o nang le matheba le mebala e fapaneng. Litopo tsa Ambitist li ka khabisoa ka masela a khanyang kapa metsero e sephara e tlatsitsoeng.
Li-Ambistomes ke lelapa la li-amphibians, tseo hape li bitsoang li-salamanders, 'me li lula Amerika Leboea.
Ho hlahisa le ho phela nako e telele ea ambistoma
E le hore ambistoma e ngatafale, e hloka ho ba teng ha metsi a mangata. Ke ka lebaka leo, qalong ea nako ea ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo, li-ambisomes li fallela libakeng tseo tsa moru tse nang le likhohola ka nako e 'ngoe. Karolo e ka sehloohong ea batho ba mofuta ona ba rata ho ikatisa nakong ea selemo. Empa li-ambistomes tsa 'mabole le tsa selemo le selemo li ikatisa feela ka hoetla.
Nakong ea selemo sa botona, tse tona li beha semela sa sekhooa ka moea o matla, 'me tse tšehali li se nka ka thuso ea li-cloaca. Ebe tse tšehali li qala ho beha mekotla e nang le mahe, ka mokotleng o le mong ho ka ba le mahe a 20 ho isa ho a 500, athe bophara ba e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsona bo ka fihla limilimithareng tse 2,5.
Li-ambistomes li hloka metsi a mangata ho ikatisa
Mahe a kentsoeng ka metsing a futhumetseng a ntshetsapele ho tloha matsatsing a 19 ho isa ho a 50. Kamora nako ena, lipeo tsa "ambistome" li hlaha lefats'eng, bolelele ba tsona li fapana ho isa lisentimithareng tse 1,5 ho isa ho tse peli.
Ambistoma axolotl (larva) e sala e le ka metsing likhoeli tse peli tse peli. Nakong ena ea metamorphose ea bohlokoa e ba teng le bona, e leng, axolotl e fetoha ho rata maemo:
- makhopho le likokoana-hloko li nyamela
- lintja li hlaha mahlong a ka
- nts'etsopele ea matšoafo e bonoa,
- mmele o fumana 'mala oa mefuta e tsamaellanang joalo ka moemeli.
Ha ba le naheng, li-larvae li fumana ambisto feela ka mor'a hore li fihle bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 8-9. E le ho fetolela aquarium axolotl hore e be amphibian, ho hlokahala hore butle-butle u fetole aquarium e be terata.
Lenaneng la lifoto
Sena se hloka ho fokotsa palo ea metsi a teng kahare le ho eketsa bongata ba mobu. Lirosa li ke ke tsa ba le khetho e 'ngoe haese ho tsoa fatše. Maemong ana, motho ha aa lokela ho lebella phetoho ea boselamose, axolotl e tla ea ka sebopeho sa ambistoma pele ho libeke tse 2-3.
Ho bohlokoa hape ho tseba hore o ka fetola axolotl hore e be motho e moholo ka thuso ea lithethefatsi tsa lihormone tse etselitsoeng tšoelesa ea qoqotho. Empa li ka sebelisoa feela kamora ho buisana le ngaka ea liphoofolo.
Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore e le hore li behe mahe, tse tšehali ha li kene ka metsing ka ambisto, li beha mekotla e nang le caviar libakeng tse tlase, tseo ka moso li tla tlala metsi.
Mahe a beoa libakeng tse fapaneng, ha lijalo li le ka tlasa lifate tse oeleng kapa ka qubu ea makhasi e khethoa. Ho ile ha hlokomeloa hore tlas'a maemo a aquarium (ka tlhokomelo e nepahetseng), ambistoma e khona ho phela lilemo tse 10-15.
Mokhoa oa bophelo oa Ambitist
Batho ba baholo ba phela bophelo bo thehiloeng marang-rang, ba qeta boholo ba nako ba le makhasi a oeleng kapa likoting. Ba ka ichekela mekoti kapa ba lula matlong a batho ba bang. Mefuta ea leboea ea li-ambistos mariha ka mekhukhung. Ambistomes ba lula ba le bang. Lijo tsa bona li na le li-invertebrates tse fapaneng.
Li-ambistomes tsa batho ba baholo li khutlela metsing feela nakong ea nako ea ho ikatisa, 'me li khetha libaka tseo li iphelisang ka tsona. Nako ea ho tlolelana ha liphoofolo hangata e hlaha nakong ea selemo, empa mefuta e meng e ikatisa nakong ea hoetla, mohlala, li-ambistomes tsa 'mabole.
Mefuta eohle ea li-ambistos ke oviparous. Mahe a 'maloa kapa mahe a' maloa a kentsoe ka mekotleng e arohaneng. Tse tšehali li behela mahe ka metsing a phallang butle kapa a emeng.
Liea tsa mofuta oa Axolotl tse nang le ambistot li phela bophelo ba metsing. Ka ponahalo, a tšoana le batho ba baholo, empa a na le lipara tse 4 tsa likhaba tse kantle le li-4 tsa li-gill slits. Ho li-gill ho na le litlolo tse khubelu, hobane li na le li-capillaries. Mahlo a litlolo ha a buling, ntle le eyel, litlhapi.
Lirosa li bitsoa li-ascolotles ke baemeli; li mela ka metsing feela.
Mahlasoa a ntse a hola mme a ba le metamorphosis: masiba, makhoaba, le likhalase lia nyamela, lintja li hlaha mahlong, mapheong a hlaha 'me ho hlaha' mala o tloaelehileng. Empa li-axolotls tse ling li hola ho fihlela li lekana le batho ba baholo ntle le ho kenngoa metamorphosis.
Ambistoma ea Pacific Giant
Mofuta ona o tloaelehile merung ea mabopong a California le Columbia. Tsena ke li-amphibians tse kholo, tse fihlang bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 30. Li-ambistomes tsa Pacific li shebahala li le mpe ka lebaka la boholo ba tsona bo boholo, empa li khona ho hloa lifate ka botsitso le ho tsoma eseng feela bakeng sa li-invertebrates, empa le bakeng sa baena, linoha, lihohoana le litoeba tse nyane.
Ka ho tšoha, len ambosa le leholo la Pacific le etsa molumo o phahameng o tšoanang le oa ho akhotsa. Tse tšehali tsa mofuta ona ha li behele mahe ka ambisto ka metsing, empa ka mekhukhung ea litoeba kapa mapetsong a fatše.
Li-ambistomes tsa Giant Pacific li bolelele ba 30 cm, e le li-amphibians tse kholo haholo.
Ambistoma ea Liolimpiki
Mofuta ona o lula Amerika Leboea: ho tloha California ho ea Washington. Ambistoma ea olympic ke reptile e nyane e fihlang lisenthimithara tse 10 ka bolelele. Ena ke phoofolo e tsubang e nang le mmele o boreleli.
Li-ambistomes tsa Liolimpiki li lula mabopong a linoka, li ipatile kotsing pakeng tsa majoe. Kaha li-amphibians tsena li lula libakeng tse mongobo, tse pholileng, matšoafo a tsona a tsoetse pele, ho phefumoloha ho etsoa haholo ka lebaka la letlalo le mucosa ea molomo.
Li-ambistomes tsa Liolimpiki li lula haufi le melapo, li ipatile kotsing tlas'a majoe.
Tiger Ambistoma
Batho bana ba labalabelang ho phela ba lula Amerika Leboea ho tloha Canada ho ea Mexico. Tiger ambistoma e fihla bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 28, ka mohatla o etsang halofo ea bolelele bona.
Libaka tsa bona tsa tlhaho ke meru e meholo ebile e le matla, masimo, makhulo, lithota, lithota tse nang le lithota esita le lithaba. Motšehare ba ipata ka mekhukhung ea litoeba, ba fepa bosiu.
Li-ambistomes tsa li-tiger, joalo ka baemeli ba bangata ba lelapa lena, ha li bosiu.
Ambistoma e nang le sebopeho sa Mole
Moemeli o nang le sebopeho se nang le sebopeho se fumanehang haufi le lebopo la Atlantic Boroa: ho tloha Louisiana le North Carolina ho ea Oklahoma, Northern Illinois, Texas, le Arkansas.
Liea tse nyane li lula li e-na le matla a ho ikhula hape li ka khutlisa maoto le matsoho a lahlehileng.
Bolelele ba 'mele oa ambistoma e nang le sebopeho ke lisentimitara tse 8,5-9,5.Baemeli ba mofuta ona ba hlokomeleha taba ea hore ntle le nako ea ho tsoala, ba lula ba cheka mobung, ke ka hona mefuta e ileng ea reoa lebitso. Tse tšehali li behela mahe matangoaneng a nakoana a thehiloeng morung oa phaene.
Taylor Ambistoma
Mofuta ona o kotsing ea ho fihla letšeng la "crag" la Laguna Alcicca, le sebakeng se phahameng lithabeng 'me se sebakeng sa Mexico sa Veracruz, ke letša le letsoai haholo, mocheso oa metsi ho lona o ka ba likhato tse 18-21. Bolelele ba 'mele ba ambloroma ea Taylor ke lisenthimithara tse 15-20.
Baahi ba Ambisto le mefuta ea tsona ba fumaneha libakeng tsa lithaba tsa United States le Plateau e bohareng ea Mexico.
Palesa ea Mahlale
Ambistoma ena e atile haholo United States: Massachusetts, Ohio, New Jersey le Michigan.
Ts'ebetsong ea metamorphosis, li-gill le makhopho a boreleli a nyamela, likhahla tsa liphoofolo, letlalo le qala ho fumana mebala e tloaelehileng ho batho ba baholo.
Ambistoma ea silevera e lula merung e metle, moo e nang le matangoana le linōka tse nyane. Ke amphibi e boholo bo mahareng e nang le bolelele ba 'mele ea lisenthimithara tse 12-20.
Ambistoma e telele-toed
Ambistoma ea nako e telele o lula ho tloha California California ho ea Alaska, ho tloha Western Montana ho ea Idaho. Ha e phahamele bophahamo ba limithara tse fetang 2800. E bolokiloe e le meru ea tropike e nang le maemo a lekaneng, hape e fumaneha lithoteng le makhulong a lithaba. Ena ke "ambistoma" e nyane, e bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 4-8.9.
Ambistoma e telele-toed e rata merung e nang le limela tse ngata haholo hammoho le makhulo a lithaba.
Marble Ambistoma
Mofuta ona o lula Amerika Leboea: ho tloha Great Lakes ho Florida. Li-ambisome tsa Marble li fumaneha libakeng tse fapaneng: meru e tsoakaneng, e khahlang, lithoteng, mabopong a lithaba, lithota tse telele tsa tala, likhohola tsa meru le matsoapong a lithaba tse phahameng tse sa feteng 700 mili .. Li mamella libaka tse ommeng ha li bapisoa le mefuta e meng.
Ka bolelele, li-ambistomes tsa 'mabole li fihla lisentimitara tse 9-12. Boholo ba bophelo ba bona ba ipatile tlasa majoe, likoti, makhasi a oeleng, likoting le ka mekoting. Nakong ea komello, batho ba mofuta ona ba ikakhela ka moholimo, moo ba emeng nako e seng ntle.
Marble ambistoma ha e tsoe ka metsing, empa e le naheng. Ho ikatisa ho etsahala hang ka selemo. E tšehali e behela mahe tlasa phula e ommeng kapa phuleng ebe e e sirelletsa ho fihlela letamo le tletse metsi.
Marble Ambistoma (Ambystoma opacum).
Ha sena se sa etsahale, nts'etsopele ea maleshoane e emisa ho fihlela selemo, 'me nakong ena eohle mosali o hlokomela clutch, a fetola mahe le ho a sireletsa.
Ambistoma e hlooho e khutšoane
Mofuta ona o lula ho tloha Missouri ho ea Ohio. Boholo bo boholo ba ambistoma e hlooho e khutšoane e ka ba lisenthimithara tse 17.7.
Li-ambisomes tse nang le lihlooho tse khutšoane li rata libaka tse mongobo, li fumaneha melapong ea linoka, libakeng tsa temo, makaleng le libakeng tse monate, 'me ka linako tse ling batho ba baholo ba tšela mafika. Bakeng sa selemo, mosali a le mong a ka fana ka mahe a 300-700.
Haeba u fumana phoso, ka kopo khetha sekhechana sa mongolo ebe o tobetsa Ctrl + Kena.
Habitat
Ba lula kae kapa kae: meru e makatsang le e khokahano, makhulo a lithaba, lithota, lithota tse nang le lehoatata, liphororo tsa metsi (ka seoelo). E ka fumanoa libakeng tse bulehileng, makhulo, makhulo, meru, masimong esita le metseng. Bakeng sa li-ambistomes tsa ho ikatisa li hloka metsi (mocheso oa metsi 18-24 ° C): mekhoabo, matša le metsi a mang a sa feleng. Tiger ambistoma e khetha lehlabathe kapa lehare.
Tlhahisoleseling ka kakaretso
Ambistomaceae, e bitsoang mole salamanders linaheng tse buang Senyesemane, e lula Amerika Leboea, moo e ajoang ho tloha Canada le boroa-bochabela ho Alaska ho ea Mexico. Li-Ambistomas li tsejoa ka sethala sa tsona sa larval - axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), e neng e sebelisoa haholo e le phoofolo ea laboratori lithutong tse fapaneng, kamora moo e se e fihlile ho litsebi tsa metsing. Li-ambistomes tse ling ke nkoe (A. tigrinum, A. mavortium) - ke li-amphibians tse tloaelehileng haholo linaheng tse ngata tsa Amerika, 'me ka linako tse ling li bolokoa e le liphoofolo tsa lapeng.
Batho ba baholo ba lulang naheng, li-ambistomes li khetholloa ke hlooho e pharaletseng, mahlo a manyane, setopo se teteaneng se nang le li-grooves tse bonohileng, maoto le matsoho a sephara le mohatla o potolohileng. Mefuta e mengata e na le mebala e makatsang: e nang le libopeho tse mebala le mebala e khanyang (ho tloha matlapeng a buluu ho ea ho likhopo tse kholo tsa 'mala o mosehla) maemong a lefifi. Batho ba baholo ba maemo a leholimo ba qeta boholo ba bophelo ba bona ba le ka tlas'a moru o koahetsoeng ke matlakala kapa makhapetleng ao ba a epang kapa ba a nkileng a a siiloe ke liphoofolo tse ling. Mefuta e mengata ea leboea mariha mekoting ena. Ba phela ba le bang mme ba fepa li-invertebrates tse fapaneng. Batho ba baholo ba khutlela metsing ka nako e khutšoanyane feela ea ho ikatisa, ba khetha bakeng sa sona matamo a tšoanang le ao ba tsoaletsoeng ho ona ka nako e le 'ngoe. Hangata sena se etsahala mathoasong a selemo, empa mefuta e 'maloa e ikatisa nakong ea hoetla, ka mohlala, ambistoma ea ringed (A. annulatum) le 'mabole (A. opacum).
Mefuta eohle ea mahe a phallang, e kentsoeng ka bongata, 'me ka linako tse ling likotoana tsa mekotla e arohaneng, e beoa matlong a emeng kapa a phallang butle, feela moemeli oa' mabole o beha mahe libakeng tse sa tšoaneng tsa mobu moo ka nako e ts'oanang a tlalang ka potlako ka metsi nakong ea lipula tsa hoetla. Li-larvae tsa maiketsetso lia tšoana ka mokhoa le ka sebopeho ho batho ba baholo. Li khetholotsoe ho lipara tse tharo tsa likhalase tse ka ntle tse nang le likarolo tse 'ne tsa sefuba ka morao hloohong. Ka liketeketeng ho na le 'mala o mofubelu ho tsoa ho li-capillaries tse ngata tse tlatsitsoeng ke mali filill. Ntle le moo, ho tloha botebong ba hlooho ho isa pheletsong ea mohatla ho tloha lehlakoreng la dorsal le ho tloha pheletsong ea mohatla ho ea ho koae ho tloha ka mpeng ea lesapo la mokokotlo, mesaletsa ea letlalo le phahameng e otlolotsoe, 'me e theha lehlaka la ho hlaka. Hangata mohatla o fela ka mohala oa mohatla. Matlapa a teng ho tloha nakong ea tsoalo ea makhoaba ka menoana e mene ka pele le a 5 ka morao. Mahlo a likutla ha a na lintši ebile "ha a na letho," ke "lihlapi". 'Mala o akaretsang hangata o bobebe ebile o hlakile. Baa sesa, ba inamela 'mele joalo ka litlhapi. Metsoako ea mefuta e meng (haholo-holo baahi ba boroa ba li-tiger ambistomes le mefuta e meng e amanang le eona) e khona ho hola ho fihlela e le batho ba baholo ntle le ho latela metamorphosis. Ts'ebetsong ea metamorphosis, li-gill le makhopho a boreleli li nyamela, likhahla tsa liphoofolo, letlalo le qala ho fumana mebala e tloaelehileng ho batho ba baholo, 'me lintja li hlaha mahlong. Qetellong, matšoafo a e-ba teng, e lokisa liphoofolo hore li phele lefatšeng ka botlalo.
Tlhaloso ea Tšimo
Li-amphibians tse koahetsoeng ka boholo bo nyane kapa bo bohareng. Letlalo le boreleli. Ho na le lintja tse tsamaisoang. Manyolo a ka hare. Baemeli ba lelapa ba tšoauoa ka biconcave (amphitic) vertebrae, ho ba sieo ha lesapo la mokokotlo oa lehata, tokisetso e parolang ea meno a palatine. Ho ba sieo ha li-grooves lipakeng tsa linko le kotana ea mohlahare o holimo li khetholla ambistome ho li-salamanders tse ling tsa Amerika Leboea - lungless (Plethodontidae) Setlamo sa diploid chromosome - 28
Lehata
- masapo a pare premaxillary (ossa premaxillaria) a ikemetseng, a se ke a ikopanya ho ba lesapo le le leng.
- masapo a linko (ossa nasalia) a pentiloe, a lekana, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e tsepamisa mohopolo o le mong, ts'ebetso e telele ea bokantle ba lesapo le leholo le feta pakeng tsa tsona 'me ea li arola ka botlalo.
- Masapo a maxillary (ossa maxillaria) a ntlafalitsoe hantle,
- boteng ba masapo a maiketsetso le li-symmetric cloisonne maxillary (ossa septomaxillaria),
- ho hloka masapo a likhopo (ossa lacrimaria),
- ho hloka masapo a squamous (ossa quadratojugularia),
- li-pterygoids (ossa pterygoidea) li hlahisoa,
- ho buloa ha methapo e kahare ea carotid ho teng ho parasphenoid mefuta e meng,
- angular bone (os angulare) motsoako oa mandibular (mandibula),
- kholomo (columella) le operculum li teng e le masapo a tsebe a arohaneng, a arohantsoeng le kh'uthele e 'ngoe ea mefuta e meng kapa kholomo e kopantsoe le capsule ho tse ling.
- Meno a bulehileng a bulehile, a nkeloa sebaka ho tloha mokokotlong oa sesebelisoa,
- meno a nang le moqhaka o ikhethang le enamel,
- bokaholimo ba mesifa bo phahamisa mohlahare o ka tlase (musculus levator mandibulae) bo kenyeletsa lintho tse hlahileng ka mokhoa o ikhethang.
Tsebe e ka hare
- Ho hlahisoa setsi sa mechini sa basilar,
- ampessia amphibious (recessus amphibiorum) ka tsebeng e ka hare e etselitsoe nchocho,
- vesicle e nang le pokello ea kutlo e na le methapo e mengata e nang le letsoai la calcium.
- canalbious perilymphatic canal (canalis perioticus) ntle le lisele tsa fibrous,
- perilymphatic Cisern (cysterna periotica) kholo.
Letlalo la kutu le maoto
- scapula le coracoid fusetsang ho theha scapulocoracoid,
- Litopo tsa methapo ea kutlo li amphicelic,
- likhopo tse peli-lihlooho
- masoba a methapo ea lesapo la mokokotlo a mokokotlong oa neural ea vertebrae eohle, ntle le methapo ea mokokotlo e atolohileng pakeng tsa atlas le kutu ea pele, kutu ea pele le kutu ea bobeli ea kutu.
- bokantle ba glomeruli ba liphio bo fokotsehile kapa ha bo eo.
Neotenia
Ho ba teng ha makhoaba a maholo liphoofolong ho etsa hore mefuta e mengata ea limela e be ambistot ka ho felletseng kapa ka mokhoa o batlang o lekane. Batho ba baholo ba mefuta e joalo ha ba tlohele mehloli ea metsi, ba boloka litlatsetso le mesifa e meleele, le ha matšoafo a tsona a ba a ba teng, e le karolo e 'ngoe ea phefumoloho. Ba fihlella kholo ntle le ho feta metamorphosis.
Baahi ba lefats'e la Neotenic le ba ratang ho ipha matla ba ile ba fumanoa qalong libakeng tse lithaba tsa United States le Central Plateau ea Mexico. Maemo a loketseng ho hlaha hoa neoteny ke bophahamo ba bohlokoa, ho se be teng ha libatana tsa metsing le maemo a omeletseng ka ntle ho litopo tsa metsi. Boholo ba batho ba bohloeki ke ba mofuta o mong oa mofuta oa "tiger ambistoma" - Ambystoma tigrinum, A. velasci, A. mavortium le maikutlo a haufi.
Mefuta e felletseng ea neotenic e bitsoa ambistos axolotl — A. mexicanum, A. taylori, A. andersoni le A. dumerilii. Neotenics e boloka matla a eketsehang a ho nchafatsa semelo sa litlolo tse nyane mme e ka khutlisetsa maoto le matsoho a lahlehileng, le mohatla leha e le ofe. (bona hape le Tailed Amphibians - Regeneration)
Lira:
Lira li kenyelletsa linonyana, li-raccoon, li-uwezekano. Litlhapi tse jang nama le poho e jang nama ea poho le caviar. Ha sera se atamela, moemeli oa nkoe o nka sebaka sa ho itšireletsa: 'mele o sekama mokokotlong, mohatla oa tsosoa ebe o tloha ka lehlakoreng le leng. Ha a tsilatsila, chefo ea lebese e tsukutloa mohatleng, e oelang ho sera. Batho ba bang ba jang tse ling ba hlekefetsa lintja, le hoja e le chefo, joalo ka makhoaba. Ba tšela amber ka seretseng ho fihlela chefo eohle e tlosoa letlalong la hae.
Nutrition / Lijo
Tiger ambistoma e ka ja nama ea nama, e leng karolo ea bohlano ea bolelele ba amphibian ka boeona. Ho fihlela batho ba 30-60 bahlaseluoa ba fumanoe ka mpeng ba le bolelele ba 9-10 cm. E tsoma ka thuso ea monko, e hlasela liphofu tse tsamaeang ka bobeli le tse tsitsitseng. Ha e ntse e atamela phofu ea eona, e batla e phahamisa mohlahare, e phahamisa leleme, e ts'oara phofu 'me e e hulisetsa ka hanong. Batho ba baholo le bo-maleshoane ba ja ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e nyane ka boholo: liboko, mollusks le li-invertebrates tse ling.
Ho beha boitšoaro
Motšehare, ambistoma ea "tiger" e ipata ka har'a mekoti ea litoeba, ka tlas'a snags, majoe ebe e ea tsoma bosiu. Haeba ho se na letho le loketseng, o khona ho cheka lesoba a le mong. Qoba letsatsi le libaka tse bulehileng. Khetha libaka tse nang le mongobo, ha li tlosoe meheleng. E kena ka metsing nakong ea nako ea ho ikatisa. Mariha a qala ka Mphalane. Mariha a le mekorong ea litoeba.
Ho tsala
Tlamelo ea ho rata maemo e ka hare. E tšehali e tšoara cesspool ea li-spermatophores e behiloeng ke ba batona mme e beha mekotla ea mahe moo mahe a ka bang 200-500 (bophara ba 1,9-2.6 mm). Nakong ea selemo, mosali a le mong a ka behela mahe a 100-1000. Ho mela ho qala lihora tse 24-48 kamora ho kopana, bosiu. E tšehali e akhela mahe, e e khomarela marung, lithupa tsa joang, makhasi, majoe, lehong le hulang, i.e. tsohle tse lutseng botlaaseng ba polokelo. Ka pherekano e kholo, ba batona ba qala ho loana le libaka tse ntle haholo. Hangata, motho ea hlōlang o qeta ho qeta. Ka nako e 'ngoe e motona o qala ho qhekella ebe o beha linoko tse holimo holim' a li-spermatophores tsa ba batona ba bang.
Nts'etsopele
Liea tse sa tsoa tsoaloa li bolelele ba 13-16 mm. Hlooho e boreleli, mahlo a manyane. Matsatsing a pele a 4-6 ba phela ka thoko ea li-yolk. Makhoaba a liketekete ke lintsu, liphofu tsa likokoanyana tse metsing le li-invertebrates. Khetha metsi a futhumetseng - 23-26 ° C. Nts'etsopele ea "makhopho a" ambistoma ka metsing ke matsatsi a 75-120. Ha e se e fihlile bolelele ba 80-86 limilimous, metamorphose ea makhopho ebe e tlohela pokello. Lithabeng, likutla li hlaha hoo e ka bang selemo. Hangata ho na le maemo a neoteny e felletseng. Ha ho se na phepelo, linyeoe tsa batho ba aparetsoeng ke malimo li tloaelehile.
Salamander le algae
Ka lisele tsa mefuta e meng (e 'mala o mosehla oa ambistoma Ambystoma maculatum jj) Lisele tsa algae lia phela Oophila khomous. Li-algae tsena li teng tlasa leqhubu la mahe ho maiketsetso ka boeona esita le ho batho ba baholo. Ka har'a lisele tsa amphibian moo algae e lutseng teng, tsa morao li lika-likelitsoe ke mitochondria. Mahe ana a hlaha a hlahisa lehe le emola botala. Ka lebaka le itseng, sesole sa 'mele sa vertebral ha se arabele algae ena.