Bo-ramahlale ba Russia ba lemositse ka ho ata ha metsi ka sekhahla metsing a maoatle a nang le chefo e khubelu ea bolelele bo bonyenyane. Limela tsena li baka seo ho thoeng ke "maqhubu a mafubelu" le "lipula tsa mali."
Ba ntse ba atolosa sebaka sa bona sa bolulo ka lebaka la bokhoni ba bona bo ikhethang ba ho iphepa ka lintho tse phelang le metsoako e sa bonahaleng, ho boletse makasine ea Estuarine, Coastal le Shelf Science.
Ho ea ka Sergei Scarlato oa Setsi sa Cytology sa Setsi sa Mahlale sa Russia se St. Petersburg, algae e khubelu ka mokhoa o tšoanang e amohela nitrogen e qhibilihileng ka metsing, 'me haeba ho sa lekana, ba fetohela habonolo ho mefuta ea manyolo le e tummeng.
Baahi ba bolumeli ba Spain le ba Caribbean, ba sa tsoa hlaheloa ke tlhaselo ea 'mohloa o mofubelu, ba nahana ka maqhubu le lipula tse amanang le tsona, tse takiloeng ka bopherese, e leng matšoao a ho fela ha lefatše. Leha ho le joalo, bo-ramahlale baa tiisa: ha ho letho le tšoanang le Lefatše le sa tšose. Liphapang tse bonts'itsoeng li bakoa ke ho hola le ho mela ha bonyane ba Prorocentrum.
Ho latela 'nete ea liphoofolo - litlhapi, linonyana esita le likokoana-hloko - "maqhubu a khubelu" le "lipula tsa mali" li kotsi, hobane likokoana-hloko tse lulang molekong oa litho tsa methapo ea methapo - le "brevetoxin" le lintho tse ling tse ngata tse kotsi. Bo-rasaense ba hlalositse hore ka tsela ena plankton e chefo e hlasela bahlolisani ka ho hloka limatlafatsi, ka nako e tšoanang e ba fetohela lijo tsa bona.
Mefuta e ka bang chefo ea li-dinoflagellates Prorocentrum bonyane (eo ka boeona e sa kopanyeng lintho tse chefo, empa lihlahisoa tsa eona tse litšila li ka ba chefo) e ile ea phallela Leoatleng la Baltic mme ea nkela mefuta e neng e phela moo pele ho tsoa ho babusi. O ile a ikamahanya le maemo a macha mme kamora nako e itseng a qala ho ba le lipokotho tse ngata libakeng tsa lebopong, tse senyang indasteri ea ho tšoasa litlhapi le ho mpefatsa litšobotsi tsa boithabiso tsa polokelo. Batho ha ba monate feela ho itlhatsoa metsing a thuntseng, empa hape ho kotsi: chefo e bokelitsoeng ka metsing ka lebaka la lipalesa tsa lipalesa li ama hampe 'mele oa motho.
Bo-ramahlale ba Russia ba hlokometse hore bonyane ba Prorocentrum, bo sa tsoa hlaha Leoatleng la Baltic, bo atlehile ho hula plankton e tloaelehileng ho eona. Likolone tse kholo tsa algae e khubelu li se li thehile libaka mabopong a linaha tsa Baltic le Russia, 'me ea e-ba kotsi bophelong ba motho le bophelong ba bophelo ba metsing ba leoatle.
Li-algae tse khubelu li ikamahanya le liphetoho life kapa life mme li khona ho ba teng ka ho fokotseha ho matla ha letsoai la metsi, ho fetola metabolism. Liteko li bonts'itse hore ha litaba tsa naetrojene e sa potang ka metsing li fokotseha, baahi ba fetoha feela mehloli e meng ea naetrojene - lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa tsa lintho tsohle tse phelang, lihlahisoa tsa bona tse bolileng, kapa manyolo a liminerale.
Letša la letsoai le pinki Masazirgol le Azzeran - e 'ngoe ea matša a robeli lefatšeng a pinki.
Bo-rasaense ba Russia ba tlo etsa maemo a tlaasana ha bonyane ba Prorocentrum e tla eketseha ka potlako haholo ho bolela esale pele le ho laola ho tsamaisoa ha alamo e khubelu.
Haufinyane tjena, bo-rasaense ba Jeremane ba khothalelitse hore ho ata ha algae e khubelu ho ka ama boemo ba leholimo ba lefatše.
Tlhaloso le mekhoa ea ho ikatisa
Red algae (Rhodophyta) ke limela tse metsing tse fumanehang haholo metsing a metsi a metsing. Ho fumanoe mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale e bonts'a hore limela tsa sehlopha sena li se li le teng lefatseng lilemong tse fetang limilione tse sekete tse fetileng. Matsatsing ana, ho na le mefuta ea 500 ho isa ho 1000 ea mefuta e meholo ea algae e khubelu, 'me har'a eona ho na le mefuta e ka bang 200 ea metsi a hloekileng.
Mefuta ea mantlha ea mohloa o mofubelu:
- bangian (bangiophyceae),
- floridea (florideophyceae),
- Anfelcia (ahnfeltia),
- phyllophora (phyllophora),
- porphyra (porphyra),
- gelidium (gelidium).
Algae e khubelu, eo baemeli ba eona ba fapaneng le mefuta e meng ka har'a dikahare tsa chloroplast eseng feela chlorophyll e putsoa, ba fumana 'mala oa bona ka lebaka la boteng ba phycoerythrins e khubelu, phycobilins e khubelu le carotenoids e mosehla. Ha ba kopanya mebala ena le chlorophyll, ba kenya semela sena mefuteng e fapaneng ea bofubelu.
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Algae e khona ho monya mahlaseli a maholo a mahlaseli a kotsi a matla, e le hore a ka mela ka botebo ba limithara tse 100 ho isa ho 500. Ka metsing, algae e shebahala e le ntšo ka lebaka la khanya e matla ea khanya ea letsatsi, 'me ha e le mobung e ba mofubelu.
Lihlahla tsa limela li emeloa ke mefuta e fapaneng ea limela 'me li na le sebopeho se fapaneng:
- sehlahla
- lekhasi-bakoang
- khoele
- lamellar.
![](http://img.thinkfirsttahoe.org/img/imag-2020/1473/poleznie-svoystva-primenenie-F757547.jpg)
Red algae ke lebitso le sa ikhethang ho baemeli ba lefapha lena. Ka lebaka la bokhoni ba bona ba ho boloka starch e khubelu (glucose polymer), ba boetse ba bitsoa boea bo bofubelu joalo ka ntho e bolokiloeng. Ntle le moo, lisele tsa limela tsena li na le li-alcohols tsa polyhydric le khase e tlase ea boima ba molek'hule.
Mefuteng e meng (mohlala, coralline), magnesium le calcium carbonate li teng, tse etsang hore ho khonehe ho theha masapo a khethehileng. Lifate tsa Crimson li theha motheo oa mafika a likorale. Lisele tsa algae li thehoa ho tsoa ka har'a cellulosic le ka ntle amorphous moo agar e arotsoeng.
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Mekhoa ea ho hlahisa:
- asexual. Ho ikatisa o sebelisa li-spores tsa flagellate. Ena ke tšobotsi ea mefuta e mengata ea algae e khubelu,
- ea limela. Baemeli ba sehlopha sa Bagnevic le Flordia ba jala haholo
- thobalano. Keketseho ke oogamy. Ts'ebetso ena e ka hlalosoa hanyane ka hanyane: ha setho sa botšehali sa ogonium se hohela spermatozoa ka protrusion e ikhethang (trichogyna), ka lebaka la nts'etsopele e rarahaneng, ho thehoa gonimoblast - sebopeho se litšila se tsoang ho sona moo limela li holang.
![](http://img.thinkfirsttahoe.org/img/imag-2020/1473/poleznie-svoystva-primenenie-AC7A.jpg)
U sebelisa sekareleta
Lifate tsa Crimson li sebelisoa indastering le litorong. Li na le livithamini le liminerale tse ngata, 'me motheo oa tsona o bonolo oa protheine. Mafura a mafura a algae e khubelu a thusa ho nchafatsa letlalo ka ho nka karolo molemong oa ho haha li-membrane tsa sele. Agar agar, e sebelisoang e le sebaka sa tlhaho sa gelatin, e arotsoe ho bona.
Mefuta ea algae e khubelu e sebelisetsoang tlhahiso ea agar:
- ceramium
- gracilaria
- Anfelcia
- gelidium.
![](http://img.thinkfirsttahoe.org/img/imag-2020/1473/poleznie-svoystva-primenenie-D5CA8.jpg)
Porphyry red algae e sebelisoa e le sehlahisoa sa lijo USA, Korea, Japan le China. E nkoa e le sejana sa gourmet mme e holisoa ka bongata lipolasing tse ikhethileng. Porphyra e na le livithamini tse ngata tsa proitamin A, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluorine le B. Lintho tsena li khutlisetsa botsitso ba liminerale hape li thusa ho matlafatsa marako a methapo.
Ho cosmetology, krimsone e sebelisoa ha ho etsoa lihlahisoa tsa tlhokomelo ea botsofaling tsa botsofali. Ke li-antioxidants hape li thibela ts'ebetso ea oxidative 'meleng. Ntle le moo, li-carotenoids le li-polysaccharides tse fumanehang limeleng tsena li nolofatsa letlalo ebile li na le matla a ho phahamisa.
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Ho sebelisoa mefuta e fokolang ea sekareleta ho tsa temo bakeng sa ho lema mobu le ho fepa mehlape. Leoatleng, e ba mohloli oa lijo le setšabelo bakeng sa baahi ba leoatle le tebileng.
Algae e khubelu e na le thepa e 'maloaka lebaka la tsona ba sebelisoa meriana le masimong a amanang le ona. Ba kenya letsoho ho tsosoloseng lisele tsa pancreatic, e le karolo ea lithethefatsi tse lebelletsoeng.
Lifate tsa Crimson li na le litšobotsi tse ntle joalo:
- immunomodulatory
- antiviral
- antimicrobial
- antibacterial
- antimutagenic
- anti-inflammatory
- antifungal.
![](http://img.thinkfirsttahoe.org/img/imag-2020/1473/poleznie-svoystva-primenenie-7A6CF.jpg)
Ts'ebeliso ea agar ha e felle feela ka ho hlophisoa ha jelly, jams le marmalade. E sebelisoa ka mafolofolo ho microbiology bakeng sa ho hola likokoana-hloko tsa baktheria le li-fungus le boithuto ba bona bo latelang. Agar-agar e bohlokoa haholo indastering ena, kaha kantle ho eona e ne e ke ke ea khona ho hlahisa meriana ea ho loantša livaerase tse kotsi.
Li-capsules tse bonolo tsa lithethefatsi li etsoa ka agar-agar.tse hlokang ho ananeloa. Karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea mefuta ea chondrus (Irish moss) ke li-polysaccharides tse bitsoang carrageenas. Li tloaetse ho thibela kholo ea lisele tsa vaerase tsa HIV.
Li-capsules tse bonolo tsa meriana li etsoa ho tsoa ho algae agar
Ho ikatisa ka metsing a leoatle
Haufinyane, tlhokomelo ea lihlapi tsa metsing ha e felle feela ka ho hlokomela lihlapi. Moralo oa Aqua o ntse o ratoa selemo se seng le se seng. Algae e khubelu e le karolo ea motheo ea mekhabiso ea metsing e e fa ponahalo e ntle le tikoloho linaheng tse chesang. Leha ho le joalo, bofubelu bo ke keng ba lumellana hantle le linako tsohle tse senyehileng tsa tikoloho ea tikoloho ea leoatle. Li hloka ho thehoa ha maemo a ikhethang le tlhokomelo e hlokolosi.
Haeba u sa latele melao ea ho hlokomela limela, li ka hola ka matsatsi a mangata 'me tsa tlatsa sebaka se haufi le tsona. Ena ke pontšo e ka sehloohong ea ho se leka-lekane kahara metsi. Lifate tsa Crimson, kaha e le limela tsa makhapetla a limela, ha li khone ho mela feela merung ea mehele e meng, empa hape le majoeng le linthong tse ling tse khabisang.
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Libaka le maemo a bophelo
Mofuta o mofubelu, kapa o bofubelu (Rhodophyta) - phela haholo maoatleng (hangata ka botebo bo tebileng ho feta bo botala mme, ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha phycoerythrin, eo ho hlakileng e ka sebelisang mahlaseli a matala le a maputsoa a kenang ka botebo ho feta ba bang ka metsing bakeng sa photosynthesis), tlase metsing a macha le mobung . Mefuteng e 4000 ea sekareleta, ke mefuta e 200 feela e lulang metsing a hloekileng a metsi le mobu. Lifate tsa Crimson ke lintho tse phelang leoatleng. Li ka phela botebong ba limilimithara tse 100-200 (mme baemeli ba bang ba fumaneha botebong ba limilimithara tse 300 le tse 500), empa ba ka boela ba ntlafala le bophahamo ba leoatle, ho kenyeletsoa le littoral.
Sebopeho sa algae e khubelu
Ha bokhutšoanyane ba khanya, bo na le matla a maholo, kahoo, maqhubu a khanya a na le bokhutšoanyane bo bokhutšoanyane, 'me ka hona, a matla a tebileng a kenella botebong bo boholo. Li-pigment tse thusang tsa algae e khubelu li atolosa khanya ea ba li kenngang libakeng tse boputsoa bo botala le boputsoa bo boputsoa.
Lisosa tsa chloroplasts ka algae e khubelu ke cyanobacteria. Mmala o ka sehloohong oa photosynthetic ke chlorophyll le (mmala o motala). Li-pigment tse thusang tsa photosynthetic: chlorophyll d (ho mefuta e meng), carotenoids (mosehla) le phycobilins (putsoa - phycocyanin le khubelu - phycoerythrin). Ke phycobilins, e nang le mofuta oa protheine, e amohelang masala a khanya e putsoa le e boputsoa, e kenellang botebong bo tebileng.
Ho latela phetoho ea karo-karolelano ea mebala ea limela tse khabisitsoeng ka mebala, mebala ea mebala e khubelu e fetoha ka botebo bo eketsehileng: metsing a sa tebang a ba le botala bo bosehla (ka linako tse ling a na le tint e putsoa) ebe a fetoha pinki, qetellong, ka botebo ba limilimithara tse fetang 50, a fumana 'mala o bofubelu bo boholo.
Li-algae tsena li shebahala li le bokhubelu hafeela li huleloa holimo. Botebong bo boholo ho ba mefuta-futa, ba bonahala ba le batšo, ka mokhoa o atlehileng ba amohela khanya eohle e ho bona.
Lintho tsa polokelo algae e khubelu - polymer ea glucose e bitsoang setlaela sa krimsone. Ka sebopeho, e haufi le starch ea liphoofolo - glycogen.
Thallus (thallus), tseo. mmele oa mofubelu o mofubelu hangata multicellular (e metala kapa lamellar), e fumanehang seoelo. Mohlala o mong o mofubelu, mohlala li-corallins li na le masapo a entsoe ka calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) kapa magnesium (MgCO 3). Ba kenya letsoho ho theheng mafika a likorale.
Ts'ebetso ea thobalano e rarahane haholo. Mofuta oa ketso ea thobalano ke oogamy. Phapang ea haploid (n) le diploid (2n) meloko, limela tse khubelu tse ngata, meloko ena ke isomorphic. Li-Gametes li haelloa ke flagella.
Ho ikatisa ka mokhoa o ikhethileng - ho sebelisoa likhalase tse se nang flagella.
Ho ba sieo ha mefuta ea flagellum maemong ohle a ho ikatisa ke letšoao le khethollang la algae e khubelu. Ho lumeloa hore li -amisa, ho fapana le motsoalle oa bona oa mahaha, a tsoa lesikeng la khale, le ntse le se na flagella. Motheong ona, hangata ho hlaha ho hlahelletse ka mokhoa o ikhethang 'musong o ikhethang Rhodobionta.
Algae e khubelu: baahi ba maoatle, maoatle le ... metsing a leoatle
Ke baemeli ba fokolang haholo ba mofuta ona oa limela tse phelang metsing a hloekileng ba tsejoang, kaha sebaka sa bona sa tlhaho ke metsi a letsoai a leoatle le boliba ba leoatle. Hangata hangata tsena ke limela tse hlokomelehang ka boholo ba tsona, empa hape ho na le tse nyane haholo tse bonoang feela ho mofuputsi ea hlometseng. Har'a mofuta ona oa limela li fumaneha:
- unicellular
- e litšila
- pseudoparenchymal.
E khahla! Ke li-florideas tse sebelisoang ho pheha bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lintho tsa gelatinous mme li ka sebelisoa litlhare.
- Phyllophora ke mofuta o khethehileng oa mohloa o hōlang ho fihlela ho 50 cm mme o na le lamellar thallus. Sebaka sa bolulo ke leoatle le batang le mocheso o bohareng. E sebelisoa bakeng sa ho sebetsa le ho fumana carrageenin.
- Gelidium - mefuta ea mohloa e sootho, ho kenyelletsa le mefuta e 40. Likarolo tse khethollang: thallus e thata ea sebopeho se nang le makhapetla a bolelele bo bolelele ho isa ho cm 25. Habitat - Mebele ea metsi a futhumetseng a letsoai.
Algae e khubelu ka har'a aquarium: e mpe kapa e ntle?
Haeba tikoloho e tsoetse pele 'me e sebetsa hantle, litlhole li tla laola kholo ea bona ba le bang. Empa hoa hlokahala ho khopisa botsitso bo boholo, "tlhaselo ea" algae "e qala. Ena ke lets'oao la pele ho sesole sa metsing hore ho na le ho se sebetse hantle tsamaisong. Ho tlola tlholeho ho amana le manyolo a mangata a manyolo, khanya e khanyang haholo, kapa mismatch e ngata ka tekanyo ea khabone. Bothata ke hore kholo ea limela e thusa ho thibela sehlopha sa lihlahisoa tse tlase - li mpa li sa lumelloe ho hola.
Ho hlola pheliso, ho bohlokoa ho fokotsa mefuta ea mefuta. U ka etsa sena ka e 'ngoe ea litsela tse latelang.
- Tlosa aeration 'me u lokise “sehatsetsi” sethaleng. Kahoo limela li tla emisa ho fumana phepo e nepahetseng.
- Tlolela ka leoatleng ka liphoofolo tse jang limela tse tlotsang limela.
- Khafetsa etsa drainage ea mobu, e fetohang ho fihla ho 20% ea metsi (a kakaretso ea aquarium).
- Fokotsa lihora tsa mots'eare - sena se tla thusa ho tlosa limela tse ngata haholo.
Ha u khetha mekhoa ea ho loana, ho ka ba molemo hore u retelehele ho lik'hemik'hale tse rekisoang mafapheng a ikhethileng.
Lefapha la Red Algae ("khubelu") le kenyelletsa mefuta e ka bang likete tse 'ne le mofuta o fetang makholo a tšeletseng. Baemeli ba khale ka ho fetisisa ba fumanoeng litsietsing tsa Cambrian ba ka ba lilemo tse limilione tse 550.
Ka lebaka la boteng ba liketsahalo tse 'maloa tse ikhethang, bolele bo bokhubelu bo nkuoa e le' muso o ka thoko ho. Ho li-chromatophores tsa makhopho, ntle le chlorophylls le carotenoids, ho na le mebala e meng e qhibilihang ka metsing - phycobilins. E le polysaccharide e sa sebetseng e ts'oara starch e 'mala o sekareleta. Lithollo tsa eona li behelletsoe ka ntle ho chloroplasts ho cytoplasm.
Li-Gametes le krimsson spores ha li na flagella. Potoloho ea kholo ea bona e kenyelletsa mekhahlelo e meraro. Ho tsoa ho zygote (kamora ho fusion) ho thehoa setho sa diploid - sporophyte. E hlahisa li-diploid spores, tseo moloko oa bobeli o thehiloeng ho tsona. Liseleng tsa sporophyte e ncha, meiosis e etsahala ka nako e itseng ebe ho hlaha li-spores tse nyarosang. Moloko oa boraro o thehiloe ho tsoa ho bona - sebapali se hlahisang li-gametophyte tse hlahisang li-gamete.
Likarolo tsa lisele tsa algae e khubelu li na le hemicelluloses le pectins. Li na le matla a ho ruruha ka matla, li ikopanye le boima kaofela ba 'metso. Hangata likhoele tsa thallus (thunyana) li khomarela hammoho le lintho tsa mucous ebe li thelleha ho ama. Phycocolloids e teng libakeng tse kopaneng tsa li-katiba le li-algae tse ngata tse khubelu. Li-polysaccharides tsena tse nang le sebabole li sebelisoa haholo mesebetsing ea batho. Tse tummeng haholo ke li-agaroids, carrageenin le agar. Li-algae tse ngata tse khubelu li khetholloa ke boteng ba mabota a sele. Karolo ena e fana ka tiiso e khubelu.
Ka palo e kholo ea mehele e khubelu, ho etsoa ha thalli ho etsoa ho sebelisoa likhoele tsa multicellular tse kopaneng. Ba hokahana le karolo e ka tlase ba sebelisa likhohlopo. Boholo ba thalli bo tloha lisentimitara tse 'maloa ho isa ho mita kaofela.
Mebala e meng e khubelu ea tlhaho e lula leoatleng. Ho na le lifate tsa krimsone kamehla li khangoe ke likhetla, majoe le lintho tse ling tlase. Ka linako tse ling lekhala le teng le ka fumanoa ka botebo bo lekaneng.
Callitamnion corymbose - mofuta o tloaelehileng oa algae e khubelu. Moemeli enoa oa lifomane tsa li-purplish li na le lihlahla tse ntle haholo ho fihlela lisentimitara tse leshome tse phahameng, tse pinki tse khanyang. Lihlahla tsena li na le likhoele tse nang le makala a maholo.
Nemalion - moemeli e mong oa algae e khubelu - e hola majoeng a leoatle. Lithapo tsa eona tse pinki tse pinki li fihla limilimithareng tse hlano ka bolelele le lisentimitara tse mashome a mabeli a metso e mehlano ka bolelele.
Kahare ea mofuta oa Dlesseria, mofuta o mofubelu oa thalli o tšoana le makhasi.
Ho maoatle a futhumetseng, bofubelu ba mofuta oa Corallin bo tloaelehile. Thalli ea bona e na le manonyeletso a kenngoeng ka kalaka mme a kopantsoe le manonyeletso (a nang le sekontiri se fokolang sa lime). Sena se fana ka maemo ho semela, se thusang ho mamella litlamorao tsa maqhubu le ho hola libakeng tsa maqhubu a matla.
Lifate tsa Crimson li sebelisoa haholo ke motho mesebetsing ea moruo. Joalo ka ha u tseba, litlolo tsena ke sehlahisoa sa bohlokoa ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha liprotheine, li-trace element, livithamini.
Hawaii, linaheng tsa Asia Bochabela, ho phehiloe lijana tse fapaneng ho tloha bofubelu. Sebelisa litlolo tsena ka foromo e omisitsoeng kapa e omisitsoeng. Ho tšoele tse bofubelu bo bofubelu bo botala, li-porphyry le ho beleha ngoana lia tsebahala. Li-algae tsena li fumanoa maoatleng a mangata. Japane, limela tsa indasteri li tsoetse pele haholo. Toropong ea lebopo, majoe, makala a beoa metsing a sa tebang kapa matlooa a khethehileng a lohiloeng ho tloha liropo tse boima ebe a khangoa ho lipalo tsa bamboo. Kamora nako e itseng, lintho tsena tsohle li na le lekhala.
Sebopeho sa lisele
Tsena kaofela ke algae eukaryotic. Lerako la sele le emeloa ke lisele tse ka sehloohong tsa cellulose kapa xylan fibrils le taba ea amorphous e nang le agar, agaroids, carrageenan, e nang le thepa ea gelling. Mefuteng e meng, lebota la sele le kenngoa ka calcium kapa magnesium carbonate, e e fang matla a eketsehileng. Kahoo, lekhala la coralline le shebahala joaloka likorale, kaha likhetla tsa tsona li na le lipalo tse ngata.
Li-chloroplasts, lisele li na le 'mala o mongata oa' mala o moputsoa le "carotenoids" ho kenyeletsa chlorophyll le carotenoids. Ha e le limatlafatsi tse bolokiloeng, starch e khubelu (e haufi le sebopeho sa glycogen le amylopectin) e bokellana liseleng tsa algae e khubelu, e bokhubelu ho iodine e fumanehang metsing a leoatle. Li-alcohols tsa Polyatomic le floridoside, e nang le boima bo fokolang ba molek'hule, le tsona li bolokiloe cytoplasm.
Ho ata ha lekhala le lefubelu
Ho ikatisa ho etsahala ka ts'ebetso ea thobalano, e nang le limela kapa fela. Ho ikatisa ka mokhoa o makatsang ho etsoa ke limela tse sa sisinyeheng. Nakong ea thobalano, lisele tsa setho sa botona tsa botona (spermations) li kopana le mosali (carpogons). Litholoana tsa lipalesa tse ntle tse nang le karpospores li hlaha - moloko oa diploid.
Lifate tsa Crimson li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa tlhahong le bophelong ba metsing a leoatle. Limela tsena li sebetsa e le lijo tsa liphoofolo tsa maoatleng, li nka karolo ho itlhoekiseng ha tlhaho ea 'mele ea metsi,' me ka linako tse ling ho khetholla mofuta oa lipalesa libakeng tse ling.
Boleng ba moruo
Ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ke anfelium, gelidium, phyllophora, furcelia, e fanang ka lintho tsa gelatinous - agar-agar, agaroid, carrageen. Li-algae tse ling tse khubelu, tse kang porphyry, lia jeoa.
Bangian (Bangiophyceae), sehlopha sa li-algae tse khubelu. E kenyelletsa genera ea 24, e kopanyang mefuta e 90 ea mefuta ea bobeli ea unicellular le multicellular, filalous kapa lamellar alale, eo lisele tsa eona tsa mononuclear, ho fapana le aluga e 'ngoe e khubelu, hangata li na le chromatophore e le' ngoe ea linaleli e nang le pyrenoid 'me ha e hokahane le li-pores.
Ma-Florideans (Florideophyceae), sehlopha sa algae e khubelu. Thalli li ngata ka bongata, ho tloha ho microscopic ho isa ho 0.5 m, ho tloha moleng o le mong oa lisele kapa sebopeho se rarahaneng sa lisele, filter, lamellar kapa bushy, ka linako tse ling li qheletsoe kahare ho makala le likarolo tse bopehileng joaloka makhasi; ka mefuta e mengata ea lipalesa, thalli e tiile ho tloha setulong sa letsoai la calcium ho tsona (lithium, jj. .).
Phyllofora (Phyllophora), mofuta oa algae e khubelu. Thallus ke lamellar, e bonolo kapa e entsoe ka bolelele ba cm 50. Ho ata ha carpospores ho bakoang ke ts'ebetso ea thobalano, tetraspores le makhalo a thalli, mefuta e meng ea li-sporophytes e hola ka li-gametophytes ka mokhoa oa li-germoth tse nyane. Hoo e ka bang mefuta e 15, leoatleng le batang le le futhumetseng, linaheng tsa USSR - mefuta e 5. E sebelisoa ho hlahisa gelatinous ntho e bitsoang carrageenin.
Gelidium (Gelidium), mofuta oa algae e khubelu, e kenyelletsa mefuta e ka bang 40 e lulang leoatleng le futhumetseng. Thallus e boreleli, e boreleli, hangata e na le makhasi a cirrus, bophahamo ba 1-25 cm. Sporophyte le gametophyte li joalo ka sebopeho. Sporophyte e fana ka tetraspores. Gametophyte ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea thobalano e bopa carpospores. Gelidium e sebelisoa ho etsa agar agar, haholo Japane. Linaheng tsa USSR ea mehleng e fumaneha Leoatleng la Japane le Le batšo ka bongata bo fokolang.
ja naheng ea Japane, China, Korea, lihlekehlekeng tsa Oceania le USA. Porphyry red algae (feiga. 1a) e nkuoa e le ntho e ratehang; Japane le USA, e holiloe masimong a ikhethang.
Feie. 1. Mofuta o mofubelu: a) porphyry, b) anfeltsia, c), d) mefuta e fapaneng ea chondruse
Ho tsoa ho laeborea e khubelu fumana agar agar. Agar-agar ke motsoako oa lik'habohaedreite tse phahameng tsa boima ba 'mele. Ha e eketsoa ka metsi ka karo-karolelano ea 1: 20 - 1:50, jelly e nang le jelly (jelly) e thehoa, e bolokang maemo a eona le maemong a batang a phahameng (40-50 °). Thepa ena ea agar agar e sebelisoa haholo. ho microbiology ha ho hlophisoa mecha ea litaba e matla ea limatlafatsi e hlokahala bakeng sa ho holisa libaktheria tse fapaneng le fungus. Haeba libaktheria tse le 'ngoe kapa li-fungus tse bola li oela polelong ea agar e tsoang metsing kapa moeeng, joale kamora nakoana libaktheria kapa li-fungal tse hlahang ka ho hlaka ebile li loketse ho hlahlojoa li tsoa ho tsona. Sena se o lumella hore o ithute likokoana-hloko: sekaseka likarolo tsa tsona le khetho ea tsona. Ntle le mecha ea phatlalatso ea limatlafatsi tse ikhethileng, karohano le tlhahlobo ea likokoana-hloko ka har'a likokoana-hloko tsa tlhaho, tlhahlobo ea metsi, moea le lihlahisoa tsa lijo, hammoho le ho fumana lintho tse hlahisang likokoana-hloko tse hlahisang lithibela-mafu, li-enzyme, livithamini le lintho tse ling tse sebetsang li sa sebetse.
Agar-agar e sebelisoa khoebong ea lijo. bakeng sa ho hlophisoa ha 'mangoele, marshmallows, ice cream, jeme e se nang tsoekere, bohobe bo senang bosehla, nama le litlhapi tse halikiloeng, le bohloeki ba veine.
Indastering ea litlama li-capsules le litafole tse nang le lithibela-mafu, livithamini le lithethefatsi tse ling li entsoe motheong oa tsona, ha ho hlokahala hore o fuoe butle butle.
Naheng ea rona, lisebelisoa tse ka sehloohong tse tala bakeng sa tlhahiso ea agar-agar ke red algae anfelcia (feiga. 1b).
Ho tsoa ho red algae fumana polysaccharides e khethehileng - Carrageenas e thibelang AIDS (tlhaiso ea immunodeficiency syndrome). Lintho tse tala bakeng sa tlhahiso ea carrageenas ke red algae chondrus ("Irish moss") - raese. 1c, Algae e khubelu, joalo ka algae tse ling, e ka sebelisoa ho lijo tsa liphoofolo Mme jwang manyolo.
Ho ba le 'mala o mofubelu haholo. Hajoale ho tsejoa mefuta e fetang 600 ea limela le mefuta e ka bang likete tse 5 ea limela tsena. Baemeli ba sehlopha sena ke porphyry, gracillaria, anfelium. Mofuta o mofubelu oa feiga o 'nile oa tsejoa ho tloha nakong ea Cretaceous. Ts'ebetsong ea ho iphetola ha lintho, ba nkoa e le limela tsa pele-pele ho feta tsa mefuta e hlophisehileng haholoanyane.
Hoo e ka bang mefuta eohle ea algae e khubelu ke baahi ba metsi a letsoai (leoatle, maoatle), ke mefuta e ka bang 200 feela eo e leng mefuta ea metsi a hloekileng. Moru oa Crimson o lula ka bobeli lebopong la leoatle le botebong ba limilimithara tse 200, moo hangata e leng tsona mefuta ea lipalesa tsa metsing. Leoatleng la Russia ho na le mefuta e fetang 400.
Ka tloaelo lekhala le lefubelu ke limela tse kholo, hangata tse sa tloaelehang ke mefuta ea microscopic. Sehlopheng sena ho na le mefuta e litšila le ea pseudoparenchymal, mefuta e sa tloaelehang ea unicellular (bapgian). Tšobotsi ke ho ba sieo ha mefuta ea 'nete ea parenchymal.
E telele . Li-thallus tsa moemeli ea tloaelehileng oa sehlopha li na le sebopeho se rarahaneng sa sebopeho. Mmala o fapane - ho tloha ho bofubelu bo khanyang, raspiberi ho ea lipalesa tse putsoa le botala bo bosehla, ka lebaka la motsoako oa mebala e fapaneng ho li-chloroplasts tsa lisele.
Sebopeho sa lisele . Tsena kaofela ke algae eukaryotic. Lerako la sele le emeloa ke lisele tse ka sehloohong tsa cellulose kapa xylan fibrils le taba ea amorphous e nang le agar, agaroids, carrageenan, e nang le thepa ea gelling. Mefuteng e meng, lebota la sele le kenngoa ka calcium kapa magnesium carbonate, e e fang matla a eketsehileng. Kahoo, lekhala la coralline le shebahala joaloka likorale, kaha likhetla tsa tsona li na le lipalo tse ngata.
Li-chloroplasts, lisele li na le 'mala o mongata oa' mala o moputsoa le "carotenoids" ho kenyeletsa chlorophyll le carotenoids. Ha e le limatlafatsi tse bolokiloeng, starch e khubelu (e haufi le sebopeho sa glycogen le amylopectin) e bokellana liseleng tsa algae e khubelu, e bokhubelu ho iodine e fumanehang metsing a leoatle. Li-alcohols tsa Polyatomic le floridoside, e nang le boima bo fokolang ba molek'hule, le tsona li bolokiloe cytoplasm.
Ho ata ha lekhala le lefubelu . Ho ikatisa ho etsahala ka ts'ebetso ea thobalano, e nang le limela kapa fela. Ho ikatisa ka mokhoa o makatsang ho etsoa ke limela tse sa sisinyeheng. Nakong ea thobalano, lisele tsa setho sa botona tsa botona (spermations) li kopana le mosali (carpogons). Litholoana tsa lipalesa tse ntle tse nang le karpospores li hlaha - moloko oa diploid.
Lifate tsa Crimson li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa tlhahong le bophelong ba metsing a leoatle. Limela tsena li sebetsa e le lijo tsa liphoofolo tsa maoatleng, li nka karolo ho itlhoekiseng ha tlhaho ea 'mele ea metsi,' me ka linako tse ling ho khetholla mofuta oa lipalesa libakeng tse ling.
Boleng . Ho bohlokoa haholo ke bolele ba lefapha lena, joalo ka anfeltia, phylloflora, helidium, furcelium, moo lintho tse thehang jelly li fumanoang teng - agar-agar, carrageenne, agaroid. Mefuta e meng ea sekareleta ea jeoa (porphyry, gracillaria).
Metsing a tebileng, ho fihlela ho limithara tse 250, lia hola algae e khubelu ho seng joalo ho bitsoang bofubelu . Ha e kopantsoe le likorale le litlhapi tse khanyang, li-crimsons tse mebala e fapaneng li theha botle bo ikhethang ba lefatše le ka tlas'a metsi. Tsena ke li-algae tse kholo ka boholo, empa, ka mohlala, bolelele bo bofubelu bo boholo le bona ke karolo ea sehlopha sa bangian.
Hobaneng ha tlhaho e khubelu e ka mela ka botebo bo tebileng joalo? Potso ena e ile ea botsoa tlhahlobong ea biology. Pigment e khubelu e lumella bolele hore bo mele libakeng tse tebileng phycoerythrin . Kea leboha, nakong ea photosynthesis, lekhala le lefubelu le monya limela tse tala, tse putsoa le boputsoa ba boputsoa. Ke mahlaseli ana, ho fapana le reds, a ka kenang hare botebong ba metsi.
Algae e khubelu e tšoauoa ka ho hlahisa mefuta e mengata ea tlhaho ntle le mokhoa oa ho ikatisa ka thobalano (oogamy), ka nako e 'ngoe e hlahisang limela ka likarolo tsa thallus le eona e fumanoa.
Algae e khubelu e kenyelletsa phyllophora, porphyry, gracillaria, likhoho, chondrus, kaofela ha tsona ho na le mefuta e ka bang likete tse hlano.
Morero - poleiti e sephara le e tšesaane ea oval ho fihlela halofo ea mithara ka bophara. Ho eena, ho ikatisa ka botona feela ke tšobotsi. Lisele tsa kokoana-hloko ea banna ha li na flagella (sperm). Sena sea utloahala, kaha ka botebo bo boholo tlasa kholomo ea metsi ho thata ho sisinyeha ka thuso ea flagellum.
Beha liketane tsa lijo, tšusumetso ho tlhaho
1. Bongata bo boholo ba lekhala bo theha phytoplankton, esita le leoatleng la Arctic ho na le batho ba limilione tse 20-30 ka mithara e le 'ngoe ea metsi. Ena ke sehlahisoa sa mantlha se etsang motheo oa mokokotlo oa lijo.
2. Phytoplankton ke lijo tsa zooplankton (lihlahisoa tse ling), tse jeoang ke bophelo bo boholo ba metsing, joalo ka maruarua. Hoa thahasellisa hore ebe Thor Heyerdahl nakong ea leetong la Kon-Tiki raft o ile a latsoa "sopho" ea polankton mme a e fumana e le monate ebile e le phepo.
3. Mohlare o ka tlase o fana ka bolulo bakeng sa litlhapi le liphoofolo tse fapaneng tsa metsing le tsona ke lijo tsa bona. Ka mohlala, Laminaria e ja urchin ea leoatleng ka thabo.
4. Algae e tlatse maoatle le sepakapaka ka oksijene.
5. Leha ho le joalo, nakong ea kholo ea kholo ea mohloaare (mohlala, chlamydomonas) nakong eo ho thoeng ke "ho phalla" ha metsi, litaba tsa oksijene tse ho eona lia theoha 'me metsi a na le chefo. Ka lebaka la khaello ea oksijene, baahi ba linoka baa shoa.
Boleng ba motho
1. Algae libakeng tse ngata e jiloe ka lilemo tse likete. Haholo-holo a atile ke li-algae tse sootho le tse khubelu joalo ka kelp, undaria, porphyry, hijiki (mme ka kakaretso sargassa).
2. Red algae - mohloli oa iodine, haholo-holo mefuta e meng e ruileng ho eona.
3. Hape, li-algae tse khubelu ke mohloli oa agar-agar - ntho e sebelisoang khoebong ea li-confectionery, ka ho lema libaktheria, jj.
4. U sebelisa algae, metsi a litšila a hloekisoa ho tsoa ho fluorine, naetrojene, joalo-joalo, le moea o tsoang ho khabone ea monokotsoai (chlamydomonas, chlorella, euglena o atlehile ho sena).
5. Algae ke lisebelisoa tsa tlatsetso tsa lijo: spirulina, kelp, fucus, ulva, chlorella le ba bang.
Litokomane tse tšoanang
Likarolo tsa sebaka sa tlhaho ea mohloa o mofubelu, 'mala oa tsona le mokhoa oa ho monya khanya ea letsatsi. Tšoaetso ea lisele tsa tlhaho tsa tlhaho tsa algae e khubelu. Nts'etsopele e rarahaneng ea zygote e qapiloeng kamora ho emisoa, le sebopeho sa karpospores.
tlhahiso e ekelitsoe ka 03/29/2012
Peo ea limela tse tlase. Sebopeho le mefuta ea libaktheria, karolo ea bona le kabo ea tlhaho. Tlhaloso ea mafapha a 'mala o moputsoa-o botala, diatom, brown and red algae. Likarolo tsa sebopeho sa bona le ho ikatisa, libaka tsa bolulo, bohlokoa ba moruo.
pampiri ea mantsoe, e kentsoe 02/11/2014
Sebopeho sa Thallus sa algae e khubelu. Ho jala limela - ka ho aroloa ha thallus. Ts'ebetso e ts'oanang ea thobalano. Isomorphic kapa heteromorphic diplo-haplobiont potoloho ea tsoelo-pele. Sehlahisoa sa bohlokoa sa phetisetso ea polysaccharide ke starch e bofubelu.
Thibelo, e kenyelletsoe ka la 1/08/2009
Litšoaneleho tse akaretsang tsa lekhala le letala ke lihlopha tsa limela tse tlase. Habitat ea mehloa e mebala e metle ea leoatle. Ho ikatisa, sebopeho le mekhoa ea phepo e nepahetseng, sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale. Tlhaloso ea mefuta e atileng haholo ea leoatle ea Leoatle la Japan.
Abstract, e kenyelletsoe 02.16.2012
Mefuta ea limela ke limela tse tlase ka ho fetisisa tse khethiloeng e le mofuta oa spore. Mokhoa oa bophelo o ikemetseng oa li-algae ka lebaka la chlorophyll, ho hlophisoa ha tsona ka metsoako e hlokahalang ea manyolo ho tsoa ho li -organic. Habitat le mefuta ea litlama ea limela.
Abstract, e eketsoe ka la 16 Hlakubele 2009
Mefuta ea tlhaho ea sebopeho sa algae, sebopeho sa eona sa bohloeki.Ho hlahisoa ha algae ea unicellular. Litataiso tsa nts'etsopele ea algology e sebelisitsoeng. Tšimoloho le kholo ea tlhaho ea limela tsa tlhaho, lihlopha tsa tsona tsa tlholeho. Algae ea libaka tse lulang metsing, lehloa, leqhoa.
tlhahiso e ekelitsoe ka la 11/25/2011
Ho arohana ha algae ka lihlopha tsa maemo a holimo ka ho fetisisa, ho hokahana ha eona le mofuta oa mebala le likarolo tsa sebopeho. Membrane ea sele. Tlatsetso ea tlhaho le ea thobalano ea algae. Ho tšoana le ho fapana lipakeng tsa mohloaare o moputsoa le o motala.
Abstract, e kenyelletsoe 09/06/2011
Algae e le baemeli ba liphoofolo tse nang le li-photoautotrophic tsa polanete ea rona, tšimoloho ea bona le methati ea kholo. Mekhoa le maemo a phepo e nepahetseng a algae. Phetiso ea mofuta oa tsona mohaleng ka ho hlahisa limela hape li tloaetse ho etsa thobalano.
Abstract, e kentsoe 03/18/2014
Trophic ketane ea tikoloho ea pokello. Tlhotlhomiso ea algae, kabo ea tsona ho latela botebo, kabo le karolo ho li-biiogeocenoses. Ts'ebeliso ea algae ke batho. Meroho, matla, thobalano. Lihlopheng tsa mehele ea mobu.
nehelano, e eketsoe 02.19.2013
Mobu oa mobu e le karolo ea lits'ebetso tsa ho etsoa ha mobu. Boithuto le sebopeho sa sebopeho sa boleng ba algae mefuteng ea lefapha la Cyanophyta. Sebopeho le ho jalisoa ha algae e putsoa e putsoa. Ha ho bapisoa sebopeho sa boleng le boholo ba Cyanophyta.
Mefuta ea limela ke limela tse hlophiloeng ka mokhoa o tlase, tse nang le mokhoa o ikhethang oa ho khangoa le liphororo, hape li phela ka bolokolohi kholomong ea metsi. Mebala, joalo ka mefuta ea limela, e fapane. Lebaka la multicolor ea limela ke hore ha li na chlorophyll feela, empa le mebala e fapaneng ea mebala. Ponahalo ea lekhala le eona e ka ba ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe: koae ka mokhoa oa mucus, mossy marang, limela tse telele tse nang le likhoele kapa mekhoa e thata e tšoanang le brashi.
Karabo
Li-algae tse khubelu ke boholo ba limela tsa metsing tse mebala-bala. Ke mefuta e meng ea sekareleta e fumanehang metsing a hloekileng a metsi. Li-algae tse khubelu li fokolang haholo tse sa tloaelehang.
Boholo ba lipompong hangata bo tsoa lisentimitara tse 'maloa ho isa ho mita ka bolelele. Empa har'a bona ho na le mefuta ea microscopic. Ntle le chlorophyll, lisele tse khubelu tsa algae li na le mebala e khubelu le e putsoa. Ho latela ho kopana ha tsona, 'mala oa sekareleta o fapana ho tloha bofubelu bo khanyang ho ea putsoa ka botala le' mala o mosehla.
Ntle le moo, algae e khubelu e fapana haholo.
Leoatleng, algae e khubelu e fumaneha hohle maemong a fapaneng. Hangata li matahantsoe le mafika, maballo, meaho ea maiketsetso, 'me ka linako tse ling ho alelloa tse ling. Ka lebaka la hore mebala e khubelu e khona ho hapa esita le khanya e nyane haholo, bofubelu bo khona ho hola boteng bo boholo. Li ka fumanoa esita le botebong ba limithara tse 100-200. Leoatleng la naha ea heso, phyllophora, porphyry, jj.