Sakhalin Oblast (87.1 likete tsa km2) e ka bochabela bo hare ho Russia mme e kopanya lihlekehleke tsa Sakhalin, Moneron le Tyuleniy le lithota tse peli tsa Lihlekehleke tsa Kuril.
Bolelele bo boholo ba lihlekehleke ho tloha leboea ho ea boroa boa fana mofuta oa Sakhalin mme a tsuba motho ea fapaneng haholo. Ka leboea ho Sakhalin, moss tundra le elfin ea kedare lia fumanoa, 'me ka boroa, bamboo a tropike a se a ntse a hola.
Lihlekehleke tsa Sakhalin le tsa Kuril li moeling oa naha le leoatle 'me li ntse li kopana le mekhoa e matla ea ho haha lithaba. Likarolo tse tharo tsa sebaka sohle sa setereke li lula lithaba, tse ntseng li tsoela pele nts'etsopele ea tsona, li tsamaea le ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang le litšisinyeho tsa leoatle.
Sebaka sa Sakhalin
Sakhalin ke sehlekehleke se seholo ka ho fetisisa Russia, se bolelele ba lik'hilomithara tse fetang 900. ho tloha Leboea ho ea Boroa. Bophara ba sehlekehleke ha bo feta 160 km. Ka linako tse ling lebopong la sehlekehleke ho na le mepopotlo ea maqhubu, ebe ea tšoloha ebile e ea hloahloa. Sakhalin e na le sebaka se lithaba se phahameng ka ho fetisisa, se phahameng ka ho fetisisa sehlekehlekeng ke Mount Lopatin (1609 limithara). Lithota le libaka tse tlase li etsa karolo ea kotara ea sehlekehleke sena.
Tšobotsi Sakhalin - Meea ea khafetsa le mongobo o phahameng. Lehlabuleng, lipula le likhohola lia matla, 'me mariha mariha ke sesosa sa mariha a batang a mariha (ho fihlela ho tloswa 20 ° С ka leboea ho sehlekehleke). Mocheso o tloaelehileng oa Phato ka boroa ho sehlekehleke ke 16 ° С-18 ° С.
Ho na le linoka le matša a mangata Sakhalin. Linoka tse kholo ke Tym le Poronai, 'me tse kholo ka ho fetisisa Letša la Sakhalin-Busse, Wawai, Changeable, Tunaycha. Moru oa Sakhalin lula karolo ea 2/3 ea sebaka sa eona. Karolong e ka leboea ea sehlekehleke sena, ke mohloa o bobebe o tsoang ho Daurian larch, meru e teteaneng e ka boroa ho tloha Ayan spruce, Sakhalin fir le Mayr fir. Meru e ka boroa-bophirima ho sehlekehleke sena e fapane, moo li-conifers li bapileng le oak ea Leoatle le curly, Sakhalin velvet, sefate sa yew, dimorlovu le mefuta e fapaneng ea lianas. Ha motho a nyolohela lithabeng, meru ea spruce-fir e nkeloa sebaka ke meru ea majoe a majoe. Libaka tse bulehileng tsa sehlekehleke sena li koahetsoe ke makhulo, 'me metsi a sa tebang a leoatleng a tlas'a mehloaare ea mehloaare.
Flora Sakhalin ka kakaretso mefuta e fetang 1100 ea limela, ho kenyeletsoa le endfall ke Sakhalin. Habohlokoa ka ho khetheha ke litlama tse kholo tse ntseng li hola ka boholo bo boholo.
Ba ruileng hape fauna ea Sakhalin. Mona phela: bere, sable, squirrel e fofang, otter, hare e tšoeu, mosk deer, reindeer, lynx, wolverine, fox, ermine, weasel. Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea linonyana. Sakhalin marine fauna e khetholloa ke mefuta e ikhethang ea mefuta. Ke tlhaho feela Sakhalin Nature Reserve ke sebaka sa pokello ea tlhaho ea Poronaysky.
Tlhaho ea mantlha Sakhalin Sights:
- mud volcano near Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk,
- Mehloli ea metsi a futhumetseng le a nang le liminerale Koung ea Dagi le Sinegorye,
- poone, mafika le mafika a Hloahloa ea Schmidt (ka leboea ho sehlekehleke),
- lehaheng le nang le lihlooho tse peli tsa Mount Vajda le Vaydinskaya (libakeng tse holimo tsa linoka Melkaya le Vitnitsa),
- Cape Giant lebopong la Leoatle la Okhotsk,
- Cape Crillon ntlheng e ka boroa ea sehlekehleke,
- Tyuleny Island - Rookery of furies,
- Moneron Island ke serapa sa tlhaho se ikhethang.
Mofuta oa Lihlekehleke tsa Kuril
Leha e le boholo bo fokolang, limela tsa Lihlekehleke tsa Kuril hlasela ka mefuta e sa lebelloang. Mefuta e fetang 1000 ea limela e mela mona. Lihlekehleke tse ka leboea li koahetsoe ke sehlahla sa kedare le sehlahla sa shrubby, liphula tsa noka li koahetsoe ke joang bo bolelele, 'me bogs li fumanoa libakeng tse ling tsa lebopo la leoatle.
Lihlekehlekeng tsa Kuril tse bohareng motho o se a ka fumana meru ea makhasi a makhasi, 'me lihlekehlekeng tse ka boroa ho naha ho na le meru e teteaneng le bamboo, lithaba li koahetsoe ke phaene e sephara ea kedare. E theohela likarolong tsa lebopong tse hlatsoitsoeng ke metsi a batang. Lebopo la leoatle le sa koaeloang le liphula tsa noka li koahetsoe ke joang bo bolelele.
Motsoako oa limela tsa leboea le boroa li ka bonoa sehlekehlekeng sa Kunashir - mona bamboo le tundra kedare ea Eltin e ka tlung e mela ka nako e le 'ngoe. Lihlekehleke tse bataletseng le tse tlase tsa ridge Kuril li koahetsoe ka litlama.
Liphoofolo tsa Lihlekehleke tsa Kuril e emetsweng: Kamchatka le libere tse sootho, lisabo, liphokojoe le liphoofolo tse ling tse ngata. Lefatše la liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa leoatleng le ruile haholo: litiiso, maruarua, litau tsa leoatle, li-otter tsa leoatle, liqibi tsa boea, hammoho le malinyane a leoatle: li-hatchets, gulls, cormorants, guillemots. Letlotlo le ka sehloohong la Lihlekehleke tsa Kuril ke litlhapi tsa metsi a leoatle le leoatle: saury, chum salmon, salmon e pinki, herring, flounder, cod, bass ea leoatle, jj.
Ofisi e ka sehloohong: Vladivostok, Svetlanskaya, 147
Tlhaloso le sebaka sa sehlekehleke
Metsi a batang a Leoatle la Okhotsk a hloekisa sebaka sa Sakhalin, metsi a futhumetseng a nkuoa maoatleng a Japane le Pacific. Litereke tsa Kunashirsky, Izmena, Laperuza le Sovetsky ke ona feela moeli le naha ea Japane. Sebaka se pharalletseng ho tloha Sakhalin ho ea naheng ea naha se na metsi ka ho felletseng.
Sebaka sa Sakhalin se lisekoere-k'hilomithara tse likete tse 87. Palo ena e kenyelletsa lihlekehleke tsa Tyuleny, Ush, Moneron, mokoloko oa Kuril o nang le lihlekehleke tsa Kuril.
Ho tloha ntlheng e ka boroa ea sehlekehleke ho isa leboea, ho na le li-km tse 950. Sebaka sohle sa Sakhalin se ts'oana le litlhapi tse scaly (ho tloha sebakeng sa sefofane sa ISS), moo sekala e leng linoka tse ngata le matša a hasaneng hohle sehlekehlekeng.
Setatar Strait se arola Sakhalin le naha ea naha. Ho na le litopo tse peli mohatleng, bophara bo pakeng tsa tsona e leng li-kilometara tse supileng. Boholo ba sebaka sena se lebōpong la leoatle ho na le melomo e mengata ea noka e phallang leoatleng.
Pale
Nalane ea nalane ea sehlekehleke sena e qala ka nako ea Paleolithic ea pele, e ka ba likete tse makholo a mararo tse fetileng.
Kajeno, lik'hilomithara tse fetang 10 000 li arolelana Sakhalin Square le motse-moholo oa Russia. Sefofane se tsamaea ka linako tse supileng pele se le boema-fofane ba toropo e kholo - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.
Hangata bahahlauli ba Marussia lekholong la bo 17 la lilemo e bile bo-pula-maliboho, ba fumana linaha tse ncha tsa naha ea bona e kholo. Ka bo-50 ba lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, leetong le etelletsoeng pele ke Nevelsky qetellong le ile la paka khopolo ea Majapane ea hore Sakhalin ke sebopuwa sa sehlekehleke. Ka nako e ts'oanang, sehlekehleke sena se ne se ahile ke batho ba maemo a holimo, 'me ea e-ba moeli oa Russia le Japane, ka hona, likhala tsa sesole li ile tsa beoa ho pholletsa le sebaka seo. Lilemo tse 30 tse latelang li ile tsa fetola sebaka sena kolone eo ba isitsoeng botlamuoeng ho eona.
Kameho e kholo lithutong tsa mobu oa Sakhalin e entsoe ke tumellano lipakeng tsa Russia le Japane. Ka lilemo tse mashome a robong, moeli oa Russia le Japane o fetotsoe makhetlo a mane. Ka lebaka la ho kenella ha lihlomo ke Majapane ka 1920, sebaka sohle sa Sakhalin se ne se hapiloe. Mabotho a ile a tlosoa feela ka 1925, 'me lilemo tse supileng hamorao sehlekehleke seo sa fetoha karolo ea Bochabela bo Hare, joalo ka sebaka sa Sakhalin.
Ka kakaretso ho tloha naheng e 'ngoe ho ea ho e' ngoe, Lihlekehleke tsa Kuril ka mor'a Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše li ile tsa khutlela Soviet Union. Moeli oa sejoale-joale oa sebaka seo o thehiloe ka 1947.
Motsemoholo oa Sakhalin ke toropo ea Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, e thehiloeng ke bajaki qetellong ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo.
Turismo en Sakhalin
Boemo ba Sakhalin le Lihlekehleke tsa Kuril ke ntlo ea polokelo ea Bochabela bo Holimo. Nts'etsopele ea libaka tse hohelang lihlekehleke e ntse e tsoela pele. Nts'etsopele ea bohahlauli, ho ea ka ba boholong, e lokela ho tlisa moruo oa tikoloho boemong bo bocha ba ntlafatso. Ho na le mekhatlo ea bohahlauli e ka bang 60 e sebetsang sehlekehlekeng sena, 'me bahahlauli ba bangata ba tsoa Japane e haufi. Ba khahloa ke ho fapana ha mefuta ea tlhaho feela, empa le liemahale tsa nalane. Ba boholong sehlekehlekeng sena ba boetse ba lekola lefa la Japane le setseng ho mosebetsi oo.
Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ecotourism e se e qalile ho sebetsa ka bongata Sakhalin. Empa ha ba nahana ka taba ea hore Majapane a sekametse haholo maemong a boiketlo ba ho lula, mekhatlo ea baeti e lekanyelitsoe maetong a masimong, 'me lihotele li ntlafatsa lits'ebeletso tsa bona haholoanyane. Hoo e batlang e le lihotele tsohle li na le menyu e nang le lijana tsa bochabela (ho kenyeletsoa le tsa Sejapane).
Lenaneo la bahahlauli ho fihlela Chekhov le ntse le kenngoa tšebetsong. Libaka tsa tikoloho li ntse li ntlafatsoa le ho feta, ho kenyelletsa kaho ea moaho oa bahahlauli motsaneng oa Goryachie Klyuchi le sebaka sa kampo ea Aquamarine. Morero o ntse o hlophisoa bakeng sa kaho ea meaho e haufi le liliba tsa motlakase.
Har'a lintho tse khahlang, motho a ka khetholla: botle bo makatsang ba Letša la Lake, Bridge ea Diabolose e sentsoe ka mokhoa o fokolang, phororo e kholo ea sehlekehleke sa Kunashir - Nonyana, seretse se chesang se chesang se bitsoang Kuril - Golovnina, Tyatya, ntlo e phahameng ea Cape Aniva, lebopong la Leoatle la Okhotsk le koahetsoeng ke mafika a maputsoa, Letša le letle la Tunaycha, letlooa le letle la tlhaho. Lihlekehleke - Iturup Island, liliba tse chesang tsa sehlekehleke sena, sebopeho sa majoe a. Kunashir - Cape Stolbchaty, sebaka se ka boroa sa sehlekehleke sena - Cape Krillon, phororo e ntle ka ho fetisisa tikolohong ea Russia - Ilya Muromets.
Baahi ba Sakhalin
Lebopo la Sakhalin le na le batho ba ka bang likete tse 500. Sakhalin ke ea machabeng, baahi ba na le Marussia, Maukraine, Bakalarusi, Makorea, Mordovian, Matatare hammoho le matsoalloa.
Baahi ba Sakhalin ba kenyelletsa linaha tse 'maloa: Nivkh, Tonchi, Evenki, Ainu, Nanai, Uilta. Bana ke baahi ba linaha tsena ba ileng ba lula ho tsona ho fihlela ho thehoa meeli ea sejoale-joale. Baahi ba matsoalloa, ka bomalimabe, ba nyane haholo. Leha ho le joalo, ba ntse ba ikakhetse ka setotsoana ntlafatsong ea moruo oa naha le ho phela bophelo ba naha.
Flora
Phapang pakeng tsa limela le limela tsa Sakhalin ha e bonoe. Ha ho bapisoa le lihlekehleke tsa Japane, sebaka sa Lebopo la Sakhalin se fokola ka palo ea baemeli ba limela le liphoofolo.
F. Schmidt o ile a qala ho ithuta lipalesa tsa sehlekehleke sena bohareng ba lekholo la bo19 la lilemo. Hajoale, ho na le mefuta ea limela tse ka bang 1,500 ho Sakhalin tse nang le likepe tsa ho tsamaisa metsi, letsoai le nang le liminerale tse ling le lintho tse ling tse phelang.
Hoo e ka bang liperesente tse mashome a supileng tsa Sakhalin e lula merung, le ha ho na le bothata ba tlhaho ba ho senngoa ha meru le mollo oa selemo le selemo, leboea la sehlekehleke le ntse le lula ke li-conifers. Tšimo ena e nkoa e le taiga e kopaneng. Lifate tse ncha li hola butle ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke khanya ea letsatsi. E le hore sefate se senyenyane se fumane tekanyetso e ntle ea letsatsi, o tlameha ho ema ho fihlela e mong oa baemeli ba khale ba moru a oa mme a tlisa lekhalo ka har'a lesira le lefifi la taiga.
Ho na le, ehlile, ho na le meru e bobebe ea li-coniferate, empa baemeli ba eona ke makhasi a mangata, a sa ateng sehlekehlekeng. Hobaneng see se etsahala? Mobu o ikhethileng, oo lithaelese tsa letsopa li leng ka tlasa ona, o molato bakeng sa ntho e ngoe le e ngoe. Ha li lumelle metsi ho feta 'me ka hona li thibela lifate ho hōla le ho hola hantle. Mme karolo e nyane haholo ea moru e lula merung e matla.
Meru ea Sakhalin e na le rosemary e ngata, e leng meetso e meholo ea mokokotlo. Ho monokotsoai, lipalesa tse putsoa le li-cranberry li atile mona, 'me li-mela lijalo li mela masibeng. Linoko le lihlahla tsa perennial li emeloa ka bongata.
Flora of Sakhalin
Boholo ba sehlekehleke sena se koahetsoe ke moholi oa taiga. Meru ea lehae e ikhethile, kaha mefuta ea Sakhalin taiga ke eona e ruileng ka ho fetisisa Russia. A nkahlole - mefuta e ka bang 200 ea lifate le lihlahla li mela sehlekehlekeng.
Sefate se ka sehloohong sa Sakhalin ke Gmelin larch. Mefuta e meng ea lifate e batla e sa sebetse hanyane: larch-leaved e nyane, Ayan spruce, Sakhalin fir. Har'a mefuta ea makhaola-khang, li-birch tse tšoeu le tsa majoe, makhopho a pepere, linepe tse monko o monate, mekholutsoane e meputsoa, li-elms tse khanyang tsa Japan, limmapa tse tšehla le lipalesa tse atileng.
Empa tšobotsi e ka sehloohong ea Sakhalin e ka bitsoa tikoloho e hlollang ea limela tsa boroa le baemeli ba leboea ba 'muso oa limela. Ka hona, ka nqa ea boroa ho bonolo ho bona likhohola tsa tropike, larch e ikutloa e le hantle e pota-potiloe ke mapheo a polar, lemongrasses le rhododendrons hangata li thunya haufi le lifate tsa spruce. Likedare li lula haufi le lifate tsa cork hantle, 'me lifeshene li lula li khabisitsoe ka lipalesa tsa hydrangea. Rosehip, honeysuckle le aralia hangata li ipata ka mekotla e phahameng ea fern. Mme likutu tsa li-Hornbus, li-cherries, li-elderberry le molora oa thaba li patoa lifateng tse phahameng.
Sakhalin e boetse e na le litholoana le monokotsoai. Cherry, currant, blueberry, raspberry, Blueberry, redberry le cranberry li mela mona. Ka boroa ho sehlekehleke u ka bona motsoako o ikhethang ka ho fetisisa oa tlhaho: moru o nang le maratsoana o pota-potiloeng ke lithota tsa bamboo a Sakhalin. Kopano e joalo u ke ke ua e bona kae kapa kae lefatšeng. Bamboo, ehlile, ha e molelele mona, empa methapo ea eona, ha e le hantle, e ke keng ea feta, kaha likutu tse phahameng li kenella ka tsela e makatsang, 'me makhasi a bohale, joalo ka lithupa, a ka theola letlalo habonolo.
Nakong ea selemo le lehlabula, Sakhalin shimmers tse nang le mebala eohle ea mookoli: lipalesa li thunya. Mohlala, marang-rang a khanya a bopa khanya e ntle haholo ea bofubelu ba mollo. Ho na le lipalesa tse ngata tse hlahisang mahlo, lipalesa tse ngata, lipalesa, lipalesa, likhahla, lipalesa tsa ivan-tee lipalesa tse 'mala oa lilac, tse nang le lipalesa tse tšoeu tsa lehloa.
Empa ka leboea boemo ba leholimo bo mpefala, liphallelo li bonolo, ka hona sebaka sa naha se mats'oafo. Empa ho na le mefuta e mengata ea mosses, lichens le mabeard reindeer. Libaka tsena li lula li pota-potiloe ke makhulo moo ho nang le litlama tse ngata le litlama tse fapaneng. Le ka leboea sehlekehlekeng sena, meru e qala hape - taiga, e kopaneng, e nang le mehloli e metle ea likedare, li-blueberries le rosemary.
Fauna
Boemo ba leholimo ba Sakhalin bo u lumella ho phela sehlekehlekeng sa mefuta e mashome a mane a metso e mene ea liphoofolo tse anyesang. Libere, litsuonyana, liphokojoe, liphiri tsa lintja le mefuta e mengata ea litoeba, mefuta e ka bang 370 ea linonyana, tseo tse 10 ho tsona e leng libatana, li tloaelehile mona.
Nakong ea lipatlisiso tsa sehlekehleke sena, limela le limela tse ngata li ile tsa senngoa ke batho, ka hona, lenane le lelelele la liphoofolo le limela tsa Sakhalin tse kotsing ea kenngoa Bukeng e Khubelu.
Fauna ea Sakhalin
Ka bomalimabe, lilemong tse 250 tse fetileng, meea ea Sakhalin e bile mofutsana haholo. Hang ha e bona litsuonyana e ile ea tlolela sehlekehleke sena, ea hoelehetsa meru e hlaha merung e haufi. Ha ho sa le e 'ngoe. Likhama tsa Moose le tsa Manchurian li ile tsa felisoa hamorao. Bohareng ba lekholo la ho qetela la lilemo, ka lebaka la ho rengoa ha meru ho eketsehileng, lintja le makhoaba a marang-rang a ile a nyamela. Lipheleu tsa lithaba le li-otter tsa noka li tlohetse sehlekehleke ka ho sa feleng.
Baemeli ba tloaelehileng ba moru oa Sakhalin ke liphoofolo tse nang le tšobotsi le ho nosetsa taiga ea naha ea mantlha: tsena ke lisosa tse ngata tse ngata. Ka boroa ho sehlekehleke ho na le likholomo. Liphoofolo tsena li tlisitsoe ho tsoa Japane, empa ho fihlela joale lipalo tsa tsona li nyane.
Sakhalin, sebata se tsebahalang haholo ebile se tsebahala ka ho fetisisa ke bere e sootho. Kholo ea linatla tsena e fihla ho limilimithara tse peli, 'me boima ba eona bo fihla ho 500 kg. Ho na le liphokojoe tse ngata merung - tse khubelu, tse putsoa le tse ntšo-tse ntšo. Ho na le hare, ka har'a likhohola tsa linoka u ka bona li-otter tsa noka.
Empa litsie tsa Sakhalin li maemong a mang a mangata. Liphoofolo tse hlaha li fumaneha karolong e ka leboea ea sehlekehleke sena. Serene o tsamaea ho potoloha sehlekehleke le mohloa oa musk. E ngotsoe Bukeng e Khubelu.
Empa 'muso oa linonyana o Sakhalin o emeloa hantle haholo. Ho fihlela mefuta e 700 ea linonyana tse lulang mona e tsejoa, lihlaha tse ngata, "tse ngata" ke nako ea mariha. Bongata ba linonyana tsena li sehlekehlekeng sa Tyuleniy, moo ho nang le likoloi tsa likerese tse likete tse 600, mehlape ea li-puffin, li-hatchets le malinyane a lula. Ho na le mehala e mengata ea metsi: likhantsi, mallards, dives, gogol, majoe, li-pintails, linku tsa leoatle. Empa swans e fumanoa feela likhutlong tse hole haholo tsa sehlekehleke sena.
Khaello e 'ngoe ea lihlahisoa tsa naha tsa Sakhalin e lefshoa ka botlalo ke leruo la ichthyofauna. Sehlekehleke sena se na le se seng sa tse tona tse kholo ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. Ho na le litau tsa leoatle, li-otter tsa leoatle, mefuta e 'maloa ea litiiso. Sperm whales, whales tse bolaeang, maruarua a beluga a sesa hangata ho sesa lebopong, haufi le sehlekehleke seo o ka bona Sivalov, humpback, maruarua a maputsoa.
Hoa thahasellisa hore e ne e le sehlekehlekeng moo Sakhalin husky e ileng ea beoa - mofuta oa lintja tse khetholloang ka bohlale bo phahameng le boinehelo bo se nang moeli ho mong'a lona.
Indasteri
Indasteri ea Sakhalin e tsoela pele ka potlako haholo, e kenyelletsa liindasteri tsa oli le khase, mashala, lihlapi le matla a indasteri. Ho joalo, molemo o lula o ntse o hlahisoa ka oli le khase lilemo tse ngata. Ka lebaka la nts'etsopele ea bo-rasaense ba Sakhalin, Russia e kenyelelitsoe lethathamong la linaha tse etellang pele bakeng sa ho tsamaisoa ha khase ea tlhaho e tlotsitsoeng.Sakhalin e tsamaisa khase ho ea Japane, Thailand, Korea, Mexico le China.
Nts'etsopele ea li-depositi li entse hore e khonehe ka chelete ho ntlafatsa maemo a litsela, meaho ea bolulo le tse ling. Ho holisa moruo oa tikoloho kamehla, mosebetsi o ntse o tsoela pele ho hohela matsete a tsoelang pele mererong e seng e ntse e le teng.
Klimatulo ea Sakhalin
Maemo a leholimo a sehlekehleke sena ke litloholo tse itekanetseng, ka lebaka la ho ba haufi le metsi ka kotloloho. Mariha ho na lehloa ebile ke nako e telele, 'me hlabula hoa bata. Mohlala, boemo ba leholimo ba Pherekhong bo na le moea o matla oa leboea le serame. Hangata u ka ba sefefong sa lehloa. Li-Avalanches le tsona li etsahala khafetsa mona, ka linako tse ling moea oa mariha o fihla ka lebelo le leholo la matla a sefefo sa sefefo. Mariha, mocheso o theoha ho likhato tse 40, 'me o fetoloa bakeng sa moea, o bile o tlase haholo.
Lehlabula ho Sakhalin le lekgutshwane - ho tloha bohareng ba Phuptjane ho isa qalong ea Loetse ka mocheso ho tloha ho 10 ho isa ho 19 degrees ho zero. Pula e na ka ho lekaneng, Leoatle la Pacific le tlisa mongobo o phahameng.
Ka boroa-bophirima, mochesong o futhumetseng oa Leoatle la Japane oa phalla, 'me Leoatle la Okhotsk le hlatsoa ke lebopo le ka bochabela ka moholi o batang. Ha u le tseleng, ke Leoatle la Okhotsk le etsang hore Sakhalin e batelle nako ea mariha ea selemo. Hangata ha e na lehloa ho fihlela Mots'eanong. Empa ho ne ho na le litekanyetso tsa mocheso o phahameng oa li-degrees +35. Ka kakaretso, nako e 'ngoe le e' ngoe mona ho tla le ho lieha ha libeke tse tharo. Ka hona, ka Phato matsatsi a futhumetseng ka ho fetisisa, mme ka Hlakubele ho bata haholo.
Lehlabula le tlisa likhohola sehlekehlekeng. Lilemong tsa bo-80, Sakhalin o ile a tšoaroa ke sefefo se matla sa sefefo. O siile batho ba se nang matlo ba fetang likete tse 'ne. Mme ka 1970, leholiotsoana le ile la tšela ka lihora tse 'maloa ho feta pula ea khoeli le khoeli. Leholiotsoana lilemong tse leshome le metso e mehlano tse fetileng le ile la tlisa seretse se chesang le seretse se chesang. Ka tloaelo, maemo ana a leholimo a tsoa Pacific.
Jiografi le jeoloji
Sebaka sa sebopeho sa Sehlekehleke sa Sakhalin se khethoa ke lithaba tse bohareng le bo tlase, hammoho le libaka tse bataletseng. Litsela tsa lithaba tsa Sakhalin Bophirima le East Sakhalin li fumaneha ka boroa le bohareng ba sehlekehleke. Ka leboea e emeloa ke thota e lithaba. Lebopo le khetholloa ke lintlha tse 'ne tsa peninsular le tse peli tse kholo.
Phomolo ea sehlekehleke sena e na le libaka tse leshome le motso o mong: Hloahloeng ea Schmidt ke naha e nang le mafika a nang le majoe le lithaba, thota ea Sakhalin e sebakeng sa terata se nang le maralla le marang-rang a linoka tse ngata, ke hona moo ho nang le li-depositi tsa oli le khase tse ngata, lithaba tse karolong e ka bophirima ea Sakhalin, Tym lowland Poronayskaya - e bohareng ba sehlekehleke, karolo ea eona e kholo ke mokhoabo, sebaka se ka thōko sa Susunayskaya - se fumaneha ka boroa 'me se na le batho ba bangata haholo, sebaka se nang le lebitso le tšoanang la Susunaysky, se kenyelletsang litlhoro tse tummeng tsa Chekhoe le Pushkin, lithaba tsa Sakhalin e ka bochabela tse nang le ntlha e phahameng ka ho fetisisa - Thaba ea Lopatina, Hloahloeng ea Terpeniya e nang le naha e tlase, sehlaba sa Korsakovsky, sebaka se selelele sa Muratlevskaya, se nang le matša a mangata a tummeng har'a baahi ba sebaka seo, sebaka sa Tonino-Anivsky, se tsebahalang ka thaba ea Kruzenshtern le teropo ea eona ea Jurassic. .
Liminerale
Sebaka sa pele har'a lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho tsa Sehlekehleke sa Sakhalin se lutse ke baetsi ba tlhaho; ho feta moo, niche ena e nka sebaka sena sebakeng sa pele ho la Russian Federation. Sehlekehleke sena se na le mehloli e mengata ea motlakase oa hydrocarbon le li-amana tsa mashala. Ntle le moo, lehong le lengata, khauta, zebaki, platinamo, chromium, germanium le talc li chekoa Sakhalin.
U ka fihla naheng ea naha joang?
Sebaka sa ho tloha Sakhalin ho ea Russia khubung se ka hlola mekhoa e mengata: ka sefofane (mohlala, ho tloha toropong e haufinyane ea Khabarovsk), seketsoana se tsoang Vanino, mme bakeng sa lipapali tse matla mariha o ka hlola karolo ea metsi ka maoto leqhoa le leqhoa.
Nevelsky Strait e nkuoa e le sebaka se moqotetsane pakeng tsa naha le sehlekehleke, bophara ba eona bo ka ba lik'hilomithara tse supileng.
Leha ho le joalo, sehlekehleke sena se na le nalane e khahlisang ea kaho ea seporo, e qalileng tlasa Stalin. Ho feta moo, literene li ile tsa tlameha ho feta litsing tse khethehileng ho pholletsa le Cape Nevelsky le Cape Lazarev. Kaho ea seporo e ne e etsoa ke bosholu ba lichankana tsa Gulag. Mosebetsi o ne o tsoela pele ka potlako, empa lefu la moetapele le ile la emisa morero ka botlalo. Batšoaruoa ba bangata ba ile ba khahloa.
Ho makatsang ke hore ha ho na borokho bo le bong bo hahiloeng lilemong tse fetileng. Ka hona, nts'etsopele ea sejoale-joale e qala hantle ka sepheo sa ho haha lifapano tsa borokho. Ho feta moo, Russia e ikemiselitse ho hokahanya Sakhalin le sehlekehleke sa Japane sa Hokkaido, bakeng sa tšebelisano e behang litholoana pakeng tsa libaka.
Klimatulo on Sakhalin
Boemo ba leholimo ba sehlekehleke hangata bo khetholloa e le lithōle ka tsela e itekanetseng. Empa boemo ba leholimo ka nako efe kapa efe ea selemo bo fapana haholo ka leboea le boroa.
Hlabula hoa koloba, hoa futhumala ebile ho na lipula tse matla. Lehlabula, phapang pakeng tsa mabopo a Sakhalin a bochabela le bophirima e bonahala haholo. Ho futhumetse bophirima, kaha lebopo le hlatsoa ke Tsushima e futhumetseng ea hajoale.
Mariha ho Sakhalin ho bata haholo, lehloa. Boholo ba sehlekehleke sena bo angoa ke senokoane se tsoang ho Siberia, se tlisang lehloa le serame. Empa ka boroa ho sehlekehleke, tšusumetso ea sefefo sa boroa, e emisang sehlekehleke sena ka sefefo se matla sa sefefo le sefefo se matla, sea bonahala.
Leoatle la Okhotsk, le hlatsoa sehlekehleke sena ho tloha leboea, le sebetsa joalo ka motlakase o moholo oa motlakase. E boloka mocheso ka ho rata ebile ha e tlohelle serame nako e telele haholo. Ka hona, selemo ho Sakhalin sea lieha, se pholile, empa hoetla ho futhumetse haholo ebile hoa amoheleha. Mohlala, lipalesa tse ngata ka Sakhalin li thunya ho fihlela bohareng ba November.
Ka kakaretso, linako tsohle tsa selemo sehlekehlekeng li qala ka ho lieha ha libeke tse 3-4. Phato e nkuoa e le khoeli e chesang ho fetisisa, 'me ka Phato ke eona e batang haholo.
Khahla khahla ea tlhaho
Sebaka sena, hole le tsoelo-pele e tloaelehileng ea megacities e kholo, re ne re ntse re se tseba ho tloha bongoaneng ho tloha lifiliming le libukeng. Baeti ba bangata ba re ha ba fihla mona, ba fetohile batšoaruoa ba hae ba mahlahahlaha, hore tlholisanong e eang libakeng tsa phomolo Russia, sehlekehleke sa pele sa makhoba e ne e tla ba moputso oa mantlha oa moputso oa likeletso tsa lerato le meputso eohle mabitsong a "Rare tlhaho tlhaho" le "Creative".
Sebakeng se senyenyane, bokahohle bohle bo tla kopana le uena! Teko ea teko e nang le moea o hloekileng oa 'nete. Sebaka se ikhethang sa polokeho ea lefatše ea lefatše. Letlole la Noe bakeng sa lintho tse ikhethileng hape tse sa tloaelehang. Ho makatsa ha mohato o mong le o mong le moea o mongata oa naha ena ho ke ke ha u lumella ho khatholoha.
'Me na ho loketse ho ea Azores kapa Iceland haeba serapa sena sa Jurassic le lihlekehleke tse makatsang tse tsoang libukeng tsa Jules Verne li le haufi le rona Bochabela bo Holimo ba Russia?
Boholo ba boholo-holo le lipale tse iqapetsoeng
Tlas'a leholimo ho tloha moholi ho na le sehlekehleke se senyenyane
Ka liheke tsa ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang le naleli e khanyang.
Hang ha melimo e sheba Lefatše mme e bone naha e ntle, e seng le torong. Ba nkile qeto ea ho lula mona ka ho sa feleng ho ts'oasa litlhapi, ho tsoma le ho tsoala bana. 'Me melimo ea fetoha batho ba Ainu.
Tšimoloho ea baahi ba Sakhalin Ainu e ntse e le sephiri. Puo ea bona le ponahalo ea bona li ile tsa makatsa bafuputsi ba Marussia. Nalane ea khale ho feta Egypt ea khale le Roma. Mme Ba-Ainu ka bobona ba ne ba inka e le melimo e neng e baleha Sirius. Litloaelo tsa bona tsa khale li tla u tataisa naheng ea Sakhalin.
Ba ne ba bitsa naha ena Saharen Nasiri, naha e tšoanang le maqhubu. 'Me li-Nivkh ke Ygh-myth ea boletsoeng ka mor'a moea oa khale, e le mong'a lefatše le leoatle. Haeba Ig-theth e sa thaba, o hlobolisa ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e kenellang.
Lefatše le ile la qala ho ntlafala ha le le lilemo tse libilione tse 4, ha Sakhalin le Lihlekehleke tsa Kuril li ne li le lilemo li limilione tse 65 feela. Joalo ka lihlekehleke tsena, ho bile le khotso qalong ea nako. Khopolo ea bona ea tlhaho e tsoela pele: nama e chesang ea lithaba tse foqohang seretse, matla a mabifi a litšisinyeho tsa lefatše le likhohola tsa tsunamis. Ho latela mahlale, ena e tla ba lilemo tse ling tse 20-30.
Ba Ainu ba ne ba lumela hore ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e lefatšeng e ahile ke melimo ea Kamui - meea ea lithaba, lefats'e, metsi le moea. Mme ke bona feela ba busang lefatše. Ea hlomphuoang haholo e ne e le Fuji - molimo oa mollo o ka tlas'a lefatše.
Phefumoloho ea lithaba. Morena oa selikalikoe sa mollo
Liheke tsa mollo tsa Sakhalin le lihlekehleke tsa Kuril ke liketane tsa likonopo tse kholo tse nang le ho phatloha ho hoholo, tse ka tsubang neng kapa neng mme tsa qala ho lihela "libomo". Ho na le tse 39 maloa tsa tsona, tse sa bale 14 tse timelitsoeng le tse 11 tsa tlase. Lihlekehleke tsa Kuril ke libaka tse foqohang seretse se chesang tse tsoang mochesong oa leoatle. Lihlekehleke tse foqohang seretse se chesang tsa Alaid, Ekarma, Rasshua li hlahile ka tsela ena.
Bongata ba "li-kegs tsa phofo" li phatlohile linakong tsa moroallo, 17 - lekholong le fetileng la lilemo. Ho phatloha ha thaba ea Kunashir Vesuvius ea Tyat ka 1973 e ne e le ketsahalo ea mehla. Ntate Mountain o halefetse hang kamora lilemo tse sekete. Eaba molimo oa mollo o akhela molora ho fihlela lik'hilomithara tse 80 sebakeng seo mme a senya motse oa Tyatino, a siea moru o shoeleng.
Meea ea lithaba tse foqohang seretse se chesang Ivan the Terrible, Golovnin, Atsonopuri, Kudryavy li bonts'a moea oa tsona o matla le ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang, tse robong tsa tsona li phatlohile lekholong la rona la lilemo. Linatla tse ling li tsuba le ho ntša likhase tse chefo, e leng se etsang hore ba ithatefale.
Ho nyoloha Volcano
Sena ke seo baeti ba se buang:
Itokisetse ho ba le maikutlo a tebileng ha o nyoloha seretse se chesang. Ke motsamao oa ntho e phelang e phefumolohang le e tsamaeang tlasa mobu o chesang. Maoto a fetoha setho sa botšelela sa kutlo. Ho hlasimoloha ho hoholo khafetsa ho etsa hore u potlakele ho matsoapong ana.
Ha re le masimong a fumarole u batla ho ba le thabo e kholo ka lebaka la lefats'e leo u tsamaeang ho lona. Kopa moahelani oa hau hore a hatele, mohlomong na ke toro ea ho fofa ho Mars kapa Khoeling? Ebe u hopola Lihlekehleke tsa Kuril, joalokaha eka u etela libaka tse sa tsejoeng.
Phomolo ea Sakhalin e lithaba ka lebaka la litšisinyeho tse matla tsa lefatše. Matla a bonyenyaneng a lefatše la lefatše a kileng a phahama, a ile a hatakela lefatše lena ho fihlela le shebahala joaloka maqhubu a lehloa.
Ntle le ho tsamaea ka tsela e sa lebaleheng ho ea sebakeng se ka foqoha seretse se chesang le lithabeng tse telele (chekhov peak, Mount Lopatin), maqhubu a lejoe a Sakhalin a fa bana lipapali tsa bana ho batho ba baholo joalo ka ho hloa, paragliding le speleology.
Thaba ea Wajda e tla hohela papali ea lekunutung e tsoang ho baesekopo e tšosang. Ena ke pokello ea mahaha a 30 a nang le mefuta e mengata, moo lintho li sibolloang mohato o mong le o mong: li-stalactites, li-corallites, masala a batho le a liphoofolo a tsoang phoofolo e mammoth. Boikutlo ba hore o mothating oa octopus e 'ngoe e kholo ebile o tsamaea ka har'a litšiea tse telele tsa eona.
Litsebi tsa phepo ea Sakhalin li boletse hore mahaha a mang a mabeli a maholo le noka ea pele e ka tlase ho nalane ea nalane ea Sakhalin e fumanoe bolibeng ba Wajda. Ho na le lipuzzle tse ngata. Kena le ba sibolotseng lintho tse hohelang!
Lejoe le Lava Master
Ka makholo a lilemo, sebopeho sa sebaka seo, ho nka motheo oa seretse, le moeeng oa leoatle le leoatleng, se iponahalitse e le setsi sa litšoantšo se nahanang hore se entsoe ka bokhabane. Cape Giant ke eng! Lebōpo la eona le khabisitsoe ka mekhabiso ea leoatle, mabota a makatsang. Ka majoe a mangata a lihlekehleke, leoatle le ile la siea litoro tsa bona tsa khale-khale.
Empa ikhethang ka Kunashir, Cape Stolbchatyi, e tla ba o tsotehang haholo. Bophahamo ba limithara tse 50, litšiea tsa meokho ea lehloa la seretse se chesang sa molala (Mendeleev's volcano), tse theohelang ka leoatleng ka melapo e mosoeu, li tla makala ka geometry ea tsona e nepahetseng.
Ho White Cliffs e Iturup, u mojaki lefatšeng la paradeise. E sa tloaelehang bakeng sa tlhaho, mmala o mosoeu oa pumice ka mor'a ho phatloha ha leru la khase, sebopeho se makatsang sa mafika, lebopo le lesoeu le tšelela sebaka.
Mohlolo o matla oa tlhaho oa tlhaho o bitsoang Frog ke polanete ea tlhaho ea tlhaho. Lithaba tsa lithaba tsa lehae li bitsoa lipolanete tsa letsatsi, 'me li hlophisitsoe ho latela tatellano ea tsona leholimong. Tšoaetso ena ha e na phoso.
Ho tsoa libakeng tse phahameng, Sakhalin e tšoana le tlhapi. Ba ha Nivkh ba ne ba e bitsa "tlhapi e phelang ea Sakhalin" mme ba tseba hore e ntse e sesa. Ho thoe li-Ainu li sehlekehlekeng sa bona kae kapa kae lefatšeng.
Ho ea ka tšōmo, Lithaba tsa Frog le Altar li lula li supa linaleli tse peli tsa Sirius, ho sa tsotelehe hore na sehlekehleke se tsamaea joang. Bo-rasaense ba tiisa thepa ea bona e phaphamalang. Sakhalin e tsamaea ka sekepe ho ea Lihlekehlekeng tsa Kuril, ebe e ea fihla naheng e bohareng.
Metsi a mafura. Metsi a phelang a shoeleng
Haufi le litofo tse chesang joalo ka lithaba tse foqohang seretse se chesang? Bongata ba tsona, ka linako tse ling e le matša a mangata. Haufi le thaba e foqohang seretse se chesang sa Golovnin, letša la Kipyayuschee le phefumoloha ka metsi a kotsi, 'me mmala oa turquoise Hot, o tla phela hape ka mor'a ho thatafala.
Joalo ka metsi a phela le a shoeleng a tsoang litšōmong, metsi a Sinegorsk a nang le arsenic, Dagin e tšoloha le silicon, libethe tsa seretse se chesang sa Mendeleev se loana ka ho phethahetseng botsofe, phekolo ea manonyeletso, methapo ea mali, letlalo, methapo ho latela lipontšo tse ngata. Ho na le liliba tse hlaha ebile li hlophisitsoe joalo ka linotlolo tsa "Hot".
Kunashir e tumme ka botumo ba eona "Hot Beach". Ho futhumatsa lehlabathe la lebopong ho fihlela ho 100 ° C, seretse se chesang se Mendeleev se na le matloana a futhumetseng, a phehelang lijo ebile a baka bana makhala. Sebaka sena se ne se bitsoa pan ka hanyane. Mme liphororo tse chesang tsa seretse se chesang sa Baransky ha lia ka tsa lora Kamchatka!
Sope se matla se folisang Letša la Variable le sona se fana ka bophelo bo bocha. Ka lebaka la seretse se ikhethileng, motho o ka bua ka seretse se chesang sa Yuzhno-Sakhalin. Ha e sebetse feela joaloka sefika sa tlhaho se sa tloaelehang, empa hape e le sethala sa lefatše se nang le tšilafalo, se ahlolang ke ketso ea ho phatloha hoa seretse.
Ke sheba matša a maputsoa ...
Ho na le matša a fetang 17,000 Sakhalin le Lihlekehlekeng tsa Kuril. Le mabitso a bona a utloahala joalo ka pina: O motle, Oa Halalela, oa ho Tlhapela, oa Swan, oa Turquoise. Bakeng sa sehlooho sa tsona, Letša la Nevskoye le Tunaycha, esita le lintoa li ne li loaneloa mehleng ea khale. Har'a meru e tlokomang ea Mount Spamberg e patile sistimi eohle ea matša a 18 a nang le linotlolo le liphororo tsa metsi.
Ha ho sehlekehleke se le seng se makatsang se phethahetseng ntle le liphororo tse matla tsa metsi. Russia Ilya Muromets, bophahamo ba moaho o mekato e 42, o qothisana lehlokoa le Niagara ka lerotholi le leholo la metsi. U sa e nke, u tla e rata feela ho tsoa leoatleng.
Litlhapi tafoleng - khotso ka lapeng
Nivkhs le Ainu, ba kopa tšoarelo, ba ile ba botsa meea ea lefatše le leoatle ka leruo la bona bakeng sa bophelo. Ke feela kamora mokete oa ho fepa, "ho khahlisa" metsi, moo ho tšoasa litlhapi ho qalileng ho qala. Ho fepa ka lintho tse nyane letsatsi le letsatsi.
Litlhapi le liphoofolo tsa leoatleng e ne e le melingoana ebile e le litho tsa lelapa leo. Ha ho makatse hore ebe basali ba Ainu ba ile ba etsa tattoo e kholo ho pota melomo ea bona, e ba etsa hore ba shebahale joaloka litlhapi. Litlhapi tsa basali ke sebōpuoa se halalelang. Sakhalin o ne a boetse a bitsoa litšōmong.
Baholo-holo ba rona ba ne ba tseba ho leboha. Ona ke naha ea linoka tse sekete tse nang le litlhapi tse ngata le litlhapi tse ngata. Ha u ntse u qepha, u tla bona litlhapi li matha ka thata hoo u ka tšelang noka u khutla ebe u fumana leruo le thellang ka matsoho a hao.
Salmon e pinki, seskeye salmon, chum salmon, sturgeon, sim, malma, taimen lia tšoaroa. Ho na le li-giants tsa litlhapi. Tlhahiso ea hau e sa lebaleheng ea kholo ea motho e tla ts'oaroa "ntle le ho nahana habeli" le ka mokhoa o bonolo. Ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa Sakhalin ke mofuta oa bohahlauli oa selemo le selemo. Ka tsebe e monko o monate qetellong ea letsatsi le thata, ho ts'ela linoka Dagi, Nayba, Lakilamo ho lokile.
Mofumahali oa leoatle
Sefate, u mosa ebile u matla, ke tla ho uena, u nkhauhele. Kea u rata, mor'eso, 'me ke u kopa hore u be sekepe. O tla tseba leoatle le nna. (Ho tloha filimi e mabapi le moetlo oa Nivkhs ea boholo-holo, e thuntsoeng ho Sakhalin ke K. Gevorgyan ho latela buka e ngotsoeng ke C. Aitmatogo "Ntja ea Pinto e Felloa ke Leoatle").
O ka lemoha toro ea hau ka setšoantšo sa leoatle naheng ea rona feela Kamchatka le Lihlekehlekeng tsa Kuril. U tla feta haufi le Leoatle la Pacific le maoatle a eona ka litsela tsa batsamaisi ba Kruzenshtern, Nevelsky, de Vries, fumana karolo e loketseng ea maikutlo a lerato a 'nete a letsoai,' me u ke ke ua kopana le mang kapa mang!
Ha re tsamaea ka sekepe ho ea Sehlekehlekeng sa Tyuleniy, makatsoa ke ho tloha hole ka bongata ba matenya a liqibi, liqibi le linonyana setšeng sena sa sebaka ka limilimithara tse 636. Ena ke naha ea liphoofolo tse tšohileng! Ho sireletsa khotso ea liphoofolo, ho thibetsoe mona ho tsamaea ka likepe tse kholo le ho fofa ka lifofane.
Killer whales le sperm whales, li-dolphin le maruarua li tla u khahlisa hohle ka ponahalo ea tsona. U tla lemoha molateli oa molumo oa lerata le matla le le tsosang ho fihlela toneng. Ee, ke eona feela e ka bang letšoao la naha ea lihlekehleke tsena! Empa sebata sa leoatle ka boea ba sona ba bohlokoa ke "tlholeho" e nang le boemo ba ho se sireletsehe ba lilemo tse makholo le ho ngolisoa ho Red Book.
Ka lilemo tse makholo, ba ile ba felisoa ka lebaka la bhaleber le whale o moputsoa, e le eona khale le khale ka ho fetisisa maruarua a baleen, a lilemo li limilione tse 30. Hona joale palo ea batho e tlas'a taolo, empa ke batho ba 120 feela. Ho ba bona ka leoatleng ha ho na lehlohonolo!
Sehlekehlekeng sa mohlolo sa Moneron, o tla theohela ka nqeng ea moea o ka tlasa metsi, moo liphoofolo tse phelang lebopong li busang, moo libopuoa tsohle tse lefatšeng li "tsamaileng". Litsebe tsa pearlescent, liponche tsa leoatle, sparse-hedgehogs, mussels tse kholo, linaleli tsa mefuta e 25, lipalesa tsa mollusk. Ho qoelisoa ka mokhoa o sa lebaleheng lefatšeng ka botle ba khale ba Leoatle la Pacific!
Ho Nevelsk ho qoela ka meqathatso ea boea ho etsoa sebakeng sa bona sa bolulo. Ka dolphinarium ea toropo ka botebo ba maikutlo, sena se ka bapisoa.
Bahahlauli ba natefeloa ke ho sesa leoatleng, ho ts'oasa lihlapi le ho tšoasa leruo la leoatle. Itokise hore makhetlo a 3 ka letsatsi u na le sandwich e kholo e nang le caviar, scallops, crayfish, squid, urchins tsa leoatle le hop poleiti ea hau e nang le moeli o pinki.Hoa khoneha ho pheha Crab e turang lebenkeleng la lijo tsa Moscow ebe u e pheha ka pitseng e tloaelehileng mollong.
Morena oa meea eohle le maqhubu. Lihlekehleke tse moea tse supileng
Ho tlosa lijo tsena tse tsoang leoatleng ha ho bonolo. Ke Sakhalin feela moo u tla tseba hore na meea ea sebele ke efe e fokang ka mahlakoreng 'ohle, e sitisang kemiso ea lipalang ea matsatsi le libeke. Mona, lifate li shebahala joaloka linonyana tse nang le makala a mapheo, tse lulang li otlollotsoe moeling oa moea.
Baahi feela ba bitsa moea oa La. Kahoo, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le lebitso la eona: Ari, Tungur, Coror e tsoa libakeng tse tlase, ho na le Alvari, Langi. O romiloe ke mosali. Ha a tantsha butle, moea o fokola. Haeba ho tantša nako e telele le ho monate, joale moea o matla. Ho thula ha leholiotsoana sebakeng sa leholimo ho tšoana le ho phatloha hona ha lintho ka motjeko o moholo oa timetso.
Ho latela maemo 'mapeng, boroa ba Sakhalin le Lihlekehleke tsa Kuril e ka ba Anapa kapa Sochi-2, empa moea o matla o batang ha o lumelle moea ho futhumala. Ntho e tloaelehileng ke mariha a malelele a nang le sefefo sa lehloa ho fihlela ho 50 m / s le metebo o boima oa 6-8 m. Empa hlalosetsa boithabiso ba mariha. Ho hloa leqhoa, ho thelisoa ka lehloa, ho thellelisa marameng, ho thellisa setsing sa Mountain Air ka koloi ea eona ea cable e kengoang ke mang.
Lihlekehleke tse tsoang lehlakoreng le leng li futhumatsoa ke maqhubu a futhumetseng a Leoatle la Japane le Soi, 'me ho tloha ho le leng li khaotsoe ke metsi a boreleli a Okhotsk. Ka hona, lehlabula ha le chese, pula ha e na, hobane likhoeli tse tšeletseng ho na le mefokolo e matla ea milky. Boemo ba leholimo bo fetoha ka boomo matsatsing a 'maloa esita le lihora. Ka mokhoa o fetohang o fetola tekanyo le metsi a lebopong a tlohang ho -2 ho isa ho +15.
Sebaka seo moea o fokang ho sona, baahi ba bitsa "lesoba la moea". Ka hoetla, likhahla li fofa ka lesoba lena, mme nakong ea selemo li fofa li khutla.
Mona linonyana lia phaphama ho tloha letsohong la letsoho la hau ...
Lihlekehleke tsena ke 'muso o sa fetoheng oa linonyana tse pherese. Li-cormorant, lintja tsa leoatleng, likhofu tse nang le mohala o tšabehang li tsamaea holim'a lihlooho tsa tsona, li theha 'maraka oa linonyana bakeng sa linonyana tse likete tse makholo, li qobella batho ho tsoa libakeng tsa bona tlasa letsatsi. Haeba palo ea lihlekehleke e ka ba batho ba likete tse 400, linonyana ke limilione. Swans, matata, marang-rang, liphokojoe, li-albatross, makhoaba, likerese, litheko, likatiba, bolotsana ...
... Ho bona ho na le ntsu ea leholimo ea leholimo, eo mahlo a eona a hlakileng a ke keng a lebaleha ...
Bongata ba mefuta ea mefuta e meng le ho hahuoa ha tse ling ke phapang ea Sakhalin. Lintsu tsa leoatle tsa Steller ke litšoantšo tsa Bochabela bo Hare. Ba ata butle butle, hangata ba shoa pele e ba batsoali.
Ho na le Kunashir feela moo ho tlalehiloeng linonyana tse nyonyehang ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng tsa sephooko sa litlhapi, 'me ho lula lipara tse 20 feela naheng ea rona ea bohloekisi bo boholo ba phoofolo e jang nama. Mohlomong o lehlohonolo ho lekana ho bona botle bona bo makatsang ba lefu la linonyana, le tšoanang le libopuoa tse tsoang paradeiseng e lahlehileng leoatleng. Mona ka nako e le 'ngoe u ka ba molateli oa linonyana ea mafolofolo.
Gulliver naheng ea linatla le lipulumo
... Li-huts tsa Ainu li ile tsa fefoloa. Basali, batho ba baholo, bana ba kolobisoa ke pula. Mme ka tšohanyetso joang bo ile ba phahamisa boholo ba ntlo. Aine e le 'ngoe e lekanang tlasa leqephe ka leng, le bana ba bane ....
Ho Sakhalin, ho monate ebile hoa thabisa ho leka mofuta oa lehae oa liphetoho tsa Alice ho Wonderland. Litlama le lifate li ne li bonahala li na le lihormone tsa kholo. Ka joang ba bilberry, butterbur (burdock), angelica bear, buckwheat - u tla ba li-midigs.
'Me har'a lifate: kedare, alder, willow, birch (lihlahla le mefuta e manyane) kapa ka mekotla ea bamboo, eo linaheng tse futhumetseng e telele ho feta motho mme e nka sefate, oa hola' me oa fetoha li-gulliers.
Lebaka la limela gigantism ke lefe
Na ke hobane ba fepuoa ke metsi a qhibilihang a lithabeng, a ts'oanang le metsi a mantlha a Lefatše? Kapa na ke ka lebaka la phello ea sethopo le mobu oa gley libakeng tsa liphoso tsa tectonic? Ho hlakile hore lefatšeng le lecha le chesang, lits'ebetso tsohle li potlakile ebile li beha litholoana haholo. Ka hona, litlama tsa Sakhalin li eketsa cm cm 17 ka letsatsi, li fihla bolelele ba 2-5 m.
Mona le lipalesa tsa lava lia hola
Mofere-fere ke letšoao la libaka tse ka leboea le libaka tse phahameng. Ho hlokofatsoa ke maemo a leholimo a mabe kapa ho haella ha sebaka, li-ikebans tse tsoang saxifrage, peonies, carnations li mela matsoapong a majoe, majoeng a tiileng, molikong. Letšoao la semela la Sakhalin ke palesa e nyenyane empa e ikhohomosang ebile e sa tloaelehang "lejoe" la edelweiss. Ke sesupo sa botle le sebete sa naha ena.
Setšoantšo se seng sa tlhaho e thata - birch ea lejoe e nang le makala a robehileng ka mokhoa o makatsang hore ebe ha ke e sheba, ke batla ho ba seroki. Hobaneng ha se motjeko o pota-potileng oa lifate tse tantšang ka mosa?
Robinsons tse ncha
Haeba ka leboea u bona limela tsa phaene, phaene le mashala, joale limela tse haufi le libaka tse chesang tse busang li lihlekehlekeng tse ka boroa. Mefuta ea palesa ea lipalesa tse kholo e fumaneha mona, joalo ka Glen's Lily 3 m phahameng. Ke ka boroa ho Kunashir feela moo seratsoana se matla sa naha se lulang se le seholo sa limela se mela, sefate se selelele se nang le lipalesa tse kholo tse monko o monate. Sekepe sa Sakhalin Noah se boloka lipalesa tse sirelelitsoeng le tsa khale tsa subtropics.
Lily Glen le Magnolia
Limela tse ka boroa li fetola sebaka sena libaka tse ntle tsa moru. Vineyard, Schisandra chinensis, actinidia, mosetareta, ho chesa, hydrangea - lifate tsena tsa morara tse nyolohang ka lehong (tse bontšitsoeng ka tatellano), hammoho le lifeme tse kholo, li theha lebala la boithabiso sehlekehlekeng sa lehoatata.
Mme, haeba ho se joalo ka Lihlekehlekeng tsa Kuril, ho kopana le Robinson Crusoe? Ka Shikotan e ntle e nang le cape Krai Sveta, molaoli S. Govorukhin o ile a thunya papali ea "sa senyeheng" le setšoantšisi L. Kuravlev. Maikutlo a Bezymyannaya Bay a nkuoe e le ts'ebetso ea filimi, 'me moea oa lihlekehleke o thusitse ho theha moea oa nnete oa botlamuoa oa hermit e tummeng.
Bakeng sa ho bapala robinsonade, kapa bohahlauli "bo hlaha", Lihlekehleke tsa Kuril ha li na mathata. Tse ling tsa lihlekehleke tsena ha li na batho ba 100%, moo ho se nang batho ho hang. Moo o phefumolohang moea o hloekileng oa sebaka le oa pele ho tla le mabitso a likhutlo tsa tlhaho. Ona ke bohale ba litoropo bakeng sa botle le botle ba maikutlo a lerato!
Liphoofolo tse sa utloahaleng tsa botle li tsamaea mona.
Leboea le boroa li kopana lihlekehlekeng le mefuteng ea limela. Sebaka sena se na le liphoofolo tse sebakeng sa Arctic le tse bohareng: reindeer, fox, hare, wolverine, boea. Mme liana le bamboo tse ka boroa li tlatselletsoa ke mekholutsoane, linoha, likokoanyana, lirurubele esita le mohatla oa letlalo. Ha u tsamaea litseleng tse sirelelitsoeng mananeong a ecotourism, u tla ithuta ka mefuta e sa tloaelehang ea lehae ea lefatše.
E phetseng hantle ho feta liphoofolo tsohle tse phelang
Ho buisana le libere hangata ke karete ea lihlekehleke tsena. Ha ba sa tšabe batho, ba ba sheba ka mahlo. Baahi ba moo ba tloaetse monna ea bolotsana hore a tloaelane le "maoto a basomi" a tsoang litšōmong tsa bana. 'Me Ainu o ne a ena le moea o phahamisitsoeng, o halalelang ho bere - "Monna oa thaba, molimo oa thaba, sebata se halalelang se bohlale."
Mosali o ne a kha monokotšoai morung 'me a kopana le bere. Ketsahalong ena, Ayarisuba, molimo ea phahameng oa polanete ea Sirius, o ile a hlaha ho eena. O ile a tsoala ngoana ho eena, 'me ea e-ba Adobe oa pele.
Ho fapana le litsebi, tšimoloho ea Ainu e hlakile ebile ha e fetohe. Lebitso la batho le tšoana le Nivkh "ayyu" ("bearish"). Mangolong a Serussia a ne a thathamisitsoe e le "shaggy" bakeng sa moriri o matla oa sefahleho le mmele.
Ka ho hlompha bere, Ba-Ainu ba ne ba lumela hore ka phoofolo ena ba lula ba ikopanya le melimo ea polanete ea bona. Moketeng oa Bear, Ainu e ile ea isa likopo tsa eona ho melimo e sebelisang "meea e romelang".
Ka nako e ts'oanang, bere e ne e sa itokisetsa feela thomo e halalelang, empa e ne e amana le eona. Ho tloha bongoaneng, bere ea teddy e lula motseng, e fepiloe ka lebese la basali, o ile a kuta le ho ts'oasa tattoo joalo ka batho. Bakeng sa Ainu ea khale, bere e ne e le amanang le mali le DNA.
Ha u etela lehaheng la Bear Tragedies, u tla ithuta ka matsatsi a phomolo a khale a cosmogonic. 'Me kaha o kopane le mong'a lithaba tseleng e moqotetsane, itokisetse ho utloa nako ea ho itseba. Ntle le moo, motho le eena o lula thabeng. Ke meea efe e sa se keng ea soasoa ha o le Sakhalin!
Likopano tse nang le morabe oa bere li tla ba ngata li be li fapane! Le metlae ea litlolo, haholo-holo le rona.
Phetolelo ea Sakhalin ea pente ea Repin "Ha baa ka ba ema".
Mme o rata joke e joalo kapa phoso e ntle ea sebopeho sa Sakhalin - bere e sa tloaelehang ea bohlooho?
Moea oa nalane
Tema ea tlhaho ea boea e bohlokoa haholo ho Sakhalin hoo ho nang le Setsi sa pokello ea Bear. Lefatše le tletse feela ka nalane ea merabe ea lehae. Mona ke limusiamo tse 'maloa moo lipontšo tsa makholo a likete tsa liketsahalo tsa nakong e fetileng li bokelloang ka hloko. Sehlekehleke ka seng se na le lefapha la nalane ea lehae.
Maeto a ho ea Sakhalin a ikhethile, o tla ithuta haholo mme o bone mona feela. Leqephe la Chekhov le arohane ho tloha nalaneng ea sehlekehleke sena, ka lebaka la boipuso ba buka ea hae, bo entseng qeto ea pheletso ea bokhoba ba kotlo ea moemphera.
Leha ho na le lihlekehleke tse hole haholo, lintoa le tsona li fihlile. Lilemo tse thata tsa lefatše la pele le la bobeli li lula liemahale ho basireletsi ba lihlekehleke le masala a lisebelisoa tsa sesole tse tla u fihlela hohle.
Mona ke moea oa Majapane, o foka Japane mona
Ho ba Sakhalin o tla ama Japan. Ho ba haufi ha Russia le moahelani oa eona oa Asia ho kentse bophelo, setso le litumelo tsa batho ba babeli.
Setsi sa pokello ea nalane ea nalane ea lehae la Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk se qhobosheaneng ea Japane. Mme liheke tsa Tories li ntse li arohanya lefatše la ba phelang le meea. Sechaba se tsoetseng pele haholo lefats'eng se amohetseng tumelo ea Ainu ho melimo ea Kamui. Moea oa Japane o utloahala hape ka mokhoa o hlakileng le ka mokhoa o matla oo lihlekehleke li ileng tsa hahuoa ka ona nakong ea lilemo tse 40 tsa Majapane.
Lenane la liemahale tsohle tsa nalane ea nako ea Japane ea Karafuto le ngotsoe Sakhalin. Tsena ke lintho tse 117: Litempele tsa Sioneist, literata, mabone a marang-rang, meaho ea sesole. E tla lumella bahahlauli hore ba se ke ba fetoa ke e 'ngoe.
Lekholong le lecha la lilemo le khokahano ea linako
Ha a ne a theha Saharen Nasiri, Molimo o ile a beha lejoe le leng holim'a le leng. Bohle ba ile ba tlotsa mafura. Ha majoe a tloha, oli e tsoa. Moea o matla o lula ka sekhukhu. Phefumoloho ea hae e tsoa ka mekoting e fatše.
Haesale Ainu le Nivkhs e le lipaki tsa tokollo ea mashala, khase le oli, ba reha lithaba, linōka le lihlekehleke tse ling tse ntšo. Lekholo le lecha la lilemo le "qabile" ho nts'etsapele Sakhalin, ho nts'a matlotlo a eona a marang-rang, le ho se lematse tlhaho e ikhethang.
Lipolanete tsa khase tsa projeke ea Sakhalin-2 li hahiloe ho latela mofuta oa sehokelo, 'me liphaephe tsa phaephe ea khase li ka otloloha nakong ea motsamao oa lefatše le ho potoloha le linoka tse phallang le litsela tse tsoileng matsoho tsa whale. Pōpo ena e ntle ea tsoelo-pele e ikhethile ka tsela e ikhethang molemong oa libaka tsa teng.
Mme tanka e kholo ea Grand Mereya e tsamaea ka mose ho leoatle ka lebitso la ngoanana oa Ainka Merea, ea kileng a emela mosesisi oa sekepe oa Modache Georgia, ea lulang a le monyane hape a le motle. Lilemo tse makholo a mararo hamorao, seboka sena se ile sa etsahala: sehahi sa polasetiki ea khase e ne e le khamphani ea Dutch Shell. Nivkhs o re nako ha e na matla holim'a lerato le matla.
Meea le bomoea - mantsoe a motso o tšoanang
Ho rata naha ea matsoalloa ho feta nako efe kapa efe. Batho ba khale ka maikutlo a bona a tlhaho, a bomoea a tlhaho, a ne a le maling. E le karolo ea lerato lena.
Moqapi oa libopuoa tse phelang o rutile Nivkhs hore e se ke ea hlokofatsa phofu, eseng hore e e nke ho feta kamoo ho hlokahalang. Ha ba Nivkhs ba bang ba phetseng hantle ba senya molao, Kurn ea Matla 'Ohle o ile a tšollela khalefo ea hae ho Yg-myth. Leoatle le ile la tla lefatšeng mme la bolaea bophelo bohle.
Lekhotla la batho le liphoofolo le ileng la pholoha Moroallo Lithabeng tsa Nabil tsa Sakhalin, le thehile Khoutu ea Bophelo ea ho sebelisa limpho tsa melimo ka bohlale. E lokela ho ba Molao oa batho ba mehleng ena ea rona. Ho boloka leruo la sebaka sena se bolokiloeng ka bokhabane pheletsong ea leoatle bakeng sa linako tse ncha. E le hore, joaloka pele, maruarua a bohlooho a sesetse mabopong a Sakhalin. Bakeng sa baahi ho ne ho se na potso: Naha ea Mama e qala kae? Ho tloha lefats'eng le letle ho tloha qalong ea nako, moo, tlas'a mahlaseli a letsatsi le lecha, batho ba matsoalloa a moo ba khutletseng bongoaneng ba bona ba rapt:
Mong'a lebopong moo ba fofelang teng
ho tloha ka Letsatsi la Tlholo
moo bophelo ba ka - kaofela - joalo ka nonyana - bo tloha ... (Roman Hye)
Seterekeng sa Sakhalin, phallo ea bahahlauli e phallang le ea malapeng e ntse e hola. Selemo se seng le se seng, bajaki ba eketsehileng ba etela Sakhalin le Marussia a eketsehileng. Mekhoa e ntse e tsoela pele ho eketseha.
Lumellana, pontšo e ntle. Empa ho nna, sena ke toro feela ho fihlela joale. Ka bomalimabe, litšenyehelo tsa leeto le joalo hona joale "li ea hlaha." Ho tloha nako e telele ho etsa hore litekete li theko e boima. Litsela tsa maeto a ntlafalitsoeng ke mekhatlo ea libaka tsa maeto le tsona ha li theko e tlase, empa ha ke re letho ka maeto a copyright. Ke ka lebaka leo phomolo e sebelisitsoeng ho ithuta naha e makatsang, e sa ntsane e le toro feela. Empa litoro ka linako tse ling lia phethahala, bonyane ke lumela ho tsona. Linaleli li tla shebana le 'na' me leetong lena le khahlisang la naha ea rona le tla etsahala.
Haeba ha u e-so nke qeto mabapi le hore na u ea phomolong hokae, bala sehlooho se reng "Matsatsi a phomolo a kantle ho naha kapa Russia: ke eng se boleng le boleng?", Mohlomong leseli le fanoeng moo le tla u lebisa qeto e nepahetseng.
Tlohela maikutlo, arolelana sengoloa marang-rang a marang-rang, ho lula ho le monate ho tseba hore mosebetsi oa ka hase oa lefeela.
Sehlooho
Lebitso "Sakhalin" le tsoa ho lebitso la Manchu la Noka ea Amur - "Sakhalyan-Ulla", e bolelang "Rocks of the Black River" - lebitso le hatisitsoeng 'mapeng le ile la reha Sakhalin,' me mehatong e latelang ea limmapa e ne e se e hatisitsoe e le lebitso la sehlekehleke. .
Lebitso la Sehlekehleke sa Majapane - Karafuto - le khutletse polelong ea Ainu "Kamuikara putoi-mosir", E bolelang" lefats'e la molimo oa molomo. " Leha ho le joalo, Japane ea sejoale-joale, lebitso lena le sebelisoa hangata. Saccharin (サ ハ リ ン), e leng phetolelo ea lebitso la Serussia.
Liphallelo
Phomolo ea sehlekehleke sena e entsoe ka lithaba tse bohareng ba lithaba, lithaba tse tlase le lithota tse tlase. Likarolo tse ka boroa le tse bohareng tsa sehlekehleke sena li na le libaka tse lithaba 'me li na le mefuta e' meli ea lithaba tse kopaneng - Sakhalin e ka bophirimela (ho fihlela 13-27 limithara tse phahameng - Onor toropo) le lithaba tsa Sakhalin tse bochabela (ho fihlela 1609 limithara tse phahameng - teropo ea Lopatin), e arotsoe ke Tym- e telele. Poronayskaya tlaase. Ka leboea ho sehlekehleke sena (ntle le Phula ea Schmidt) ke lebala le bonolo.
Lebōpo la sehlekehleke le na le liretse hanyane, likou tse kholo - Aniva le Terpeniya (tse bulehileng ka nqa ea boroa) li libakeng tse ka boroa le tse bohareng tsa sehlekehleke sena. Ho na le maballo a mabeli a maholo le lipenche tse 'ne.
Pholosong ea Sakhalin, litereke tse 11 tse latelang li khethollotsoe:
- Hloahloa ea Schmidt (e ka bang lik'hilomithara tse likete tse 1,4) ke hloahloa ea lithaba karolong e ka leboea ea sehlekehleke e nang le moepa, libakeng tse ling tse nang le moepa le libaka tse peli tse kopaneng - West le Bochabela, sebaka se phahameng ka ho fetisisa ke toropo ea Baratuoa ba Bararo (623 m), e hokahaneng le North Sakhalin thota ea Isthmus ea Isthmus, eo bophara ba eona bo tšesaane bo fetang feela lik'hilomithara tse 6,
- North Sakhalin Plain (hoo e ka bang lik'hilomithara tse 28 000) ke sebaka se phallang ka boroa ho Phula ea Schmidt se nang le marang-rang a noka a nang le lipalesa tse nang le linepe tse fokolang, ho tloha Baikal Bay ka leboea ho ea nokeng ea linoka tsa Nysh le Tym ka boroa. ntlha ke toropo ea Daahuria (601 m), lebopo le ka leboea-bochabela la sehlekehleke sena se emeng se le subarea, se tsebahalang ke matangoana a maholo (a maholo ka ho fetisisa - Piltun, Chayvo, Nyisky, Nabilsky, Lunsky bays), a arohantsoeng le leoatle ka metsero e patisaneng ea alluvial , Lithota, libaka tse tlase tsa metsing - sebakeng sena sa subarea le haufi le Leoatle la Okhotsk ke libaka tse kholo tsa oli tsa Sakhalin le mafura,
- Lithaba tsa Sakhalin Bophirimela li katoloha hoo e ka bang lik'hilomithara tse 630 ho tloha pheletsong ea s. Hohe (51 ° 19 'N) ka leboea ho Hloahloeng ea Krillon ka nqa e ka boroa ho sehlekehleke, bophara ba lithaba bo boholo ba 40-50 km, kholo ka ho fetisisa (pheletsong ea Cape Lamanon) e ka ba 70 km, karolo ea axial e thehiloe ke Kamyshovy (leboea ho Isthmus of Belt ) le mekhahlelo ea South-lehlaka,
- Tym-Poronayskaya lowland e bohareng ba sehlekehleke mme ke sebaka se phahameng sa lithaba, se haola ka 250 km ka tsela e ts'oanang - ho tloha Terpeniya Bay ka boroa ho fihlela confluence ea Tym le Nysh leboea, e fihla bophahamong bo boholo (ho fihlela ho 90 km) molomong. Noka ea Poronay, bonyane (km tse 6-8) - phuleng ea Noka ea Tym, ka leboea e fetela Nabil Lowland, e koahetsoeng ka sekoaelo se seholo sa litopo tsa Cenozoic, se entsoe ka lits'oants'o tsa Quaternary: mabatooa a lehlabathe, lihlohloana, tse koahelang haholo ka boroa. Karolo ea bobeli e bitsoa Lowlands Poronai "tundra"
- Sebaka se tlase sa Susunai se karolong e ka boroa ea sehlekehleke 'me se bolelele ba lik'hilomithara tse 100 ho tloha Nōkeng ea Aniva ka boroa ho ea nokeng ea Naiba ka leboea, sebaka se tlase se haelloa ke Lithaba tsa Sakhalin Bophirimela, Rosa ea Susunai le Plateau ea Korsakov ka bochabela,' me sebaka se tlaase se fihla lik'hilomithara tse 20 karolong e ka boroa. , bohareng - 6 km, leboea - 10 km, bolelele bo phahameng ka leboea le boroa ha bo fete 20 m ka holimo ho bophahamo ba leoatle, karolong e bohareng, nokeng ea Sisuya le Noka tse kholo joalo, ho fihla ho 60 m, ke ea mofuta oa libaka tse tlase tse ka hare le e emetse Ho sithabela ha maikutlo ho ile ha baka boholo ba litopo tsa Quaternary tse libakeng tse tlase tsa Susunai ke litoropo tsa Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Aniva, Dolinsk le lehae ho isa halofong ea baahi ba sehlekehleke sena.
Metsi a kenang ka hare ho naha
Linoka tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa Sakhalin:
Noka | Libaka tsa tsamaiso | Moo e phallang teng | Bolelele, km | Sebaka sa Letamo, km² | Karolelano ea metsi a sebelisoang selemo le selemo, m³ / s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tlohella | Tymovsky, Smirnykhovsky, Poronaysky | Bay of Patience ea Leoatle la Okhotsk | 350 | 7990 | 120 |
Tym | Tymovsky, Nogliki | Nyisky Bay, Leoatle la Okhotsk | 330 | 7850 | 89 |
Nyba | Dolinsky | Leoatle la Okhotsk | 119 | 1660 | |
Lyutoga | Kholmsky, Anivsky | Aniva Bay, Leoatle la Okhotsk | 130 | 1530 | |
Shaft | Nogliki | Chayvo Bay, Leoatle la Okhotsk | 112 | 1440 | |
Ainu | Tomarinsky | Letša Ainsky | 79 | 1330 | |
Nysh | Nogliki | Tym Nōka (ka ho le letšehali) | 116 | 1260 | |
Uglegorka (Esutoru) | Uglegorsky | Leoatle la Japane (Setšoantšo sa Setatare) | 102 | 1250 | |
Mangeloi (Langra) | Ohinsky | Sehlekehleke sa Amur sa Leoatle la Okhotsk | 130 | 1190 | |
E kholo | Ohinsky | Sakhalin Gulf of Sea of Okhotsk | 97 | 1160 | |
Rukutama (Vitnitsa) | Poronaysky | Letša Nevskoye | 120 | 1100 | |
Lenaneo | Poronaysky | Bay of Patience ea Leoatle la Okhotsk | 85 | 1080 | |
Lesogorka (Taimyr) | Uglegorsky | Leoatle la Japane (Setšoantšo sa Setatare) | 72 | 1020 | |
Nabil | Nogliki | Nabilsky Bay ea Leoatle la Okhotsk | 101 | 1010 | |
Malaya Tym | Tymovsky | Tym Nōka (ka ho le letšehali) | 66 | 917 | |
Leonidovka | Poronaysky | Noka ea Poronay (ka ho le letona) | 95 | 850 | |
Susuya | Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Anivsky | Aniva Bay, Leoatle la Okhotsk | 83 | 823 |
Sakhalin, ho na le matša a 16,120 a nang le sebaka se ka bang boholo ba km² 1000. Kaofela ha tsona ha li na matla. Libaka tsa mahloriso a tsona a maholohali ke leboea le boroa-bochabela ba sehlekehleke. Matša a mabeli a maholohali Sakhalin - Nevskoye e nang le seipone sebakeng sa 178 km² (setereke sa Poronaysky, pela molomo oa noka ea Poronai) le Tunaycha (174 km²) (setereke sa Korsakovsky, ka leboea ho Muratlev Lowland), matša ka bobeli ke a mofuta oa mabotho a leoatle. Leruons e etsa karolo ea 20% ea lebopo la Sakhalin Island. Mefuta e meholo ea matangoana a likhohlo, e lutseng sebaka se fetang 200 km sa lebopo, e tsepame ka leboea-bochabela le boroa ho sehlekehleke.
Lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho
Sakhalin e tšoauoa ka bokhoni bo phahameng haholo ba lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho. Ntle le lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho, tikolohong eo Sakhalin e leng e 'ngoe ea libaka tsa pele tsa Russia, sehlekehleke sena se nang le shelefo se na le mehloli e meholohali ea li-hydrocarbon le mashala. Ho latela bongata ba libaka tse bolokiloeng tsa khase ea condensate, Sakhalin Oblast e nka sebaka sa 4 ho la Russia, khase - 7, mashala - 12 (a kula.) Le oli - sebaka sa 13, ha setereke se ntse se bolokile liminerale tsena. e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho Sakhalin le shelefong ea eona. Har'a mehloli e meng ea tlhaho ea sehlekehleke sena ho na le lehong, khauta, mercury, platinamu, germanium, chromium, talc, zeolites.
"Buka e Khubelu"
Meru ea sehlekehleke, limela le microbiota li kenyelletsa mefuta e mengata e sirelelitsoeng e sa tloaelehang ea liphoofolo, limela le fungi. Mefuta e 18 ea liphoofolo tse anyesitsoeng tse ngolisitsoeng Sakhalin, mefuta e 97 ea linonyana (ho kenyeletsa le nesting), mefuta e supileng ea litlhapi, mefuta e 20 ea li-invertebrates, mefuta e 113 ea limela tsa vascular, mefuta e 13 ea li-bryophytes, mefuta e supileng ea algae, mefuta e 14 ea li-mushroom le mefuta e 20 ea lichens (i. 136) mefuta ea liphoofolo, mefuta e 133 ea limela le mefuta e 34 ea li-mushroom (kakaretso ea mefuta e 303) e sirelelitse maemo, ke hore, e thathamisitsoe ho Buka e Khubelu ea Setereke sa Sakhalin, ha hoo e ka bang karolo ea boraro ea tsona e kentsoe ka nako e le 'ngoe Bukeng e Khubelu ea' Muso oa Russia.
Ho "lipalesa" tsa "Red Book" tse thunyang limela, lipalesa tsa Sakhalin li kenyelletsa lipalesa tse bopehileng joaloka pelo (Aralia ketsu), Calypso e ngata haholo (Calypso bulbosa), Glen cardiocrinum (Cardiocrinum glehnii), sedge Sejapane (Carex japonica) and lead grey (Tlhokomelo ea tlhokomelox), Li-slipus tsa VenusCypripedium calceolus) le lipalesa tse kholo (Cypripedium macranthum), Gray habeliDiphylleia grayi), fenugreek e se nang makhasi (Epipogium aphyllum), Japan kandyk (Erythronium japonicum)Gastrodia elata), xiphoid iris (Iris ensata), aryolanthus (Juglans ailanthifolia), kalopanaks-bladedKalopanax septemlobum), khahla ea liketane (Lilium lancifolium), Honeysuckle ea Tolmachev (Lonicera tolmatchevii), likhoele tsa peo e nang le mapheo (Macropodium pterospermum), lekhasi kaofela limakiya (Miyakea integratedifolia) (Miyakiya ke mofuta o le mong feela oa limela tsa methapo ho Sakhalin), sehlaha sea thunya (Neottianthe cucullata), peonies obovate (Paeonia obovata) le thaba (Paeonia oreogeton), hampe rosa (Poa radula) le viburnum ea Wright (Viburnum wrightii), i.e. 23 mefuta. Ntle le moo, ho na le limela tse ling tse robeli "tsa" Red Book "sehlekehlekeng: Li-gymnosperms tse peli - juniper Sargent (Juniperus sargentii) le spiky yew (Taus cuspidata), mefuta e meraro ea fern-like - Midwort Asia (Isoëtes asiatica), Mikel leptorumor (Leptorumohra miqueliana) le mecodium ea Wright (Mecodium wrightii), mefuta e 'meli le mefuta e mengata ea mosses - brioxifium ea JapaneBryoxiphium norvegicum var. japonicum), North Necker (Neckera borealis), 'me poleloana ka hore ke semumu (Plagiothecium etiusissimum) .
Babusi ba sehlekehleke
MABITSO A FELLETSENG. | Sehlooho, boemo, maemo | Nako ea poso |
---|---|---|
Gintse Andrey Ivanovich | kakaretso e kholo | 14.06.1884—21.02.1888 |
Kononovich Vladimir Iosifovich | kakaretso e kholo | 21.02.1888—05.06.1893 |
Merkazin Vladimir Dmitrievich | kakaretso e kholo | 20.06.1893—30.05.1894 |
Babusi ba sesole
MABITSO A FELLETSENG. | Sehlooho, boemo, maemo | Nako ea poso |
---|---|---|
Merkazin Vladimir Dmitrievich | kakaretso e kholo | 30.05.1894—03.05.1898 |
Lyapunov Mikhail Nikolaevich | lieutenant kakaretso | 08.05.1898—31.01.1906 |
Phetiso ea Sakhalin ea Leboea ho USSR
Kamora lipuisano tse matla pakeng tsa USSR le Japane, Tumellano ea Beijing e ile ea saenoa ka la 20 Pherekhong 1925, e ileng ea khutlisetsa likamano lipuisanong lipakeng tsa linaha mme e bolela ho amoheloa ka molao ke Soviet Russia. Japane e ile ea tšepisa ho lokolla sebaka se hapiloeng sa leboea la Sakhalin ho fihlela ka la 15 Motšeanong.
Ho etsoa ha konteraka ho ne ho behiloe ho komisi e akaretsang e etelletsoeng pele ke moemeli oa People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs V. Ya. Aboltin. E kenyelelitse basebetsi ba OGPU, Mokhatlo oa Batho oa Litaba tsa Kantle ho Naha le Lekhotla la Sesole la Phetohelo Karolong e ka leboea ea Sakhalin. Ka Hlakubele, ba fihla Khabarovsk, moo likepe tse leshome li neng li le tsamaeang ka maoto, tse tharo li entsoe ka likoloi tse potlakileng tsa likoloi ho li sireletsa moeeng, 'me ka likolobe tsa lintja ba ea sehlekehlekeng. Litho tsohle tsa komisi li ne li apere kichineng le ntlong ea polokelo e rekiloeng hona moo. Ka la 28 Pulungoana, khomishene e ile ea tloha Khabarovsk, mme ka la 21 Hlakubele Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, ka pel'a taelo ea Majapane, kopano ea pele ea sehlopha sa phetisetso ea Sakhalin e ka leboea e ile ea tšoaroa.
Kaha Majapane a ne a bona litholoana tsa lipuo tsa Beijing e le ho hloka toka, komisi e ne e ntse e itokisetsa ho ferekana. Joalokaha V. Ya. Aboltin a hopola, baemeli ba Soviet ba ne ba sa tlangoe feela hore ba tiisehe ho phethahatseng litaelo tsa mmuso, empa hape le maemo a fetofetoha. Hlooho ea moifo e kopane ka makhetlo a robong le moemeli oa Japane mme e bile le khona ho theha likamano tse ntle kapa tse fokolang tsa taolo le taelo ea Majapane, eo tlas'a maemo a fapaneng le ka litsela tse fapaneng e ileng ea leka ho sireletsa sebaka se hapiloeng. Ka lebaka la mosebetsi o kopaneng oa khomishene ea Soviet le baemeli ba Majapane, ba kopaneng makhetlo a 6 bakeng sa lipuisano, ka la 1 Mots'eanong, tumellano ea hoqetela e ile ea tekenoa pheletsong ea ho hapa ha Majapane North Sakhalin.
Phallo e nang le khotso ea sebaka sa sehlekehleke ho ea Soviet Union e theohile nalane e le e 'ngoe ea tšebetso e bohlale ea bohlale ba Soviet le People's Commissariat ea Litaba tsa Kantle ho Naha, e neng e ka rarolla likhohlano ka khotso le ho fihlela ho tlosoa hoa mabotho a Japan ka nako.
Vladimir Aboltin o ile a etella pele tsamaiso ea Soviet ea leboea la Sakhalin, e ileng ea theha koranta ea Sovetsky Sakhalin. E boetse e hlophisitsoe ke Aboltin.
Phetisetso ea Shukin e ka boroa
Ka lebaka la ho hlola Japane nakong ea Ntoa ea Bobeli ea Lefatše, sebaka sohle sa Sakhalin Island (hammoho le Lihlekehleke tsohle tsa Kuril) se kenyelelitsoe Soviet Union (RSFSR).
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk e thehiloe e le karolo ea 'Muso oa Russia ka 1882 tlasa Vladimirovka. Kamora tlholo ea USSR le balekane ba eona Ntoeng ea II ea Lefatše, hammoho le sehlekehleke sohle, e ile ea fetela USSR.
Chelete ea chelete
Ka Pherekhong-Phato 2009, meputso e tloaelehileng ho Lebatooa la Sakhalin e ne e le li-ruble tse 31,947. ka khoeli, 'me chelete e kenang ka kakaretso ea chelete ka khoeli ke li-ruble tse 24,225. (hoo e ka bang $ 800), ke hore, ho ne ho bonahala hantle (ka 44%) e phahame ho feta karolelano ea ma-Russia, eo ka Mphalane-Phuptjane 2009 e neng e le li-ruble tse 16,879 / khoeli. . Ha ho bapisoa le nako e ts'oanang ea 2008, meputso ea 'muso ka kakaretso seterekeng e nyolohile ka 13.5%, leha matla a eona a ho reka a fokotsehile hanyane - ka 0.5%. Mabapi le tšebeliso ea bareki (li-ruble tse 17,449 / Khoeli ka 'ngoe ka IV-VI. 2009), sebaka sa Sakhalin se maemong a mantlha Russia Bochabela bo Hare le sa bone ho tsohle Russia (kamora Moscow, Yamalo-Nenets le Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okcohol).
Kabelo ea 10% ea baahi ba ruileng haholo Seterekeng sa Sakhalin e etsa karolo ea 33,5% ea chelete eohle e kenang. Kahoo, moputso o tloaelehileng oa basebeletsi ba libaka sebakeng sa Sakhalin bakeng sa halofo ea pele ea 2009 e bile li-ruble tse 72,887 / khoeli, 'me ka mekhatlong ea melao e ne e lekana le li-ruble tse 122,031 / khoeli. . Kabelo ea 10% ea batho ba futsanehileng haholo e etsa karolo ea 1,6% feela ea chelete eohle ea lebatooa.
Sehlekehleke sena se tsebahala ka karohano e matla ea chelete: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk le libaka tse ka leboea tse hlahisang oli li ka pele, 'me libaka tse hole tse sithabetseng ka tlhahiso e emeng ka bo 90s li se li le morao haholo. Mohlala, ho Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk moputso oa khoeli le khoeli oa li-ruble tse likete tse 10-15. E nkuoa e le e tlase ntle ho lebaka, ha litoropo le metsaneng e lebopong le ka bophirima (haholo-holo, literekeng tsa Tomarinsky, Uglegorsky, Aleksandrovsk-Sakhalin) ona ke chelete e ntle haholo. Khaello ea chelete e kenang ea molao libakeng tse ngata tsa sehlekehleke hangata e buseletsoa ke ho eketseha ha mapolao - haholoholo, kotulo e seng molaong ea caviar e khubelu.
Moputso o phelang
Litsenyehelo tsa ho phela bakeng sa kotara ea 1 ea 2009 e bile li-ruble tse 8094 sebakeng sohle. (hoo e ka bang $ 270), ho kenyelletsa le batho ba phetseng hantle - li-ruble tse 8551, bakeng sa ba pensheneng - 6 610, bakeng sa bana - li-ruble tse 7655.
Baahi bao meputso ea bona e ka tlase ho maemo a subsistence ke batho ba likete tse 126,2, kapa 24,5% ea baahi (kotara ea 1 ea 2008 - batho ba likete tse 110,4, kapa 21.3%).
Lipenshene le lipenshene
Kaha libaka tse peli tse ka leboea tsa Sakhalin - Okhinsky le Nogliksky - li nkuoa e le libaka tsa North North, 'me libaka tse setseng li lekana le libaka tsa North North, nako ea nako ea phomolo sehlekehlekeng e tlase ho feta boholo ba Russian Federation, mme lilemo tse 50 ho basali le 55 ke banna (ba nang le 20- boiphihlelo ba mosebetsi oa lehlabula ho Sakhalin).
Ho latela Letlole la Penshene la Setereke sa Sakhalin, ho tloha ka la 1 Mmesa 2009, ho ngolisitsoe ba 157,785 ba penshene (ba ka bang 30% ea baahi) bao ho bona batho ba 73,377 ba ntseng ba sebetsa. Boholo bo boholo ba lipenshene, ha ho nahanoa ka litefo tsa matšeliso, ka palo e ts'oanang, e bile li-ruble tse 6967.8. Ha ho bapisoa le nako e tsamaellanang selemong se fetileng, boholo ba lipenshene bo ile ba eketseha ka 28.6%, ka mantsoe a nnete - ka 12%. Ntle le ba penshene ea botsofe, batho ba 1529 ba lilemo tse sebetsang ba hlokomelang baahi ba holofetseng ba fumana penshene, boholo ba penshene ea bona e ne e le li-ruble tse 1717,5.
Lipalangwang
Khokahano ea seporo sa sechaba e akaretsa boholo ba sehlekehleke (puisano e hole ka ho fetisisa e tsoa Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk ho ea motseng oa Nogliki), ho boetse ho na le seporo sa likepe se fetelang naheng e bohareng. Seporo sa Sakhalin sea khahlisa ka hore, ho fihlela ka 2019, e ne e sebelisoa ka tekanyo ea 1067 mm, e sa tloaelehang ho Russia, e setseng ho tsoa Japane. Ho USSR, haholo-holo bakeng sa li-locomotives tsa Sakhalin, TG16 le TG22 li entsoe ka thepa e hahelletsoeng.
Ho sebetsa phetolo ea pina ho ea ho standard ea 1520 mm bakeng sa Russia esale e etsoa ho tloha 2004. Sephethephethe sa bapalami ka mor'a hore porojeke eo e hahuoe bocha se ile sa buloa ka la 1 Loetse, 2019. Bakeng sa lipalangoang, ho sebelisoa li-locomotives tsa TG16M le libese tsa terene ea RA3.
Literene tse seng tsa sechaba (departmental-gauge-gauge) li tsamaisa lipalangoang libakeng tseo ho se na literene tsa sechaba. Boholo ba tsona li ile tsa qhaqhoa, 'me seporo sa terene e tšesaane e setereke sa Uglegorsk sa sala se le joalo.
Ka bo-1950, ho ile ha etsoa boiteko ba ho theha kotopo ea Shukin-mainland, e ileng ea tloheloa kamora lefu la Stalin.
Ho na le projeke ea mohala oa seporo pakeng tsa Khabarovsk Territory le Sakhalin ka har'a Nevelsky Strait setsing sa Lazarev-Pogibi. Ho lokela hore ho hahoe borokho. Bolelele ba tsela e kholo e tla ba 540-580 km. Nakong e tlang, ho reretsoe ho hokahanya Sakhalin le sehlekehleke sa Japane sa Hokkaido, empa ho ea ka polelo ea hlooho ea mehleng ea Railways ea Russia, Vladimir Yakunin, morero ona o sitisoa ke mathata a lipolotiki a sa rarolloang pakeng tsa Russia le Japane. Hajoale, puisano pakeng tsa naha le Sakhalin e etsoa ka seketsoana sa Vanino-Kholmsk.
Litsela li hokahana hoo e batlang e le libaka tsohle tsa sebaka seo. Boleng ba litsela ha bo na thuso, 'me sebaka se katiloeng ka asphalt se karolong e ka boroa feela.
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk e hokahane le moea le Moscow, Novosibirsk, Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk le Vladivostok, e nang le litoropo le litereke tsa Setereke sa Sakhalin (Okha, Shakhtyorsk, Nogliki, Yuzhno-Kurilsk, Burevestnik (sehlekehlekeng sa Iturup), hammoho le Japanoro (Tokyo). Hakodate), Korea Boroa (Seoul) le China (Harbin, le morao tjena, Beijing). Hoa thahasellisa hore ho tloha Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (setereke sa setereke) ha ho na khokahano e tobileng le setsi sa setereke sa Severo-Kurilsk, 'me u tlameha ho fihla moo ka tsela e potileng - ka Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
Lintlha
- Island Lutsky S.L. Sehlekehleke sa Sakhalin
- Island Chekhov A.P. Sehlekehleke sa Sakhalin
- ↑Tšimo B.P.Linaha le Batho ba Bochabela / Tlas'a tokiso ea kakaretso ea Olderogge D. A. .. - M. Nauka, 1968. - P. 68-85. - 264 leq.
- ↑Tlohella - sengoloa se tsoang ho Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
- ↑Sakhalin - sengoloa se tsoang ho Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
- ↑V. S. Labay, I. A. Atamanova, D. S. Zavarzin, I. V. Motylkova, O. N. Mukhametova, V. D. Nikitin.'Mele oa metsi a sehlekehleke sa Sakhalin: ho tloha ho matloana ho ea matšeng / G.V. Matyushkov. - Setsi sa "likhakanyo tsa lichelete" sa "Sakhalin Regional Museum of Localore". - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Ntlo ea Khatiso ea Kopano ea Sakhalin, 2014 .-- S. 8, 10, 13. - 208 leq. - Likopi tse 500. - ISBN 978-5-900334-71-4. E bolokiloe ka la 14 Loetse 2017 mochining oa Wayback
- ↑Petukhov A.V., Kordyukov A.V., Baranchuk-Chervonny L.N. Atlas ea limela tsa vascular sebakeng sa Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk // Selelekela. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Akon, 2010. - S. 9. - ISBN 978-5-904209-05-6
- ↑Barkalov V. Yu., Taran A. A. Lethathamo la mefuta ea limela tse nang le methapo Sehlekehlekeng sa Sakhalin // Flora le Fauna ea Sehlekehleke sa Sakhalin (Mater. Morero oa machaba oa Sakhalin). - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. - Karolo ea 1. - S. 39-66. - ISBN 5-8044-0467-9
- Echa Nechaev V.A. Kakaretso ea limela tsa linonyana (Aves) Sakhalin Oblast // Bukeng: Flora le meea ea Sehlekehleke sa Sakhalin (Lisebelisoa tsa Morero oa Machaba oa Sakhalin). Karolo ea 2. (ISBN 5-8044-0507-1) - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2005. - P. 246-327.
- Book Buka e khubelu ea Sepheo sa Sakhalin: Limela. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Sakhalin. Khosana Ntlo ea phatlalatso, 2005 .-- 348 leq.
- ↑ 12Baahi ba Sakhalin le lihlekehleke tsa Kuril ke batho ba likete tse 510.9. 02/03/2010. Lipalopalo. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Sakhalin. Leseli
- Baahi ba Federation ea Russia ka bomasepala ho tloha ka la 1 Pherekhong 2013. - M .: Tšebeletso ea Lipalopalo ea Naha ea Federal State, 2013. - 528 leq. (Lethathamo la 33. Baahi ba litereke tsa litoropo, bomasepala, metseng ea litoropo le metseng ea litoropo, metseng ea litoropo, metseng ea metsaneng).(ha e hlalosoe) (khokahano e sa fumaneheng). Letsatsi la kalafo la 11 Hlakubele 2019.E bolokiloe ka la 13 Mots'eanong, 2019.
- Palo ea batho ba Russia ke masepala ka la 1 Pherekhong 2016
- ↑M.S Vysokov.Khaolo ea 10. Lihlekehleke tsa Kuril lekholong la XVII (Serussia). Nalane ea Lihlekehleke tsa Kuril. Sakhalin University University.
- Up Mosebetsi oa Northern Sakhalin le li-concepts tsa Majapane
- ↑L. Bo-ralitereke.Moemeli oa Batho oa Commissar Chicherin. Joalo ka ntle le thunya e le 'ngoe ho felile ho lula ha Northern Sakhalin (Russia). Soviet Sakhalin. Tsamaiso ea Setereke sa Sakhalin (la 8 Phuptjane 2017). Letsatsi la boipiletso la la 16 Loetse, 2019.
- ↑ 12Moputso o tloaelehileng oa khoeli le khoeli oa Sakhalin o ka bang li-ruble tse likete tse 32 - Sakhalinstat. 10/27/2009. Lipalopalo. Sakhalin. Leseli
- ↑ 12Chelete ea chelete le tšebeliso ea bareki ka selemo ka selemo sa 2009(ha e hlalosoe) (khokahano e sa fumaneheng). E bolokiloe ka la 20 Mmesa 2006.
- ↑ 12Karolo ea kotara ea baahi ba Sakhalin e lula tlasa bofutsana. 04/23/2009. Litaba. Sakhalin. Leseli
- ↑ Lekhetlong la pele la selemo, meputso e tloaelehileng ea khoeli le khoeli ea ba boholong tikolohong ea Sakhalin e ne e le li-ruble tse 72,887. 08/25/2009. Lipalopalo. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Sakhalin. Leseli
- ↑ Penshene e tloaelehileng ho Sakhalin ke li-ruble tse 6968, 'me chelete ea bana ke li-ruble tse 274. 04.23.2009. Lipalopalo. Sakhalin. Leseli
- Akhal Sakhalin o ile a amohela moetlo oa Serussia(ha e hlalosoe) (La 1 Loetse, 2019).
- ↑ Terene tse tsamaeang ka lehare tsa sebaka sa Sakhalin - S. Bolashenko(ha e hlalosoe) (khokahano e sa fumaneheng - pale ) .
- ↑ 12Yurchak V.A.SAKHALIN TUNNEL TLHALOSO EA LITLHAKISO TSA BOTEGETSI BA RUSSIA // Lisebelisoa tsa Seboka sa Machaba sa VIII sa Seithuti sa Khomphutha sa Baithuti "Setsi sa Mahlale sa Baithuti"(ha e hlalosoe) (16.01.201).
- ↑Alexey Chichkin.Russia e boetse e etsa projeke e 'ngoe ea liporo ea Soviet(ha e hlalosoe) (khokahano e sa fumaneheng). TPP-Tsebiso (Phato 6, 2012). Letsatsi la kalafo ka la 8 Phupu 2015.E bolokiloe ka la 9 Phupu 2015.
- ↑ Yakunin: lipolotiki li sitisa ho thehoa ha teraka e pakeng tsa Sakhalin le Hokkaido(ha e hlalosoe) . TSIETSI (Phupu 8, 2015).
Lingoliloeng
- Barkalov V. Yu., Taran A. A. Lethathamo la mefuta ea limela ea vascular Sehlekehlekeng sa Sakhalin // Flora le limela tsa Sehlekehleke sa Sakhalin (lisebelisoa tsa Morero oa Machaba oa Sakhalin). Karolo ea 1. - Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. - S. 39-66.
- Buka e Khubelu ea Sepheo sa Sakhalin: Liphoofolo. - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: Ntlo ea phatlalatso ea Sakhalin, 2001. - 190 leq.
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