Lebitso la Latin: | Podiceps cristatus |
Sehlopha: | Greb-like |
Lelapa: | Grebe |
Ntle le moo: | Tlhaloso ea mefuta ea Europe |
Ponahalo le boits'oaro. E kholohali ho li-grebes tsa rona. Bolelele ba 'mele 46-55 cm, mapheo a cm cm 85-90. E na le molala o molelele, o motenya le hlooho e kholo, e molelele ka molomo o moqotetsane ebile o otlolohile. Ka moaparo oa lenyalo, hlooho e shebahala e le kholo le ho feta ka lebaka la "litelu" tse boreleli le linaka tse hahelletsoeng joalo ka linaka. O rata ho lula metsing a bulehileng, o its'oarella kotsing, o tloha ka thata haholo ebile o le leqe, kamora nako e telele. Moeeng, leha ho le joalo, chomga ka linako tse ling e ba mehlape ea sebopeho se kang sebopeho sa metsi a mangata ho tloha meqomong e joalo e ne e tlameha ho bonoa le ho silo. Seaparo sa mariha, se fapana le setlolo se sefubelu se tšoanang le sona moo ho nang le lesela le lesoeu le khethollang leihlo le "hempe" e lefifi.
Tlhaloso. Ka moaparo oa lenyalo, 'mele o sootho -' mala o bokhubelu, mpa e soeufetse, molala o bobebe, 'mala oa hae o lefifi ka lehlakoreng la hae le ka morao, "mekotla" e khubelu ea sefuba, katiba le "linaka" li soeufetse, "sefahleho" se soeufetse. metsero e lefifi e nanabele mahlo. Mahlo ka boeona a bofubelu, 'me' mala oa molomo o ka ba ho tloha boputsoa-tšepe ho isa bopinki bo khanyang. Ho nonyana e fofang, matheba a maholo a masoeu mapheo a bonahala ka ho hlaka - ka masiba a mapheo a bobeli le haufi le karolo e etellang pele ea lepheo, ka mokhoa oa ho fihla qetellong ea lepheo. Liaparong tsa mariha, "litelu" le "linaka" lia nyamela, ho seng joalo mmala o sala o lekana le hlabula (feela lithane tse sootho le tse khubelu li nkeloa sebaka ke tse putsoa). Hoo e batlang e le ka tsela e tšoanang le ea linonyana tse holileng mariha, e shebahalang e le malala-a-laotsoe, empa e khetholloa ke ho ba le matšoao a lefifi mahlakoreng a molala le marama. Malinyane a fatše a na le metsero ka ho felletseng (ho kenyeletsa mokokotlo esita le molomo), ka botsofe, metopa mokokotlong e nyamela butle butle, hloohong le molaleng li bonahala nako e telele ho fihlela ponahalo ea manala a batho ba baholo. Malinyane a manyenyane a na le likhahla tse khubelu tsa letlalo pakeng tsa molomo le mahlo, le phatleng.
Vota chomga e lerata, 'me o rata ho hoeshetsa. Hangata ke utloa molumo o qholotsang "kroro", Mme ka nyakallo - jerky"netefatsa". Likhoto li sutumetsa khafetsa, libakeng tsa matamo moo chomga e atileng teng, 'me ena e hlahisa nalane ea hlabula hlabula.
Boemo ba Tsamaiso. Mefuta e batlang e le hohle Europe - Asia (Siberia - ka boroa feela), tsepamiso ea lehae Afrika, Australia, New Zealand. Libaka tsa mariha li sebakeng se chesang se chesang. Naheng ea Europe ea Russia, ho na le grisi e ngata haholo le e ngata. E fihla Karelia leboea, le lebopong la Leoatle le Letšo ka boroa. Linonyana tsa rona tsa mariha metsing a leoatle a Leoatle le Letšo le Azov, empa, joalo ka li-grebes tse ling, boteng ba metsi a se nang leqhoa, chomga e ka mariha hoo e batlang e le hohle. Hohle ke ntho e sa tloaelehang.
Mokhoa oa bophelo. Bakeng sa ho ikatisa, chomge e hloka letamo le pharalletseng le nang le litlhapi tse ngata. Ka boithatelo o lula matlong a polokelo ea metsi, matangoaneng a mapolasi a litlhapi, hammoho le matamong a tlhaho. E lula e le metala hangata haufi le kantle (ke hore, e shebelletse ho fihla) ha libethe tsa lehlaka, sehlaha ke qubu ea lintho tse sallang tse mongobo tsa semela se mongobo. Moo ho nang le li-chomg tse ngata, li mamella tikoloho ea mofuta oa tsona, 'me ka linako tse ling lihlaha li fumaneha sebaka sa limithara tse' maloa. Leha ho le joalo, likolone tsena tsa sehlaha, ho fapana le litlolo tse 'mala o moputsoa, ha li etsehe. Kamora ho fepa malinyane, batsoali, e le molao, ba tsamaea le bona ka mekokotlong ho ea bula metsi, moo ba lulang teng ho fihlela bana ba banyenyane ba nyoloha lepheo. Lijo tse ka sehloohong tsa chomgas ke litlhapi tse nyane (tse sa feteng 15 cm), ka linako tse ling li fana ka likokoanyana tse metsing ho malinyane a manyane.
Chomga, kapa Great Grebe (Podiceps cristatus)
Tlhaloso
Colouring. Monna le mosali ba apereng liaparo. Phatla, moqhaka le mokokotlo oa lihlooho li soeufala, masiba a morao le a sebopeho a phahamisoa 'me, ha a nyakaletse, a etsa manaka a hlahang ka mahlakoreng ka bobeli. Motsu o mosoeu o sala o le pakeng tsa hlooho e ntšo ea hlooho le leihlo. Bridle ha e na moriri. Cheke e tšoeu. Masiba a tsebe le a buccal a ka tlase a bofubelu bo bokhubelu, 'me a etsa molala, a harelane ka bosoeu,' me a bopeha hantle ha a thabile. Ka morao molaleng o moputsoa. Mahlakore le kapele tsa molala li tšoeu haholo ka ho kopanngoa hanyane ha lithane tse khubelu. Mmele o kaholimo o sootho ka 'mala o moputsoa o nang le boea bo bosootho bo bosoeu bo bofelong ba masiba. Mahlakore a mmele a bokhubelu. Tlas'a 'mele, sefuba, matsoapo a ka pele le lehlakore le ka pele la lepheo le tšoeu. Mofuta oa mantlha oa ho fofa ke 'mala o bosootho bo botala, o bobebe ka tlasa tlase o nang le metheo e tšoeu, ka hare e nang le melapo e tšoeu. Li-flywheels tse nyane li tšoeu ka botlalo li tšoeu kapa li tšoeu li na le matheba a lefifi ka meriti ea kantle. Molomo oa eona o batla o le khubelu ka ho felletseng; lehlaka la eona le le putsoa, ntlha ea lona le bobebe. Mookoli o bofubelu, 'mala o pota-potiloe ke selikalikoe sa lamunu. Bokapele ba menoana le metheo ea menoana kantle, li bosehla bo botala, kahare bo botala bo bosehla, bo batla bo sootho.
E tona le e tšehali mariha seaparo sa mariha. Holimo hloohong ho na le moriri o moputsoa. ho na le matheba a mabeli a masoeu ho nape, linaka li le khutšoane, 'me seretse se bobebe se lula ka holim'a leihlo le frenulum. Molala ha o teng kapa o hlalositsoe hanyane ke masiba a bofifi le a bofubelu. Cheke, sebaka sa tsebe le ho ts'oaroa. Molala o tšoeu, lehlakoreng la eona la morao ke moqomo o moputsoa o moputsoa. Mmele o kaholimo o lefifi ka 'mala o pharalletseng o masiba holim'a masiba. Mmele o tlase le sefuba li tšoeu. Mahlakore a mmele a sootho. Ka kakaretso, tse tona li tse kholo ho feta tse tšehali, 'me liaparong tse tšoanang li na le molala o pharaletseng le linaka tse telele.
Tsuonyana. Hlooho e sootho, 'mala o mosoeu o pharalla hofihlella ho tloha bohareng, likhoele tse ling tse tšoeu tse ts'oanehileng "li feta ka mahlakoreng a hlooho ho tloha ka leihlo le ka har'a marokho ka leihlo. Ho na le matheba a sootho molaleng o mosoeu oa boholo bo fapaneng, molala o sephara ka metopa e melelele e tšoeu le e sootho. Meqathatso ea fatše e na le moholi o moputsoa o sootho o nang le melapo e melelele e melelele, e meholo e na le boea bo lefifi .. 'mele le sefuba li tšoeu .. Ho na le matlapa a letlalo letlalong, ka holim'a moqhaka le mahlo a leputsoa. litlhōrō le ka sehloohong Bani, o pota-potile ka ho felletseng: Bobbin e loketseng le e benyang menoana ea eona e putsoa-e putsoa ka pinki kaomkami, likhutlong tsa mabala ..
Liaparo tsa likhoho. E ts'oanang le seaparo sa mariha sa batho ba baholo. Matsoho a masoeu a lula phatleng e ntšo, metsero e bobebe ka mahlakoreng a hlooho ka morao ho leihlo le maemong a sephaka sa leihlo. Khola e hlahisoa ke masiba a bofifi le a bofubelu. Metsoako ea mantlha e soeufala, metheo ea eona e tšoeu, kahare ho eona e na le melapo e bobebe, lifofane tse ling li tšoeu li na le matheba a sootho ho li-webs tsa ka ntle le sootho botlaaseng. Karolo e ka pele ea lepheo e tšoeu, e koahetsoe ke 'mala o moputsoa. Molomo o bokhubelu ebile o moputsoa ka mahlakoreng. 'Mala oa lamunu.
Seaparo sa pele sa mariha. Ha e tšoauoe ka 'mala o mosoeu, empa e tšoeu ka' mala o moputsoa o lefifi ka 'mala oa lehlakore le ka pele la lepheo. Karolo e ka morao ea lebokose le phofo e khathetse, mme karohano ea eona ea "lifaele" tse peli e sa tsoa hlalosoa. Hangata, fluff e lula hloohong le lehlakoreng le holimo la 'mele.
Moaparo oa pele oa lenyalo. E fapana le ea ho qetela ka molala o sa tsoakoang hanyane, eseng 'mala o mosoeu o hlakileng oa lehlakore le ka pele la lepheo.
Molting
Joalo ka litlolo tsohle tsa thobalano, batho ba baholo ba molt habeli ka selemo - ho tloha seaparong sa mariha (lehlabula - hoetla - mariha a pele) le ho tloha mariha ho isa ho mariheng (hoetla mariha - selemo). Ho tlolelana ka botlalo ho qala esale pele, bophahamong ba lihlaha ka Phuptjane, ho nka ho fihlela ka Hlakubele, ho latela nako ea ho fepa motho ka mong, hangata ho elella bofelong ba Loetse kapa qalong ea Mphalane, linonyana li tla be li entsoe ka seaparo sa mariha [Linonyana tsa Soviet Union, 1951-1954, Gordienko, 1978, Nanzak, 1952]. Li-Flyworms li nkeloa sebaka ka nako e tšoanang bofelong ba Phupu [Gordienko, 1978], ka Phato [Hanzak, 1952, Elkin, 1970]; ho se khone ho fofa ho nka khoeli [Hanzak, 1952, Cramp, Simmons, 1977]. Tse tona li qala ho tsamaea ka libeke tse peli ho isa ho tse tharo pejana ho tse tšehali [Cramp, Simmons, 1977].
Taba ea pele, ntsu e mokhuts'oane ea mookoli e ntan'o qeta masiba a fofa, linaka le khola e qetellang. Pele-molting e qala mariha ka December kapa ka Hlakubele, e fela ho batho ba baholo bofelong ba Hlakubele kapa qalong ea Mphalane [Linonyana tsa Soviet Union, 1951-554, Dementyev, 1952, Cramp, Simmons, 1977]. Ho linonyana tse nyane, e hula pele ho fihlela Mots'eanong. Molt ena e sa bonahaleng e khona ho bokellana ha hlooho, molala, karolo e kaholimo ea 'mele. Boholo ba 'mala o mosoeu oa lehlakore le ka tlase la' mele oa fetoha hang ka selemo. Ho linonyana tse nyane, ho eketsoa lilakane tse peli - ho tloha seaparong se tlase se tlase ho isa ho e mong ho tloha ho e motšehali mariheng a pele. Liaparo tsa matsuane li apere ka la mashome a mabeli a Phato - bohareng ba Mphalane [Kozlova, 1947]. Seaparo sa pele sa mariha se fumaneha ka Mphalane - Pulungoana, 'me ka linako tse ling ka December, ha masiba a manyane a fetoha hohle' meleng, ntle le mahetla le likarolo tse tlase tsa 'mele [Cramp, Simmons, 1977]. Kahoo, nakong ea lilemo tsa pele le halofo tsa bophelo, chomt molt e batla e tsoela pele khafetsa.
Ho jaleha
Metsi a makatsang. Europe, Asia, Leboea le Afrika Boroa, Australia le New Zealand. Europe Bophirimela, leboea e fihla ho 60 ° C. w. Norway, ho ea pele Sweden le ho fihlela ho 65 ° C. w. naheng ea Finland.
Seane 36. Sebaka sa kabo ea Chomga
- moeli oa sebaka sa ho ikatisa, b - moeli o hlakileng oa sebaka sa ho ikatisa, c - sebaka sa mariha. Subspecies: 1 - Podiceps cristatus cristatus, 2 - P. s. infuscatus, 3 - P. s. australis
Ho USSR - hoo e batlang e le karolo eohle ea Europe, Asia Bohareng le Kazakhstan, ka boroa ho Siberia Bophirima le Bohareng, halofo e ka boroa ea Primorsky Territory.
Seane 37. Mofuta oa Chomga ho USSR
- moeli oa sebaka sa ho ikatisa, b - moeli o hlakileng o hlakileng oa sebaka sa ho ikatisa, c - libaka tsa nesting tse khonehang, d - libaka tsa mariha
Moeli o ka leboea oa phepelo o namela bochabela ho tloha Letšeng la Onega ho ea ka leboea ho Setsi sa Vologda ho ea sebakeng se holimo sa bonde ea Kama le setsing sa Vyatka, o fetela ka nqa ea Urals ho ea beseng ea Ob, moo e kenellang ho lipalo tsa Tyumen, Tara le Tomsk. Ho ea pele - ho Krasnoyarsk Territory (khatello ea maikutlo ea Minusinsk), sebakeng sa Baikal [Bratsk Reservoir, Angara, Tolchin, 1979] le Transbaikalia (Torean Lakes, Selenga Delta [Leont'ev, 1965, Tolchin, 1979]. Ho latela Amur, ha ho na chomgi. E hlaha hape ho USSR feela libakeng tse tlase tsa Iman, Letšeng. Khanka le matšeng a Pacific Primorye, moo e ka fumanang [Linonyana tsa Soviet Union, 1951-1954, Ptushenko, 1962, Leontiev, 1965, Spangenberg, 1965, Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968, Panov, 1973, Ivanov, 1976, Popov, 1977 , Cramp, Simmons, 1977]. Moeli o ka boroa oa sehlaha sa chomga hohle o phalla ka nqa ea boroa ho meeli ea USSR. Likokoana-hloko tse ngata ka bongata mabopong a noka le linōkeng tsohle tse kholo tse kenang Leoatleng le Letšo, Azov le Caspian, Leboea Leboea [Dementiev, Gladkov et al., 1951-1954], matamong a matamo le matlong a polokelo ea thepa Azzeran Kazakhstan, Asia Bohareng le Siberia Bophirima e lula matlong ohle a loketseng libaka. Transcaucasia, e lula e Azzeran le Armenia (Letša la Sevan, mabala a linoka le linoka), 'me ha e sa lula Georgia [Leister, Sosnin, 1944, Zhordania, 1962]. Kyrgyzstan, lihlaha Letšeng. Issyk-Kul 'me e phahameng lithabeng tse Letšeng. Sonkel (3 016 limithara tse ka holim'a bophahamo ba leoatle, o hlahile lilemong tsa morao tjena, kamora ho tumellano ea Ottoman, peled), Altai letšeng. Karakul (2,300 limithara ka holimo ho bophahamo ba leoatle) [Abdusalyamov, 1971, Dementiev, 1952, Strautman, 1954, 1963, Dolgushin, I960, Minoransky, 1963, Irisov, Totunov, 1972, Tuaev, Vasiliev, 1972, Oleynikov et al. 1973, Tatarinov, 1973, Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977].
Asia Bohareng, e lula matšeng a Western Mongolia, mohlomong e le China matšeng a Alak-Nor le Kuku-Nor, Kashgar [likopi tsa pokello ea ZIN ea USSR Academy of Sciences, Sudilovskaya, 1973]. Europe Bophirima, lilemong tse lekholo tse fetileng, mofuta oa chomga o eketsehile ka sekhahla ho ea leboea, 'me libakeng tse ling palo ea linonyana tsa nesting e eketsehile. Naheng ea Netherlands, chomga mohlomong e ne e sa tsejoe lekholong la 16 - 17 la lilemo. mme e hlahile lekholong la XVIII. Ho felisoa ha palo e kholo ea li-chomgs qalong ea halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la ho qetela la lilemo ka boea ba linonyana ho lebisitse ho theoheng hampe hoa lipalo (ho fihla ho lipalo tse 42 England). Hamorao, ka 1900-1925. palo ea li-chomgas e ile ea qala ho hola ka potlako, ho Great Britain ka 1931 - linonyana tse 2 800, linonyana tse 1965 - 4 132 - 734, Netherlands ka 1932 - lipara tse 300 kapa ka tlase ho 1966 - 3 300-3 500 ka bobeli, ka 1967 G. - 3 600–3 700 lipara, ho la Belgium - palo e ile ea qala ho eketseha kamora 1900, ka 1953-1954. - lipara tse 40, ka 1959 - lipara tse 50, ka 1966 - lipara tse 60-70. Palo ea li-chomgs tsa ho tsoalisa naheng ea Austria, Switzerland, Spain, Jeremane Bochabela, le lirephabliking tsa Baltic tsa USSR li ntse li eketseha. Ho tloha qalong ea lilemo tsa 1900s, ho bile le tsoelo-pele e tsitsitseng ea leboea ho Finland, Norway (ntlo ea pele e ileng ea etsoa ka 1904, lipara tse 30 ka 1968). Ka nako e ts'oanang, ha ho mekhahlelo le mekoloko e mengata e ileng ea bonoa Fora; bongata bo ile ba fokotseha libakeng tse ling tsa Jeremane (Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia), eo pele e neng e fumaneha Cyprase le Sicily [Oppo, 1970, Cramp, Simmons, 1977, European News, 1978 ].
Mabaka a phetoho ea bongata le bongata ba chomga Europe ka kakaretso e hlakile - ea pele, ho phehelloa ka kotloloho ke motho ka sepheo sa ho lokisa maqhubu, hamorao lekholong la bo20 la lilemo. Liphetoho tikolohong ea metsi - eutrophication ea matamo a polokelo, marang-rang a matamo, libaka tse kholo tsa Netherlands, ho ameha ka baatlelete, bahahlauli le litsomi libakeng tsa nesting, ts'ebeliso e matla ea meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana lilemong tsa bo-1940 ho isa ho tse 50, lilemong tse 20 tse fetileng ho thehiloe marang-rang a pharaletseng a libaka tse sirelelitsoeng tsa linonyana tse mongobo. Khahlano le semelo sa boemo ba leholimo ba mocheso ka kakaretso bo bonoang lilemong tse 50 tse fetileng, ho rarahana ha mabaka a matle ho ile ha bonahala e le ntho ea bohlokoa ho chomga ho feta tšusumetso ea litšusumetso tse mpe, e lebisitseng ho hola ha lipalo le ho hola ha bongata. Empa libakeng tse bohareng ba karolo ea Europe ea USSR, palo ea li-chomg nesting metsing a tlhaho e fokotsehile haholo, mme libakeng tse ling li ile tsa nyamela ka botlalo bofelong ba bo-1940. Bashkiria, e ne e le hohle ka bongata qetellong ea lekholo la bo19 la lilemo le qalong ea lekholo la bo mashome a mabeli a lilemo, joale e etsahala ka nako e sa lekanyetsoang, ha ho kae kapa kae [Ilyichev, Fomin, 1979]. Ka nako e ts'oanang, liphetoho tse kholo khokahanong ea hydrographic le ho theoa ha lipalo tse kholo tsa seterata kaholimo ea Volga ho lebisitse ho hlaheng ha palo e kholo ea linonyana tsa linonyana litsing tsena tse kholo tsa maiketsetso [Ptushenko, 1962, Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968].
Meroallo e ne e tlalehiloe hammoho le Ob ho isa ho 62-64 ° C. sh., ho Chukotka (Anadyr), ho ea Iceland, ho Maazores [likopi tsa pokello ea ZIN ea USSR Academy of Sciences, Ivanov, 1976, Cramp, Simmons, 1977].
Mariha
USSR, mariha a mariha a mariha a mangata ka nqa ea Leoatle la Caspian, Leoatleng le Letšo ka lebopong la Crimea le Caucasus, ka linonyana tse nyane Leoatleng la Azov, libakeng tse ka thoko tsa Asia Bohareng (Issyk-Kul, li-assimens tsa 200-250, mabopong a Uzboy le Kara-Kumsky canal in Turkmenistan, matlong a phomolo a haufi le Syr Darya e Tajikistan), matšeng le matlong a Azzeran, lilemong tsa morao tjena, mehopolo e le 'ngoe e lutse mariha mehahong ea hydraulic Latvia, Ukraine Bophirima, metseng ea Dnieper [Abdusalyamov, 1971, Viksne, 1963, Vinokurov, 193, Vinokurov, 193, Vinokurov, 193, Vinokurov , Tu Aev, Vasiliev, 1972, Mustafayev, 1972, Strokov, 1974, Sabinevsky, Sevastyanov, 1975, Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977]. Bakeng sa mariha, li-chomks li fofa bosiu haholo, ka ho bata ka botlalo matlong a polokelo, ka Mphalane-Pulungoana. Li hlaha Caspian e ka boroa lebopong la Azerbaijan ka Phato, ebe li tloha mariha ho tloha bofelong ba Hlakubele - bohareng ba Hlakubele [Kozlova, 1947].
Li hlaha Leoatleng la Caspian lebopong la Turkmenistan ka Pulungoana, ka Hlakubele linonyana li nyane haholo leoatleng, metsing a metsi a Turkmenistan sefofane se etsahala ho tloha bohareng ba Mphalane ho isa bohareng ba Pulungoana, ho tloha mariha ho Caspian ho etsahala mathoasong a Hlakubele, ho falla metsing a metsi a Turkmenistan ka halofo ea bobeli ea Hlakubele. — Mathoasong a April [Dementiev, 1952, Vasiliev, 1977]. Ba fihla Leoatleng le Letšo pejana - qetellong ea Loetse - bohareng ba Mphalane, ba bolokiloe ka lihlopha tse kholo, ba khutlela morao bofelong ba Hlakubele mme ba fofa ho fihlela bohareng ba Mphalane [Strokov, 1974]. Azsanse e ka mose oane Leoatleng la Caspian e hasantsoe, mefuta ea 98-102 ka khilomitara e le 'ngoe [Mustafayev, 1972].
Europe Bophirima, li hlaha ka bongata ho tloha lebopong la Atlantic ka Mphalane-Pulungoana mme li mona ho fihlela bofelong ba Pulungoane le qalo ea Hlakubele, le mariha a fihlang ho a likete tse 22 mariha selemong se seng matšeng a maholo (Geneva, Bodene, Neuchatel). Ke ba seng bakae nakong ea mariha ka bophirima le boroa ho Mediterranean, lebopong la Portugal, lebopong la Morocco, ho ka etsahala hore chomora ea Palaearctic e tlalehiloe sebakeng sa Senegal delta. Liketekete tsa chomg li lula li le mariha Leoatleng le Letšo nokeng ea Turkey, Caspian - lebopong la Iran. E ne e se mengata nakong ea mariha ho la Ghuba ea Persia, ka bochabela ho Mediterranean [Cramp, Simmons, 1977].
Ho falla
Libakeng tsa lihlaha, chomga e hlaha pejana, Ciscaucasia mathoasong a selemo selemong sa Hlakubele, hangata ho falla ho hoholo ho etsahala lilemong tse leshome tsa la Hlakubele - mathoasong a Mphalane [Oleinikov et al., 1973]. Leoatleng le Letšo ka n the'ane ho leoatle la Caucasus sebakeng sa Poti, chomgi e fofa ka mehlape e meholo ho fihlela bohareng ba Mphalane [Vronsky, Tomkovich, 1975]. Karolong e ka leboea ea Priazovye (Berdyansk, Genichensk), sefofane se seholo sa chomga ho latela lipatlisiso tsa nako e telele ke la 21 Hlakubele [Lysenko, 1975]. Ka 1976, bongata ba chomg bo fofa setsing sa polokelo ea Kanevskoe ka la 26 Hlakubele - 4 Pulungoana, linonyana li ile tsa fofa ka mehlape ea batho ba 16-60 ka nako e telele ho fihla ho 20 m, sebaka se ne se bonoa ka pono hoseng ho tloha ho lihora tse 6 metsotso e 30 ho isa ho lihora tse 8.
Libakeng tse ka bophirima tsa Ukraine ba fihla bofelong ba Hlakubele - ka lilemo tse leshome tsa pele tsa Mphalane [Strautman, 1963, Tatarinov, 1973]. Ba fofa ba ea Belarus ho tloha qalong ho isa bofelong ba Mphalane [Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967]. Ka Volga e bohareng (Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), chomga e hlaha ho fihlela linoka li buloa ka botlalo halofo ea pele ea Mphalane, kopano ea pele-pele e ne e le ka la 6 Mmesa [Popov, 1977]. Sebakeng sa Kursk, chomga ea pele e hlaha ho latela nako ea selemo ho tloha bofelong ba Hlakubele ho isa qalong ea Hlakubele, empa sefofane se phatlalalitsoeng se etsahala bohareng ba Mphalane. Sebakeng sa Moscow lilemong tse fapaneng ho tloha ka la 15 Hlakubele ho isa la 5 Mots'eanong, empa span mona ha se sa hlahisoa. Sebakeng sa Perm setsing sa noka. Litšisinyeho tsa lefatše li fihla ka la 10 Motšeanong [Kozlova, 1947]. Lithuania haufi le Palanga, ho ile ha tlalehoa li-chomgs tse fofang bohareng ba Mphalane; li fofa ka holim'a metsi ka holim'a leoatle [Petraitis, 1975]. Kwa Estonia, mabitla a hlaha ka lipalo tse kholo lilemong tse leshome tsa pele tsa Mphalane, leha lilemo tse ling batho ba bang ba fofa halofo ea bobeli ea Hlakubele (Hlakubele 19, 1957, Hlakubele 28, 1950). Ho falla ho hoholo ho etsahala ho elella bofelong ba Mmesa kapa qalong ea Mots'eare [Jogi, 1970].
Matamong a Kazakhstan Leboea (Naurzum le khatello eohle ea maikutlo a Turgai), li-chomigas li hlaha ho fihlela leqhoa le qhibiliha ka botlalo ha mapheo a bohlokoa a la 11 Pherekhong, mme ho falla ha bongata ho hlaha bofelong ba Pherekhong - mathoasong a Mots'eanong, ho fofa ka lihlopha tsa linonyana tse 39, ka linako tse ling ka mehlape e fihlang ho e 20 [ Elkin, 1975, Gordienko, 1978]. Karolong e ka boroa ea Kazakhstan (Turkestan), li-chomgs tsa pele li hlaha bofelong ba Hlakubele kapa mathoasong a Mphalane, li fofa ka Hlakubele kaofela le halofo ea pele ea Mphalane, leboea - ho ea Syr Darya haufi le Kyzyl-Orda - qetellong ea Hlakubele ebe li fofa kaofela ka Mphalane, sebakeng sa Ural delta le ho ea pele. Embe o hlahella ka bohareng ba Mphalane, a fihla Ili delta karolong ea bobeli ea Hlakubele, Zaysan bohareng ba Mphalane [Dolgushin, 1960]. Kyrgyzstan, ka bongata nakong ea selemo ba neng ba balehela Letšeng. Issyk-Kul ka 1958 bofelong ba Hlakubele - Mmesa, o ile a nyamela ka la 17 Mmesa [Yanushevich et al., 1959]. Letšeng Sonkel Chomga o fihla bohareng ba Mmesa, ka ho bata ha letša bofelong ba Pulungoana, ba falla bakeng sa mariha, mohlomong Letšeng. Ka hona, Issyk-Kul, ho ka etsahala haholo hore palo ea baahi ba Kyrgyz ba chomg ba phele bophelo bo phehellang ba bophelo [Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977].
Ho Bophirimela ba Siberia letšeng. Chan e nyane, chomgy e fofa lilemong tse mashome a mararo tsa Mphalane, ha ho buloa matša, ho hlaha linonyana tsa pele, ebe li-pairs le lihlopha tsa lipara tse 'maloa, sefofane se phatlalalitsoeng se etsahala matsatsing a pele a leshome a Mots'eanong, li-chomks li fofa bosiu, kaholimo ho matša, ka bophahamo ba 20-50 m, nakong ea letsatsi. e fumaneha feela ka metsing [Koshelev, 1977].
Transbaikalia, matša a Torean a mangata ka nako ea selemo ho tloha ka la 23 Mmesa ho fihlela la 12 Mots'eanong [Leont'ev, 1965]. Karolong e ka Boroa ea Primorye, e fofa matšeng ka tekanyo e nyane halofo ea bobeli ea Hlakubele - halofo ea pele ea Mots'eanong [Panov, 1973].
Chomgy e qala ho falla hoetla kamora nako e telele haholo ho feta litlolo tse ling. Likamoreng tse ngata tsa polokelo, li lieha ho fihlela ho bata ka November-December. Karolong e ka Boroa ea Primorye, sebaka se ka matšeng se fokola haholo ka la 11 Loetse, 1961, menyakoe le balekane ba ile ba bonoa, ho fihlela lilemong tse leshome tsa pele tsa November, ho tlalehiloe linonyana tse le 'ngoe [Panov, 1973]. Matšeng a Torean a Transbaikalia, ho falla hoetla ho etsahala ho tloha ka la 10 Phato ho fihlela la 15 Loetse [Leontyev, 1965]. Ho tsoa letšeng Sonkel o ile a fofa ho elella bofelong ba Pulungoana, mohlomong bakeng sa mariha Issyk-Kul [Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977]. Letšeng la Baraba, meketjana ea hoetla e qala mathoasong a Phato, ha chomga e hlaha metsing a se nang sehlaha, a qala ho tloha bofelong ba Phato, a fihla sehlohlolong selemong sa pele sa Loetse, a tšoarella ho fihlela bofelong ba Loetse, ba morao ba kopana ho fihlela la 20 Mphalane, ba banyenyane ba lula hammoho le ho tloha. linonyana tse holileng 'me, mohlomong, karolo ea chomg e fofa ka lihlopha tsa malapa tsa linonyana tse peli ho isa ho tse' ne, empa tse ngata li itsamaela li le bang 'me ke ka seoelo ho nang le lihlopha tsa linonyana tse supileng kapa ho feta Shchechelev, 1977].
Ho fofa le hona ho etsahala bosiu, mots'eare ho ne ho e-na le phallo e fokolang ea ho sesa haufi le linoka le likanale. Matšeng a Naurzum, linonyana tsa batho ba baholo li lula le malinyane ho fihlela li qala - qetellong ea Loetse, ebe lia fofa, malinyane a sala a le mong, a fofa bofelong ba Loetse - qalong ea Mphalane [Gordienko, 1978]. Matšeng a khatello ea maikutlo a Turgai, sefofane se feteletseng sa hoetla sa chomg se kena bohareng ba Mphalane [Elkin, 1970]. Leoatleng la Caspian, haufi le Mangyshlak ba fofa ka lihlopha tse nyane bohareng ba Mphalane [Zaletaev, 1962]. Ka halofo ea bobeli ea Loetse - halofo ea pele ea Mphalane ba fofa ka lipalo tse kholo karolong e ka boroa ea Kazakhstan haufi le phula ea noka. Kapa, ho Balkhash, mabopong a Syr Darya, mabopong a leoatle la Aral le Caspian, mona ka nako ena ba fofa haholo ka mehlape ea batho ba 10-15, 'me Karolong e ka Leboea ea Lefatše ba bokellana ka bongata mme ba bolokiloe mehlape e meholo pela noka. Urals e hlokometse ho fallisoa ke ho sesa [Dolgushin, 1960]. Turkmenistan, e fofa ho tloha bohareng ba Mphalane ho isa bohareng ba Pulungoana ho ea Amu Darya le Uzboy, le lebopong la Caspian - haholo-holo ka November [Dementiev, 1952, Vasiliev, 1977].
Libakeng tsa Moscow, Ryazan le Kursk, li-chomga li lula libakeng tsa tsona tsa bolulo ho fihlela bofelong ba Phato, 'me ka Loetse li fallela libakeng tse ling tsa bolulo, qetellong ea Loetse ba qala ho solla hohle, karolo e boletsoeng tikolohong ea Moscow e etsahala ka la 13 Loetse - la 28 Mphalane - Phato 23 mme e bonahala haholo 22 - Mots'eanong la 27 Mphalane, linonyana tsa ho qetela li fumaneha ho fihlela bofelong ba Mphalane, le Kursk - ho fihlela bohareng ba November [Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968]. Karolong e ka leboea-bochabela ea Ukraine, chomga e fofa ho fihlela qetellong ea lilemo tse peli tsa December, Ukraine Bophirima, ho tloha le ho fofa ho etsahala lilemong tse fapaneng ho tloha pheletsong ea Loetse ho isa qalong ea Sontaha [Strautman, 1963, Matvienko, 1978]. Ka boroa ho Ukraine, mekhatlo ea hoetla e qala ho bonahala ho tloha bofelong ba Phato ho isa qalong ea Loetse, ha litakatso, mohlape oa batho ba 3-5, ka seoelo batho ba ka bang 40 ba hlaha linokeng le matlong a polokelo moo ho neng ho se joalo pele, sebaka se boletsoeng bohareng le bo tlase ba Dnieper se etsahala ka Mphalane, kholo ka ho fetisisa - lekholong la pele kapa la boraro la khoeli ena. Haufi le lebopong la Estonia, sefofane se tšoailoeng sa chomgi se qala ho tloha bofelong ba Loetse ho isa bohareng ba Mphalane, ka bongata haholo qalong ea Mphalane, empa ka kakaretso palo ea peninsula e fofang e nyane - bakeng sa khoeli e shebiloe ka 1960, mehlala ea 112, ka selemo sa 1962 - 99, palo e kholo ea li-chomg e fofa bosiung ba pele letsatsi le likela [Yogi, 1963, Jogi, 1970].
Liphetho tsa ho lla ha li-chomgs ho la Europe li bonts'a hore ka nako ea pele ea bophelo ka Phato-Loetse, linonyana tse ileng tsa hloa matlong a libaka tsa bohareng ba RSFSR, linaha tsa Baltic, Rephabliking ea Jeremane, le Poland li falla haholo libakeng tse fapaneng, ho kenyeletsa le 100-120 ka leboea. km [Kishchinsky, 1978]. Hamorao, ka Mphalane-Pulungoana, ba fofa boroa le boroa-bochabela, ba hlaha libakeng tse bohareng ba Ukraine, lebopong le ka leboea la Leoatle le Letšo le libaka tsa Baltic, 'me mariha ka December-Pherekhong e ka leboea ho Mediterranean. Nakong ea selemo ka Mphalane-Mots'eanong, ba boela seterekeng sa Leoatle le Letšo. Chomgy nesting Leoatleng la Azov, ho fihlela hoetla, lula sebakeng sa libaka tsa nesting, le mariha haufi le Leoatle le Letšo. Chomks e fumanehang sebakeng sa Volga delta e fofa mariha e ea lebopong la Leoatle le Letšo la Caucasus.
Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, baahi ba West Siberian le Kazakh ba mariha a Chomg mariheng a Caspian, ha ho na litlaleho tse tobileng tse netefatsang maikutlo ana, empa Chomg e lla ka lihlaha matamong a Setereke sa Omsk e bonts'itse tsela ea bophirima le ea boroa-bophirima ea libaka tse haulang tsa lehae ka September. Mphalane. Lisebelisoa tsa banding tsa Europe Bophirima li bonts'a hore linonyana tse ling tse tsoang mariha a Scandinavia mariha lebopong le ka boroa la Baltic le Netherlands, leha boholo ba tsona li fofa boroa-bochabela ho pholletsa le Ukraine le Leoatle le Letšo ho ea Leoatleng la Mediterranean. Chomgy e tsoang Jeremane, Netherlands le bohareng ba France li fofa boroa ho ea mariha mabopong a Swiss, 'me li-nesting le Switzerland li etsahala ka Pulungoana - Mphalane ho tloha lebopong la leoatle la Mediterranean le Atlantic la Fora, Italy, Austria le Bavaria [Cramp, Simmons, 1977].
Palo
Ha e lekane haholo 'me ho itšetlehile ka phepelo ea libaka tse loketseng tsa ho ikatisa. Palo eohle ea li-chomg nesting naheng ea Estonia ke li-pairs tse ka bang 1,400 [Oppo, 1970], ka 1951-557. e ne e lekana le lipara tse 775 [Oppo, 1969]. Chomgi nest mona lihlekehlekeng tsa leoatle, lebopong la leoatle, libakeng tse mabopong a ka boroa-bophirima ho Estonia, e qoba libaka tsa polokeho ea lihekthere tse ka tlase ho 20 tse nang le sebaka mme hoo e ka bang kamehla ho na le matša a nang le sebaka sa lihekthere tse fetang 50, karolelano ea baahi ka bongata ba lihoro tse 5 ho lihekthere tse 100 tsa lefatše. Tlas'a maemo a matle, ho etsoa likolone tsa lipara tse ka bang 100, hangata li kopanngoa le mabopo a letša [Oppot 1970]. Metsing a metsi libakeng tse bohareng ba karolo ea Europe ea RSFSR, Volga-Kama Territory, Belarus, sehlaha sa chomgi ka bobeli.
Karolong e bohareng ea noka ea Volga, letsoalo la bona le phahame, ka bobeli ka li-hares tse 100 ho tse 100 [Markuse, 1965]. Matamong a Northern Kazakhstan - Naurzum, chomgy e fihlella letsoalo le phahameng haholo la 2-11.5 ka hektare ea limela tse nang le limela tse ngata [Gordienko, 1978], lihekthere tse 11 ka lihekthere tse 100 tsa metsi matamong a pakeng tsa Ubagani Ishim [Elkin, 1975]. Ka boroa ho Turkmenistan, koung ea leoatle. Delili e nyane e nang le sebaka sa lihekthara tse 700 ka 1973 e ile ea lula ka li-pairs tse ka bang 45, ka 1974 - lipara tse 6,6, ka 1975 - lipara tse ka bang 33, sebopeho sa likolone tse qhalakaneng tsa chomg se tlalehiloe mona - ho fihla ho lipara tse 8 ho 1 heka [Karavaev, 1979 ]. Lithoteng tsa noka. Beisug sebakeng sa Krasnodar Territory ka 1967 tseleng ea 15c ka bophara ba limithara tse 40, ho ile ha tsotelloa li-lobg tse tšeletseng, ho latela sebaka sohle sa likhohola tsa metsi (lihekthe tse likete tse 20), hoo e ka bang li-page tse likete tse 5 tsa lihlaha tsa chomg mona (Kostoglod, 1977]. Matamong a moru oa thaba ea Baraba haufi le letša. Chan e nyane palo ea li-chomg tsa ho ikatisa e nyane, letšeng. Beluga e nang le sebaka sa lihekthara tse ka bang 600 ka 1975, lipara tse 15, li-Golden placers 4X1 km ka boholo ka 1975 - lipara tse 10 [Koshelev, 1977]. Letšeng la alpine Sonkel e nang le sebaka sa 292 km2 ka 1974-1975 hoo e ka bang likere tse 100 tsa chomg li ile tsa tsotelloa [Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977]. Likamoreng tsa polokelo ea Czechoslovakia tse nang le sebaka sa lihekthere tse fetang 100, segokanyipalo sa boholo ke li-para tsa li-4.2, le matlong a sebaka se senyenyane - lipara tsa 8.9 [HanzakT 1952].
Linaheng tse ngata tsa Europe Bophirima, ho na le datha ka palo eohle ea mefuta ea tsoaliso ea chomg le liphetoho tsa eona tsa nalane. Kamora ho oela hoa eona bohareng ba lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, ho bakoang ke ho felisoa ha litlolo ka lebaka la tlhoko ea boea ba linonyana ho tloha qalong ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, e ile ea qala ho eketseha ho tloha ho lipara tse makholo a 'maloa le tse likete ho 60s. Engelane ka 1860 ho ne ho ena le lipara tse 32 feela, ho Great Britain ka 1931 - linonyana tse 2 800 mme ka 1965 - 4 132–4 734 linonyana, Netherlands ka 1932 - tse ka bang 300, ka 1966 - Likara tse 3 300 ho isa ho tse 500, ka selemo sa 1967 - 3 600–3 700. Kakaretso ea linaha tse ling: Belgium - lipara tse 60-70 (1966), Norway - lipara tse ka bang 50 (1968), Denmark - lipalo tse 2 200-22 500 (1960-1967), Sweden - lipalo tse ka bang 500 (pele ho 1971), Finland - lipara tse ka bang 5,000 (ho fihlela 1958), Jeremane: Baden-Württemberg - bonyane lipara tse 1250 (1968), Bavaria - likere tse ka bang 800 (1968-1970), Hesse -54-56 balekane (1964-1966), Spain - baratani ba 6 - 12 (1960s), Afrika Leboea ho Tunisia Letšeng. Kelba - lipara tse 60 (1968) [Cramp, Simmons, 1977], Austria - lipara tse 50 ka 1970, lipara tse 200 ka 1978 [European News, 1978]. Ka lebaka leo, ho tloha qalong ea lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, keketseho e tsitsitseng ea palo ea baahi ba li-chomg e 'nile ea bonoa Europe, hammoho le katoloso ea sebaka se ka leboea. Sena se bakoa ke ho pharalla ho pharalletseng ha mebele ea metsi, e leng ntho e ntle bakeng sa linonyana tsena, ho thehoa ha marang-rang a pharalletseng a matamo, le ts'ireletso ea libaka tsa linonyana tsa metsi, haholoholo lilemong tse 20 tse fetileng.
Phepo e nepahetseng
Ho fapana le mefuta e meng ea li-grebes, chomga haholo e ja litlhapi. Ho na le phapang e hlokomelehang mofuteng oa phepo e nepahetseng metsing a fapaneng a metsi le lipakeng tsa mefuta e fapaneng ea chomgas. Matšeng a Naurzum, chomga ke tsona tse jang tlhapi hanyane. Litlhapi li etsa karolo ea 1,2% ea lihlahisoa tsohle tsa lijo 'me li fumanoa feela ka mpeng ea 12,4%,' me motheong oa phepo e entsoe ke likokoanyana le likokoanyana (78 le 50% ea lio khahlanyetsang), li-crustaceans, lihlaha tsa litloloko tsa menoang, mollusks, menoang ea baholo e ekeletsoa tsona. , lintsintsi tsa li-caddis, li-spider [Gordienko, Zolotareva, 1977]. Ho tloha ka Mmesa ho fihlela Phato, chomga setsing sa polokelo ea Ust-Manych se Western Ciscaucasia haholo e iphepa ka litlhapi (pike, perch, rudd, bream, le tse ling), e etsang 65,8% ea boima ba litaba tsa ka mpeng, kapa 42% ea lintho tsohle tse jang. Likokoanyana li etsa 23,7% ea boima ba lijo (ho kenyeletsoa le 7.3% - likokoanyana, 1.5% - likokoanyana, 1,2% - dipterans), empa li hola ka palo ea lintho (84.3%). Ka 'Mesa-Mots'eanong, akhaonto ea tlhapi e ka bang 50% ea lijo tsohle, ka Phuptjane-Phato - ho feta 70%, sena se bakoa ke hore kamora ho hatch, chomga e ea metsing le melatsoaneng ea metsi [Oleinikov et al., 1973]. V. K. Markuse, ea entseng lithuto tse ikhethang mabapi le phepelo ea mafura libakeng tsa mapolasi a litlhapi tse ntseng li eketseha bohareng ba Volga delta, o fumane hore motheo oa ho fepa chomga ho na le litlhapi (51-90% ea boima ba lijo ho batho ba baholo le 32% ho malinyane).
Ka Mots'eanong, tlhapi e kholo ea mahola e jeoa ka Phuptjane (kamora ho lokolloa ha tlhapi ea tlhapi ea khoebo e tsoang ilmeni), lihlapi tse nyane tsa khoebo li etsa 50% ea boima ba lijo, ka Phupu le Phato Peresente ena e nyoloha haholo. Chomgi ja palo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea meroho e tloaelehileng ea carp 3- cm ka bolelele, tlase - pike perch 2.5-3 cm, bream ha e fumanoe ka mpeng ea chomg. Ho tsebahala hore kantle ho polasi ea ho ts'oasa lihlapi, chomga e tšoasoa haholo ke bana ba maiketsetso ka 9-16 cm. Ho li-invertebrates, karolo e kholo ho fepeng li-chomg e oela ho likokoana-hloko tse kholo le lipeo tsa tsona. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho khonehe ho bua ka kotsi ea chomgas sebakeng sena, esita le ka maemo a litlhapi tsa setso, ka lebaka la palo e felletseng ea bacha ba carp e tloaelehileng, chomgis e jele 0,04%, le zander - 0,24%. Ho latela tlhahlobo ea likhahla tse 87 tsa chomgas tse fumanoeng likhoeling tse fapaneng tsa selemo ka boroa, bophirima le lipakeng tsa Ukraine, karolo ea litlhapi le likokoanyana lijong e batla e lekana.
Har'a litlhapi, mefuta ea boleng bo tlase e ea pele - likhahla, melts le metako; har'a likokoanyana - li-weevils, likokoanyana tse hogelang, likokoanyana tsa fatše, le li-floats (Smogorzhevsky, 1979). Matamong a Czechoslovakia, lijo tse ka sehloohong tsa chomga le eona ke tlhapi (83%), e boholo ba lisenthimithara tse 8 [Hanzak, 1952]. Europe Bophirimela, 60-90% ea mala a chomg e boetse e na le litlhapi (roach, blak, gudgeon, perch), le metsing a brackish, gobies, herring, stickleback, cod, le cyprinids. Li boetse li ja likokoanyana tse ngata tse metsing, hangata e le li-crustaceans, mollusks, polychaetes, lihohoana le maraba. Ka linako tse ling, peo ea semela le maloanla a mang a limela li fumanoa ka bongata bo bongata. Litlhapi tse kholo le li-stickleback li lula li tlisoa holimo 'me, ha li feta pakeng tsa mehlahare, li metsoa ho tloha hloohong, tlhapi e' ngoe e metsoa ke metsi [Cramp, Simmons, 1977].
Nakong ea mariha, ba fepa ka ho khethehileng litlhapi [Yanushevich et al., 1951, Abdusalyamov, 1971, Cramp, Simmons, 1977].
Li fepa ka mekhoa e mengata - li qoela, li bokella lijo tse tsoang holim'a metsi le limela tsa metsing, li le maemong a tlaase a metsi, li theola lihlooho le molala tlas'a metsi, li ts'oasa likokoanyana tse fofang moeeng, li tšosa litlhapi le likokonyana tse tsoang mehatong ea limela tsa metsing ka metsero e bohale ea maoto a tsona ebe li li ts'oara ka metsing. Cramp, Simmons, 1977, Gordienko, Zolotareva, 1977]. Ho daela ka Chomg ke eona tsela e ka sehloohong ea ho fumana lijo. Ba qoela libakeng tse nang le metsi a bulehileng (ho fapana le grisi e moputsoa, e ratang ho fepa ka meutung nakong ea selemo, lehlabula le hoetla). Khafetsa ho qoela ka letšeng la Naurzum ke makhetlo a mabeli ho isa ho a mararo ka motsotso, ho sesa ka holim'a metsi 5- m, mme ka tlasa metsi ke ka karolelano ea 17.4 s [Gordienko, 1978] Ho ea ka litekanyo tse ling, ka karolelano, ba sebelisa 26 s tlas'a metsi, ho tloha ho 15 ho isa ho 41 g, boholo ba 56 s [Hanzak, 1952], ho tsoa ho 450 dives ka letamong le le leng ka karolelano ea 19.5 s, ho tloha ho 5 ho isa ho 30 [Simmons, 1955]. Nako e sebelisoang tlasa metsi e itšetlehile ka botebo ba letangoana le lijo tse ngata. Hangata o theohela botebong ba limilimithara tse 1,4, leha a le ka letšeng. Zempach naheng ea Switzerland e tsebahala ka linyeoe tse 161 tsa ho kenella ka mokokotlong ho ea botebo ba limithara tse 30. Ho hlakile hore mariha ba kenella ka botebo maemong a mangata ho feta linakong tse ling tsa selemo [Cramp, Simmons, 1977].
Lira, lintho tse bohloko
Lira tsa tlhaho tsa chomga nakong ea lihlaha ke "linonyana tse jang nama" tse tšoanang le linonyana tse ling tsohle tse lutseng metsing, moo sebaka sa pele e leng sa makhoaba le khoeli ea mokhoabo, e hulang ka 20% ea maballo a chomgs. 30% ea manonyeletso ohle a shoa ka lebaka la phetoho ea boemo ba metsi setsing sa polokelo, 'me karolo e' ngoe e shoa ka mabaka a mang. Mafu a bohlokoa a tsoang lipokothong tse tsoang ho libatana, ho kenyelletsa le litlhapi tse kholo tse jang nama le maemo a leholimo a leholimo.Ho nyolohela lepheo, malinyane a 2-2.3 ka motsotsoana oa linonyana tse kholo a sala. Sena se fetoha se lekane bakeng sa nchafatso ea tlhaho ea baahi, empa chomga e oela maemong a ts'abehang haeba ba bang ba bacha ba eketsoa ka lintho tse bohloko tsa tlhaho, mohlala, mahloriso a motho kapa lefu ka lebaka la ho ikopanya le eena ka kotloloho.
Ho tsoma ka kotloloho bakeng sa li-toadstools ha ho sa le teng. Ba thunya ka tsietsi, nama ea bona ha e ratehe.
Joale palo e kholo ea li-grebes e shoa ka matlooa a ho tšoasa litlhapi, libakeng tsa ho jella matšeng a matša a maholo le moo ho emisoang mariha. Li-Toadstools, ho kenyelletsa le chomga, li utloile bohloko haholo ka lebaka la ho hlorisoa ke linonyana tse 1 tse jang litlhapi, tseo ho thoeng li nyenyefatsa metheo ea lihlapi tsa setso. Joalokaha lithuto tse ikhethileng sebakeng sa Volga delta li bonts'itse, likotsi tsa tsona li ka se ame tlhapi e kholo ea maiketsetso. Ka hona, ntle le ho theha marang-rang a maholo a matlong a maiketsetso karolong ea Europe ea USSR lilemong tse 30v tse fetileng, chomga hoo e batlang e le hohle e bile linonyana tse sa tloaelehang. Europe Bophirima, ho kenella ka bongata matlong a polokelo, ho thehoa ha matamo a mangata a maiketsetso le polokeho ea linonyana tse behiloeng hantle: ka kakaretso, le ts'ireletso ea libaka tsa linonyana tsa metsi, li lebisitse keketseho e tsitsitseng ea palo ea li-chomgs tsa ho tsoala lilemong tse 20 tse fetileng.