Har'a mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea linonyana tse polaneteng ea rona, linonyana tse lulang li lutse ebile li falla lia khetholoha. Haholo-holo linonyana tse ngata tse fallang li lula libakeng tsa circumpolar, moo ho rekisoang limaraka tsa linonyana tsa lehlabula - lihlopha tse kholo tsa linonyana tse lutseng mabopong a mafika. Ka hoetla, bongata bona bohle bo fallela boroa, bo feta lik'hilomithara tse likete libakeng tsa mariha.
Empa ho na le ea ikhethang e le kannete har'a linonyana tse fallang tse moeling oa Leoatle la Arctic, tse lokelang ho ananeloa le ho hlomphuoa. Lebitso la hae ke Arctic Tern.
Ena ke nonyana feela polaneteng ena e fofelang mariha eseng linaha tse futhumetseng tsa tropike, empa ho feta moo ka boroa, ho South Pole. Arctic terns sehlaha le ho tsoala malinyane ho Arctic, haufi le North Pole. Empa mariha ba fofa ba ea moo maemo a bophelo a tšoanang hantle le hore ka nako ena Lehlabula la polar - ho ea mabopong a Antarctica. Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, li-tern ha li fumane libaka tse bonolo tsa bolulo kae kapa kae haufinyane. Ba fumane hore ho bona bophelo bohle ba bona ke selemo sa selemo se pharalletseng, nakong eo ba itokiselitseng ho fofa ho ea lipheletsong tsa lefatše.
Setšoantšong: libaka tsa nesting li tšoailoe ka bofubelu, libaka tsa mariha li bonts'oa ka boputsoa, 'me metsu e bontša litsela tse kholo tsa ho falla ha Arctic terns
Linonyana tsena tse hlollang li fallela libakeng tsa mariha ka nako ea khoeli, 'me nakong ea selemo li etsa sefofane se tšoanang. Kahoo, ka sefofane ba qeta likhoeli tse ka bang peli ka selemo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, sebaka seo ba se koahelang ka selemo se lekana le lik'hilomithara tse 70,000.
Leha ho na le meroalo e mengata hakana, li-polar tern ha li belaelle bophelo bo botle, 'me nako e telele ea bophelo ba tsona ke lilemo tse 25, e phahame haholo ho feta ea linonyana tse ling tse ngata. Mme batho ba bang, ho latela bo-rasaense, ba khona ho phela lilemo tse ka bang 30.
Arctic tern ke linonyana tse nyane, boholo ba tsona li fapana ho cm 35 ho isa ho 45. Li fofa hantle 'me li iphepa ka bophelo bo fapaneng ba metsing, litlhapi tse nyane, mollusks le makhopho,' me ha li na taba ea ho ja monokotsoai ka tundra ka hoetla. Ho khahlisang, li-tern tsena ke banna ba tšepahalang ba malapa mme ba theha malapa bakeng sa bophelo bohle.
Li-Arctic tern li na le tšobotsi e 'ngoe e ikhethang. Li sebete haholo, 'me kaha li bokane ka lihlopha, nka khona ho hanela litlhaselo tsa liphokojoe tsa arctic mme nke ke ka tšaba motho haeba a nka hore o kotsi ho tsona. Ho hloka tšabo hona ho ile ha ananeloa kapele ke mefuta e meng ea linonyana e ileng ea qala ho lula haufi le lihlaba tsa Arctic ka tšepo ea hore e tla pholoha ho seo ba se jang.
Leha ho na le phetoho e tloaelehileng ea libaka tsa tlhaho, sebaka se fumanehang habonolo ka ho fetisisa e le lehae la linonyana tsena, hobane mona li tsoalisa malinyane a tsona, 'me ka bo tsona li kile tsa hlaha libakeng tse ka leboea tsa polar. Ba lula mabopong a leoatle a Arctic a Canada, Alaska, Greenland, Leboea Leboea, hape, naheng ea rona lebopong lohle la Leoatle la Arctic.
Keketseho
Le ha tau e tšehali le e tšehali li lula li arohane boholo ba selemo, linonyana tsena li etsa lihlopha tse telele tsa bophelo.
Selemo se seng le se seng ba khutlela sebakeng se le seng sa lihlaha. Lebopong la leoatle le liphuleng tsa mabopo a leoatle, mapheo a polar a theha libaka tse kholo tsa linonyana. Nakong ea lihlaha, tau e tona e tantša e ntle ea mating. Ha a tsamaea le mosali, o fofela holimo. Linonyana tsena ka bobeli li fofa mapheo, li ntan'o imolla moeeng ka nakoana ebe li itihela fatše ka potlako. Mokete oa lenyalo o tsoela pele lefatšeng. E tona e fa moratuoa oa eona phoofolo - tlhapi, ha ka boikhohomoso e tsamaea e pota-pota mosali eo ka mapheo le mohatla oa eona e phahamisitsoeng. E tšehali e nang le tlhapi ka molomo oa eona hangata e nyolohela moeeng. Joaloka sehlaha, li-terns li sebelisa induction e nyane ka mobung.
Linonyana li koahela lesoba ka limela. Pear tern e tšehali e behela mahe a 1-3. Mahe a nonyana ena a na le 'mala o sirelletsang, a koahetsoe ka lithutsoana tse nyane, ka hona, a batlang a sa bonahale hara lehlabathe le lipekere. Batsoali le bona ba ba faposetsa. Tsena hatch kamora matsatsi a 20-25.
Malinyane a matsatsi a mabeli a se a ntse a khethoa sehlaheng. Batsoali ba ba fepa nako e ka etsang khoeli. Ho sireletsa sehlaha, linonyana li hlasela motho e mong le e mong eo a sa mo tsebeng, esita le matsuane a linonyana tsena tse haufi. Li-terns tse nyane li fetoha mapheo ka mor'a matsatsi a 20-30.
Boemo ba sebaka sa bolulo
Sebaka sa mantlha sa nonyana e ka ahloloa ka lebitso la eona, linonyana tsena li lula ka leboea ho Canada, Alaska, hammoho le lebopo la Greenland, Hloahloeng ea Scandinavia, le ka tundra ea Russia ho tloha Hloahloeng ea Kola ho ea Chukotka. Hang ha hoetla e fihla Arctic, nonyana ena e potlakela ho ea fihla ka boroa ka moo ho ka khonehang ho fihlela e fihla leqhoeng la Antarctic.
Arctic Tern e shebella phofu.
Arctic tern ho tsoma.
Arctic Tern.
Arctic Tern e lula e phahamisitse mapheo.
Lifofane tsa linonyana tsa Autumn
Palesa e makatsang ea polar e ne e le lehlohonolo - ke eona nonyana feela e bonang lehlabula habeli ka selemo - libakeng tse ka boroa le leboea. Linonyana tsena tse fofang tsa 'nete - nakong ea ha li falla selemo le selemo li fofa ka lik'hilomithara tse 80,000, ka hona, lifofane tse fetang tse 10 tsa selemo le selemo, nonyana e koahela sebaka se lekanang le ho fofa ho ea Khoeling le ka morao.
Ka lebaka la lisebelisoa tsa sejoale-joale le sehlopha sa linonyana, litsebi tsa limela li ile tsa khona ho latela tsela ea linonyana. Kahoo ho ile ha khonahala ho fumana hore linonyana li fofa ka boroa ntle le ho potlaka, li emisa moo li emang nako e telele, mohlala, Newfunlandland, lits'oalo tse joalo li nka matsatsi a 30. Ho fofa kaofela ha nonyana ho nka matsatsi a 70 ho isa ho a 130, kahoo lebelo le tloaelehileng la nonyana le batla le le ka bang 330 km ka letsatsi. Linonyana tsa lehlabula la Arctic hangata li lula lebopong la Leoatle la Weddell.
Li-terns li fofa ka ntle ho Arctic mathoasong a bo-Mphalane, li khutla ka lebelo haholo 'me ha li eme nako e telele, ka hona li teng ka matsatsi a 36-50, joale lebelo la tsona la sefofane le ka ba 500 km ka letsatsi.
Arctic terns holim'a lejoe.
Arctic Tern: foto ea nonyana e fofang.
Arctic Tern / Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763
Lebitso la Mofuta: | Arctic Tern |
Lebitso la Latin: | Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan, 1763 |
Lebitso la Senyesemane: | Arctic Tern |
Lebitso la Sefora: | Sterne arctique |
Lebitso la Sejeremane: | Kustenseeschwalbe |
Polelo ea mantsoe ka Selatine: | Sterna macrura Naumann, 1819 |
Polelo ea mantsoe ka Serussia: | mohatla o molelele |
Sehlopha: | Charadriiformes |
Lelapa: | Gulls (Laridae) |
Bong: | Krachki (Sterna Linnaeus, 1758) |
Boemo: | Mefuta ea tlhaho e fallang. |
Ponahalo
Nonyana e metle ea boholo bo bohareng ka ponahalo ea eona e ts'oana haholo le "khaitseli" ea eona ea noka ea tern. Bolelele ba 'mele oa nonyana ke 35-45 cm, mapheo a eona a bolelele ba 80-85 cm, boima ba nonyana ke ho tloha ho 85 ho isa ho 130 cm.
Seaparo sa nonyana e lumellana haholo. Ho linonyana tsa batho ba baholo, masiba sefubeng le mpeng a 'mala o bobebe, ka linako tse ling o na le' mala o pinki. Hloohong ea “katiba” e masiba a masiba a matšo. Seaparo sa masiba a nonyana ena se tlatsana le seaparo sa 'mala o moputsoa, bokaholimo ba mapheo le bona bo pentiloe, le masiba a' mala o moputsoa bo bobebe mapheo a holimo le seaparong. Masiba a mapheo a na le 'mala o moputsoa ka likhoele tse tšesaane tse ntsho litseng.
Maoto a nonyana e khubelu e khubelu. Molomo oa tern, joalo ka maoto, o pente e bofubelu bo khanyang, 'me ho linonyana tse ling ka Mphalane kapa la Phato, tlhoro ea molomo oa bona e bonahala e fifala. Ka hoetla, molomo oa nonyana o fetoha o motšo, 'me mariha phatla ea ba e tšoeu.
Ho bacha, seaparo sa nesting se na le mohatla o mokhutšoanyane le mapheo a sephara ho feta ho nonyana e moholo. Malinyane a bataletseng a Arctic tern a tšoana haholo le masea a noka, phapang feela ke masiba a bosoeu 'metso le phatleng. Mohatla oa nonyana e tšoeu ka holimo le bohlooho bo bobebe, bo bopetsoe ka fereko tlase.
Litorphism tsa botona le botšehali ho linonyana tsena ha li eo.
Arctic Tern holim'a lejoe.
Arctic tern lebopong la lejoe le nang le mapheo a phahamisitsoeng.
Arctic Tern e nang le lintsintsi.
Phepo e nepahetseng
Phepo ea likhoho e itšetlehile ka nako ea selemo. Nakong ea ho falla ka linako tse ling, li-terns li busoa ke litlhapi tse nyane, krill, mollusks le crustaceans. E le ho tšoasa phofu, nonyana ena e nyolohela bophahamong ba limithara tse 10-11 'me e sheba ka hloko ka metsing, hang ha "lijo" li fumaneha, linonyana lia itiha kamora eona, empa li teba feela. Lifofane tse joalo tse telele li bitsoa lifofane tsa ho qoela, haeba ho ne ho ke ke ha khoneha ho hapa phofu, tern e lelekisa le eona le ka tlasa metsi.
Ka nako ea nesting, tern e ja likhahla le likokoanyana tse nyane tsa metsi, li-Earthworms, litlhapi tse nyane - eseng ho feta 50 mm. Ka linako tse ling lijo tsa semela li hlaha lijong - ke monokotsoai feela.
Arctic tern e nang le tlhapi molomong oa eona.
Arctic Tern e ja ka sefofane.
Sehlaha sa Arctic Tern se hokae?
Bakeng sa lihlaha tsa tsona, li-tern li khetha sebaka se haufi le mabopo a leoatle a batang a batang, kaha kamehla ho na le lijo tse ngata moo. Hangata e ba lebopo la Greenland, leboea la Canada, Russia, Alaska le lihlekehleke tsa circumpolar. Hangata, linonyana tse ling li khona ho lula tundra, haufi le matša le makhoaba, li iphepa ka likokoanyana tsa metsi le lihlapi. Likolone tsa linonyana tse nyane li ile tsa boela tsa bonoa leboea ho Brithani, Ireland.
Linonyana li lula ka har'a matloana, hangata ha li arohantsoe ke tse peli ka majoe kapa sebakeng se se nang letho se haufi le metsi, li ka lula le majoeng. Libaka tsa litsuonyana tsa linonyana li batla li se na limela ka bongata (ka lebaka la meea le lifefo tse ka leboea), li-terns li haha lihlaha tsa tsona moo ho se nang letho, ka linako tse ling li khetha sebaka se bulehileng haholo hore ho se be le phoofolo e jang mahlo. Sehlaha se harelane hantle le joang ba leoatle, likotoana tsa lehong le likhetla.
Ntoa ea sebaka hangata e etsahala ka har'a sebaka sa linonyana - bohareng ba toropo, menyetla ea ho boloka matsuane e phahame ho feta mathomong a eona, moo batho ba habo ba bacha ba lulang teng.
Joala ba leholimo ke polar tern.
Arctic Tern.
Arctic tern holim'a lejoe le okametsoeng ke boriba.
Arctic tern ka sefofane, pono e ka morao.
Ho tsala
Li-terns tsa Arctic li fetoha thobalano ha li le lilemo li 3-4. Leha ho le joalo, likhoele tsa pele hangata lia shoa, ka lebaka la ho haelloa ke boteng ha 'm'ae e monyane bakeng sa ho fepa bana.
Li-polar tern ke linonyana tse monogamous, li theha para, li boloka e mong le e mong ea tšepahalang, bophelo, leha ho le joalo, boholo ba selemo ba bolokiloe hole le e mong.
Selemo se seng le se seng ba khutlela sebakeng se le seng sa lihlaha. Nakong ea lipapali tsa botšehali, e tona e tantša e motona ka pel'a mosali, joale ba ea tsoha, ka motsotsoana ba its'oare moeeng ebe ba itihela fatše hammoho. Kamora ho theoha, e tona e fa e tšehali mosali - e leng tlhapi, hoba e amohetse seo mosali a e nkang.
Masonry a polar tern, hangata ho na le mahe a 1 ho isa ho a 3 a mmala o moputsoa le matšoao a hlalositsoeng hantle, 'mala o joalo oa tšireletso o etsa hore mahe a se ke a bonahala hara lipeo. Ho na le masonry e le 'ngoe feela ka selemo. 'M'a le ntate ba chenchana ka ho ts'oasa litsuane, ba li sirelletsa ho setsomi leha e le sefe,' me ba hlasela phoofolo efe kapa efe, le haeba kotsi e sa tšose ea bona, empa sehlaha se haufi. Linonyana tse hulang li nka matsatsi a 20-25.
Malinyane a sa tsoa tsoaloa a tlase mme a itšetlehile ka ho feletseng ho batsoali ba bona. Li hola kapele 'me ka mor'a matsatsi a 14 li etsa liteko tsa pele tsa ho tsoa sehlaheng. Nakong ea khoeli ea pele ea bophelo, batsoali ba ikarabella bakeng sa lijo tsa bona, ho sa tsotelehe hore kamora matsatsi a 20-25 linonyana li fetoha mapheoana. Malinyane a manyenyane a ikamahanya le maemo a leholimo a leholimo, kahoo har'a bona ho na le sekhahla se phahameng sa ho phela sa 82%.
Mating polar terns.
Arctic Tern e nang le matsuane.
Nama ea polar e fofang e fepa litsuane.
Arctic Tern e fepa malinyane a holile.
Bacha ba polar tern.
PUSELETSO
Arctic Tern e tsejoa ka ho falla ha eona nako e telele - ka mor'a tsohle, linonyana li ipata lebopong la Leoatle le ka Boroa le Antarctica. Li-tern tsa polar tsa Europe le Siberian li fofa haufi le mabopo a Eurasia ka bophirima, ebe li leba lebopong la Leoatle la Atlantic ka boroa. Li-tern tsa polar tsa Amerika li fofa hammoho le mabopo a bophirima le bochabela ho Amerika Leboea le Amerika Boroa.
Ho falla ha linonyana tsena ho nka likhoeli tse 'ne. Ka kakaretso, li-terns li fofa ho tloha ho 20,000 ho isa ho 30,000 km. Nakong ea ho falla, linonyana li lula haufi le metsi e le hore u ka lula u fumana lijo. Ho falla, li-terns selemo le selemo li nka leeto ho potoloha lefatše.
SEKONYELA
Arctic Tern e bua haholo ka litlhapi le li-crustaceans tse nyane, kahoo e fumana lijo habonolo nakong ea lifofane tse telele. Ha e batla lijo, tern e fofa ka holim'a metsi, ka linako tse ling e kenella moeeng 'me ka potlako e otlolle mapheo a eona. Ha a hlokomela phofu, o potlakela ho theoha fatše ebe o tšoara tlhapi eo ka molomo. Ho lahlela liphofu tse joalo ho bitsoa ho fofa. Bafuputsi ba atlehile ho fumana hore, ka karolelano, ke karolo e le 'ngoe feela ea boraro e atlehileng joalo. Haeba leqhubu la pele le sa atlehe, sefeme se lelekisa metsi ka tlasa metsi: nonyana e ikakhela ka metsing motsotsoana ebe e e tšoara ka molomo oa eona.
Li-arctic tern, joalo ka likhofu tsa leoatleng, li lekola moo balekane ba bona ba tsomang teng, hobane libakeng tsena u ka fumana sekolo sa litlhapi tse nyane.
LITLHAKISO TSE KHOLO, TLHOKOMELISO.
- Arctic Tern, e nang le likhoele ka June 1966 Wales, e ile ea fumanoa Australia bofelong ba khoeli ea Hlakubele ea selemo seo. Ka lebaka leo, e fofa ka 18,056 km - rekoto ea linonyana tse fallang.
- Hangata, malinyane a lula haufi le kolone ea 'mila. Le ha Arctic Tern e le nonyana e nyane empa e bohlale ebile e mabifi haholo. Ka hona, likhofu tsa leoatleng, tse lulang haufi le libaka tsa eona, li itšireletsa lireng.
- Greenland, ho bonoe mapolanka a polar tern, a neng a lutse bohole ba lik'hilomithara tse makholo a 'maloa ho tloha North Pole.
- Karolo ea sehlaha ea polar terns e sirelelitsoe ke "patrol" e khethehileng. Ha linonyana tse lebelang li tsosa molumo, kolone eohle e potlakela ho sera.
LIHLOOHO TSE HLAHANG KOTSI EA POLA. TS'ELISO
Beak: nako e telele, e supa. Hlabula e khubelu, mariha e motšo.
Masonry: e tšehali e behela mahe a 1-3 sehlaheng. Li na le 'mala o sirelletsang.
Plum: mahetla le lehlakore le kaholimo la mapheo li sootho. Masiba a ka tlase a bobebe, hlooho e ntšo hloohong.
Sefofane: e tsamaea habonolo le ka boqhetseke. Ha a batla lijo, oa fofa, hangata o fofa mapheo.
Mohatla: nonyana e na le mohatla o bopetsoeng. Masiba a mohatla a molelele ho feta masiba a mapheo (a malelele ho feta a tern e tloaelehileng).
- Libaka tsa bohloela
- Mariha
LITLHOKO TSA POLAI LI TSOANG
Arctic tern e tloaelehile haufi le lipalo ka bobeli. E lula libakeng tse haufi le Arctic le subarctic tsa Amerika Leboea, Greenland le North Eurasia. Qetellong ea lehlabula e ea boroa le mariha Antarctica le Afrika boroa, Amerika Boroa le Australia.
HO SIRELETSA, HO SIRELETSA
Polar tern ha e tšose ho timela, ka hona, ha e hloke tšireletso e khethehileng.
Litšobotsi tse akaretsang le litšobotsi tsa tšimo
Krachka ea boholo bo bohareng, e nang le noka, e tšoanang haholo. E na le mohatla o molelele (ho nonyana e lutseng e atoloha ho feta lipheo tsa mapheo a petetsaneng), ho tloha S. h. hirundo, ho feta moo, lebala le lefifi la 'mele o tlase, le ho tloha S. h. logipennis - ka molomo o khubelu. Linonyana tse nyane tšimong li batla li sa tsebehale. Tlhaho ea sefofane, joalo ka tern ea noka. Bakeng sa phofu, nonyana e thella ha e fofa. E tsamaea hanyane ebile e sa thekesele fats'e; ho nonyana e lutseng, moroalo o mokgutshwane (o khuts'oane ho feta nokeng ea noka) o hohela tlhokomelo.
Lentsoe le tšoana haholo le lentsoe la noka ea tern, empa le holimo hanyane. Mohoo oa alamo o utloahala o sa utloahale ho feta oa metsi a noka, a kang "kerrr" kapa "krrr". Nakong ea alamo e koloneng, hangata ho lla hoa "cue", e hlahisoang ke linonyana tse fofang holim'a motho ea kenang bothata. Ho bokolla ha lintho ho khutlela koloneng (Advertising-call ka: Cramp, 1985) ho utloahala joalo ka "kriyr" kapa "pir", hoo e batlang e le molumo o lerata o kang "kiti-ki-kiyer, kiti-ki-kiyer." "Kapa" kiti-ki-kiri. ". Mohoo o tšoanang o etsoa ke e tona e fepa mosali (oa bobeli, ea kopang lijo, ka mokhoa o fokolang o pepesa "pee-pee-pee." Kapa "tee-tee-tee."), Hammoho le litšitiso nakong ea likhohlano tse matla. Maemong a morao-rao, hangata motho a ka utloa mofuta o omellang oa lithane (o boetse o sebelisoa nakong ea ho lelekisa liphoofolo tse jang nama) le ho tobetsa hoa molumo kapa ho lla ka lebaka la leseli le fetang lena: Anzigitova et al., 1980, Cramp, 1985).
Tlhaloso
'Mala oa plumage o batla o tšoana le oa noka ea tern, empa' mala o moputsoa o theoha ka mahlakoreng a hlooho ha o theohile hanyane, 'mala oa karolo e kaholimo ea' mele o le botala bo bosootho le ashen, 'mala o moputsoa oa karolo e tlase ea' mele o tebile ho feta oa noka ea tern, 'me oa phahama. ho isa marameng le marama a tlase. Masiba a malelele a boreleli a nang le meeli e tšoeu e tšoeu e ikhethang, masiba a mohatla hangata a soeufetse, ke a 'mala o ka ntle feela oa moriri o moputsoa ka bobeli,' me karolo e kantle e na le 'mala o moputsoa o lefifi. Metsoako ea mantlha ea moea, joalo ka linōkeng tsa noka, empa tšimo e tšoeu ea tse ka hare e ne e pharalletse, pakeng tsa eona le lesoba la masiba ho na le mohala o moputsoa feela ka 1.5-2,5 mm ka bophara.'Mala o mosoeu liphoofong le boea bo bonyenyane ba mofuta o nyane oa nts'etsopele o ntlafalitsoe haholoanyane. Molomo o bofubelu bo khanyang, ka linako tse ling o na le ntlonyana e ntšo, maoto a bofubelu, iris e sootho ka sootho.
E tona le e tšehali mariha seaparo sa mariha. Li ts'oana le li-terns tsa noka ka seaparong se lumellanang, li khetholloa ke mebala ea linonyana tsa mapheoana a mantlha le a bobeli (bona ka holimo), hammoho le nts'etsopele e nyane ea 'mala o moputsoa ka morao mokokotlong, mabokose a holimo le mohatla.
Liaparo. E ts'oana hantle le seaparo se ka tlase sa noka ea tern, likoti tsa mefuta ena e 'meli li fapana ka thata ebile li sa ts'epahale. Molumo o akaretsang oa mebala o holimo o fapana ho tloha ho bohlooho bo bobebe ho isa ho bo-tan, matheba a lefifi le matheka a hasantsoeng haufi le semelo sena. Phatla, bridle le 'metso li sootho ho sootho, empa sootho e tšoeu ka seoelo. Mmele o ka tlase o tšoeu, ka mahlakoreng le ka mpeng o na le kobo e putsoa kapa e sootho. Molomo, mookoli le maoto, joalo ka li-terns tsa noka.
Liaparo tsa Nesting. 'Mala oa hlooho le' mele o tšoana le oa tern ea noka, empa meqathatso e ka morao ea ka morao le e ka holimo e tšoeu. Metsoako ea ka ntle ea li-helmsmen e putsoa, lipheo le boima ba tsona bo kahare bo tšoeu. 'Mala oa mapheo o fapane hanyane ho feta oa noka e tšekaletseng: mokokotlo oa carpal o bobebe ebile o le mosesane, mapheo a bobeli a bobebe ho feta mapheo a maholo a mapheo (mme a sa sobehe ho feta linonyana tsa noka),' mala o mosoeu mapheong a bona o ntlafalitsoe haholo, mofoka o kahare ke oa masiba a mapheo a mantlha a nang le lebala le lelelele le lesoeu . Molomo o motšo o na le 'mala o mopinki kapa oa lamunu, ka khoeli ea Loetse hangata o fifala ka botlalo, maoto a' mala o mofubelu, o mopinki kapa o bohlooho, boea bo lefifi.
Seaparo sa pele sa mariha. Kamora molt e tletse, e shebahala joalo ka seaparo sa ho qetela sa mariha, leha ho le joalo, sehlopha sa carp se lula lepheo. Nakong ea selemo le lehlabula la selemo sa bobeli sa almanaka, li-terns ha li apare seaparo sa lenyalo, ho boloka mariha. Motho ka mong ka nako ena a ka hlaha karolong e ka leboea ea lefatše; li fapana le linonyana tsa noka ka seaparong se tšoanang ka linonyana tsa batho ba mariha tsa mariha, le ka sebopeho sa ho qhibiliha ha lintsintsi tsa mantlha. Selemong sa boraro sa almanaka, li-tern li apere seaparo sa mating, empa linonyana tse ling (tse ka bang 11%) li ntse li e-na le masiba a liaparo tsa mariha mapheong a tsona, phatleng, borokho le mpa.
Sebopeho le boholo
Limilione tsa batho ka bomong (mm) (ZM MSU) le boima ba mmele (g) (Bianchi, 1967):
Bolelele ba mapheo:
Ba batona: (n = 44) --257-286 (karolelano ea 268),
Basali: (n = 20) - 246-276 (kakaretso 265).
Bolereba:
Ba batona: (n = 41) - 26.2-33.8 (karolelano 30.3),
Basali: (n = 20) - 26.7–31.1 (karolelano, 28.8),
Bolelele ba Pin:
Ba batona: (n = 43) −13.7-16.7 (kakaretso ea 15.3),
Basali: (n = 21) - 13.8-16.7 (kakaretso 15.1).
Boima ba 'mele:
Ba batona: (n = 56) - 82–135 (kakaretso ea 104),
Basali: (n = 37) - 89-153 (kakaretso ea 107).
Molting
(Cramp, 1985). Ho tšela seaparo sa pele sa mariha ho felile, ho qala mariha. Leha ho le joalo, masiba a hlooho, 'mele o tlase, mokokotlo le masiba a mahetla ka linako tse ling a ka qala ho fetoha ka Mphalane, nakong ea ho falla. Ka Phuptjane, ho qhibiliha ha makhopho a manyenyane le masiba a mohatla ho felile, phetoho ea mapheo a mapheoana e qala ka Mphalane - Pherekhong ebe e ea fela, ka Mots'eanong. Ho linonyana tse ling, ho a etsahala hore ho qhibiliha ha lintsintsi tsa mantlha li hlahe pejana, joalo ka ho batho ba baholo. Ho tšela liaparo tsa bobeli tsa mariha ho etsahala ka nako e ts'oanang le ho batho ba baholo. Ho tšela seaparo sa bobeli sa pele ho qala ka nako e telele ho feta ho batho ba baholo, 'me ho hapa karolo e nyane ea masiba: mapheo' ohle a kaholimo, karolo ea masiba a mokokotlo le masiba a phatleng le ka mpeng ha a nkeloe sebaka. Ho tloaelehile haholo hore ka nako e le 'ngoe li-flywheel tsa ka hare tsa 2 li ka nkeloa sebaka.
Kamora ho qhibiliha ho etsahala habeli ka selemo: prenuparti e felletseng le e sa reng letho. Ho qhibiliha ka mor'a ho qeta hangata ho qala mariha. Matsatsi a qalang a ho qaleha ha a tsejoe - ho hlakile hore, pheletso ea Mphalane - qalo ea Pulungoana. Ka Pherekhong, linonyana li se li ntse li le maemong a matala a mariha a sa tebang, masiba a mantlha a nkeloa sebaka ke la Pherekhong - qalong ea Hlakubele. Pele-molting e etsahala qetellong ea Hlakubele - Mots'eanong, mme e fela ka ho qala ha selemo sa ho falla. Masiba a hlooho, kutu, mohatla le mapheo a koahelang a nkeloe sebaka, ho fapana le tern river, phetoho ea li-flyworms tsa mantlha tsa kahare le kantle ha e etsahale.
Ho jaleha
Metsi a makatsang. Mefuta e potoloha ka bongata, e lula libakeng tsa Europe le Amerika Leboea haufi le Leoatle la Arctic, lihlekehleke le mabopo a North Atlantic le North Pacific. Europe Bophirima, nesting e tlalehiloe Iceland, Sehlekehlekeng sa Jan Mayen, Sehlekehlekeng sa Bear, Svalbard, mabopong a Great Britain, Ireland, Netherlands, Denmark, Jeremane, Jeremane Bochabela, Norway, 'me ba lula lebopong lohle la Baltic la Sweden le Finland, le leboea leboea. tsa linaha tsena - le metsi a mahareng. Baahi ba sa tloaelehang ba tlalehiloe Fora, Belgium le Poland (Cramp, 1985).
Setšoantšo sa 80. Sebaka sa kabo ea Tern
1 - sebaka sa nesting (mola o nang le matlapa a bonts'a moeli o sa hlalosoang), 2 - e hahela ka moqomong o moqotetsane oa matlo le libaka tsa bolulo, 3 - libaka tsa pele tsa ho hlaba lijalo, 4 - sebaka sa bolulo, 5 - libaka tsa mariha, 6 -
Ho USSR, libaka tsa bolulo tsa nesting li tsejoa libakeng tsa Baltic, haholo lihlekehlekeng tse ka bophirima le leboea ho Estonia (Peedosaar, Onno, 1970, Aumees, 1972, Renno, 1972, Aumees et al., 1983). Ka 1978, ho netefalitsoe ha sebaka sa polar tern haufi le Riga (Strazds, 1981, Strazds, Strazds, 1982), ho lebelletsoe ho hlaha Latvia kamora lilemo tsa bo-1950 (Viksne, 1983) ka tekanyo e nyane, maqhubu a polar tern lihlekehlekeng tsa Birch molomong oa Vyborg Bay (Khrabry, 1984), libakeng tse ling tsa Setereke sa Leningrad. ha e sa lula, leha e le ka bo-1940, kolone e ile ea fumanoa lebopong le ka bochabela la Lake Ladoga (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983). Ho ea ka leboea ho Arctic tern, e lula Leoatleng la Barents le Leoatle le Letšo ho White Peninsula ea Kola, ho kenyelletsa Lihlekehleke tsa Ainu, Lihlekehleke tse Supileng le lihlekehleke tse ling (Uspensky, 1941, Blagosklonov, 1960, Kishchinsky, 1960a, Malyshevsky, 1962, Bianchi, 1967, Kokhanov, Skoko lebopong la White Sea, ho kenyelletsa Lihlekehleke tsa Solovetsky (Spangenberg, Leonovich, 1960, Kartashev, 1963, Korneeva et al., 1984). Nesting e tlalehiloe matamong a maholo a Hloahloeng ea Kola (Vladimirskaya, 1948), 'me ha e lutse matamong a Karelia e ka boroa (Neufeldt, 1970).
Setšoantšo sa 81. Sebaka sa polar tern ho USSR
1 - sebaka sa nesting (mola o nang le matlapa a bonts'a moeli o sa hlalosoang), - 2 - e hahela ka moqomong o moqotetsane oa lebopo, 3 - meaho e arohaneng, 4 - libaka tseo ho thoeng li nesting, 5 - lifofane, 6 - lits'ebetso tsa ho falla ha selemo, 7 - maeto a hoetla a tšoanang.
Ka nqa botjhabela, moeli o ka boroa oa sebaka o tloha lebopong le ho feta kapa o lekana hantle le moeli o ka boroa oa sebaka sa tundra, ka linako tse ling o theoha ka morung-tundra esita le taiga e ka leboea (Dementiev, 1951, Uspensky, 1960). Moeli o ka leboea oa sebaka se seholo o namela lebopong la Leoatle la Arctic le lihlekehleke tse haufi. Krachki a lula Malozemelskaya le Bolyzezemelskaya tundra (Gladkov, 1951, 1962, Lobanov, 1975, mineev, 1982), sehlaha ho pholletsa le Yamal (Danilov et al., 1984), mme moeli o ka boroa oa li-feta o feta, kamoo ho hlakileng, sebakeng se haufi le Arctic Circle, Yenisei - haufi le Igarka (Skalon, Sludsky, 1941, Rogacheva et al., 1983). Ho na le bopaki ba hore lihlaha tsa mofuta ona li hole haholo boroa - ka bohareng ba Ob sebakeng sa Surgut le tseleng e bohareng ea noka. Vakh (Vdovkin, 1941, Sharonov, 1951, ZIN), ho bonahala, ke sehlaha se ikhethileng, kaha Arctic tern e ne e sa tlaleheloa ka boroa ho Labytnangi ho Lower Ob (Danilov, 1965). Ka nqa botjhabela, polar tern e lula Taimyr, leha e se hohle ka mokhoa o ts'oanang: libakeng tse ling hloahloeng ha se sebaka sa nesting (Krechmar, 1966, Zyryanov, Larin, 1983, Kokorev, 1983, Matyushenkov, 1983, Pavlov et al., 1983, Yakushkin , 1983, Morozov, 1984). Ka beseng ea Khatanga, moeli o bonahala o feta haufi le 68 ° N. (Ivanov, 1976).
Nokeng Lena, moeli o ka boroa oa sebaka se ka leboea ho 68 ° 30 ′ N (Labutin et al., 1981), Indigirka - ka boroa ho 69 ° 30 ′ N (Uspensky et al., 1962), ho Kolyma - lipakeng tsa 67 ° le 67 ° 30 'N (Buturlin, 1934; Labutin et al., 1981). Nesting of Arctic terns e ile ea bonoa Alasea (Vorobev, 1967), Chaun Bay le sehlekehlekeng sa Aion (Lebedev, Filin, 1959, Zasypkin, 1981), ka bochabela ho Chukotka (Tomkovich, Sorokin, 1983), ho potoloha le noka. Kanchalan (Kishchinsky et al., 1983). Moeli o ka boroa oa sebaka se tsoelang pele o feta tseleng e bohareng ea noka. Anadyr le pheletsong e ka leboea ea naha ea Koryak, e theha sebaka se tšesaane haholo sa kutloelo-bohloko ka linoka tsa noka (Kishchinsky, 1980). Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, e lula naheng eohle ea Chukotka, empa linonyana li lula li le teng mona (Portenko, 1973). Ho ella ka boroa ho moeli oa sebaka se tsoelang pele, ho ahelloa libaka tsa bolulo tse 'maloa: sebakeng sa Parapolsky dol (Dementyev, 1940: Lobkov, 1983) libakeng tse tlase tsa noka. Karagi (Lobkov, 19816), Hek Bay mabopong a noka. Gatymynvayam (Firsova, Levada, 1982), sehlekehlekeng sa Karaginsky (Gerasimov, 1979a), lebopong le ka bophirima la Kamchatka molomong oa noka. Tigil (Ostapenko et al., 1977) le motsana. Kirovsky (Lobkov, 1985). Nesting nokeng e tlase e lokela. Li-Penzhins le lebopong la Penzhinskaya Bay (Yakhontov, 1979), le lebopong le ka boroa-bophirima la Kamchatka sebakeng sa Ust-Bolsheretsky (Glushchenko, 1984a).
Li-Arctic terns le tsona li lula lihlekehlekeng tsa Arctic. Nesting e hlokometsoe ka Franz Josef Land (Gorbunov, 1932, Parovshchikov, 1963, Uspensky, 1972, Tomkovich, 1984), ka Novaya Zemlya (bonyane lebopong la eona la bophirima le leboea-bophirima), Vaigach Island (Belopolsky, 1957 , Uspensky, 1960, Karpovich, Kokhanov, 1967), ha ho na tlhaiso-leseling e nepahetseng mabapi le nesting ea mofuta ona Sehlekehlekeng sa Kolguev (Dementiev, 1951). Ntle le bochabela, nesting e tlalehiloe Sehlekehlekeng sa Bolshevik (Bulavintsev, 1984); ha ho na tlhahisoleseling e tšepahalang ea nesting lihlekehlekeng tse ling tsa Lefatše Leboea (Laktionov, 1946). Lihlaha tsa Arctic tern hape lihlekehlekeng tsa Novosibirsk le Sehlekehleke sa Wrangel (Dementiev, 1951, Rutilevsky, 1958, Portenko, 1973).
Ho falla
Likepe tsa Arctic tsa Leoatle le Bosoeu le Barents, joalo ka, linonyana tse tsoang mabopong a Leoatle la Kara, Taimyr (mohlomong ho tsoa libakeng tse ling tse ka bochabela) li fofa ka bophirima ho oa, ebe u leba lebopong le ka leboea le bophirima ba Europe le lebopong la bophirima la Afrika, ho fihla libakeng tsa mariha ho Pulungoana - Mots'eanong. Linonyana tse tsoang halofo e ka bophirima ea Amerika Leboea li fofa ka tsela e ts'oanang, li hokahana le li-terns tsa West-Pale-Arctic haufi le mabopo a Europe Bophirima. Maqhubu a leoatle a Arctic a Leoatle la Bering le Alaska a fofa ka nqa ea boroa lebopong la Amerika. Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, li-terns tsa libaka tse ka bochabela tsa USSR li fofa ka tsela e tšoanang (Cramp, 1985).
Linonyana tse ithutoang ka ho fetesisa tsa linonyana tsa Leoatle le White (Bianchi, 1967). Ho tloha ka bongata ha Arctic tern ho tloha Kandalaksha Gulf ho qala bohareng ba mashome a mabeli a Phupu ebe ho fela qalong - bohareng ba Phato; bofelong ba 1960s, linonyana tsa sechaba sena li ile tsa bontša tloaelo ea ho fofa kamora nako - kamora matsatsi a 20 kamora ho feta pele (Bianchi, Ka bohlale, 1972). Ho qala ka Phato, li-terns li ea boroa-bophirima, li fofa ka Leoatle la Baltic le lebopo la Europe Bophirima. Ka Lwetse, linonyana tse ngata li ntse li rekotoa Europe, leha ho le joalo, tse tsoetseng pele li se li fihlile lebopong le ka bophirima la tropike Afrika. Ka Mphalane - Pherekhong, li-tern li ntse li tsoela pele ho leba nqa e ka boroa lebopong la bophirima la k'honthinente ea Afrika 'me ka December li fihla libakeng tsa mariha metsing a Antarctic. Mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng o khutlisetsang pele o qala, ka ho hlakileng, ka Hlakubele, mme qetellong ea lilemo tse mashome a mabeli tsa Mots'eanong linonyana tsa pele li hlaha Kandalaksha Bay (ka lilemo tse 17 tsa ho shebella, nako ea ponahalo ea li-terns tsa pele e fapana ho tloha ho 6 ho isa ho 23V, letsatsi le tloaelehileng ke 16.V), hammoho le ka hoetla , linonyana nakong ea selemo ha li potoloha Phula ea Kola, empa li fofa ka Leoatle la Baltic, Finland le Setereke sa Leningrad. Phallo e sa reng letho ea selemo e haola le naha e ka boroa-bochabela ho Letša la Ladoga ho elella bofelong ba Mots'eanong le maqalong a Pherekhong (Noskov et al., 1981).
Linonyana tse ling, haholo-holo bacha, li ka tsoa tseleng e kholo ea sefofane, li fumanoa botebong ba naha. Kahoo, linonyana tse nyane tsa 27.VIII 1958 le 30.VIII tsa 1960 li ile tsa fumanoa seterekeng sa Chelyabinsk le Ukraine Bophirima (Khmelnitsky sebakeng seo), li ile tsa boela tsa tsebahala Leoatleng le Letšo (Bianchi, 1967).
Lihlekehlekeng tsa Ainu (West Murman), linonyana tsa pele li hlaha ka 8-25.V, karolelano ea lilemo tse 21 18.V (Anzigitova et al., 1980), lihlekehlekeng tse Supileng (East Murman) - 24–31.V, ka kakaretso 28 .V (Belopolsky, 1957), mabopong a Lapland Nature Reserve - 21.V-6.VI, ka karolelano ea lilemo tse 11 29.V (Vladimirskaya, 1948), ka Franz Josef Land - 7-24.VI, ka kakaretso 18 .VI kapa pejana ho moo (Gorbunov, 1932, Parovshchikov, 1963, Tomkovich, 1984). Ho Malozemelskaya tundra, li-terns tsa pele tsa polar li bonoa ka la 25-31.V., Ho Bolshezemelskaya tundra - ka la 31.V-3.VI (Mineev, 1982), ka boroa ho Yamal - 28-V - 8.VI, hangata qalong ea Pherekhong (Danilov et al. ., 1984), West Taimyr ka lilemo tse fapaneng le ka lintlha tse fapaneng - ho tloha ho 3 ho isa ho 21.VI (Krechmar, 1963, 1966), Yenisei e ka leboea ho Igarka - lilemong tse leshome tsa pele tsa Pherekhong (Rogacheva et al., 1983). Matsatsi a thathamisitsoeng, ho sa tsotelehe taba ea hore e fapana haholo selemo le selemo ho latela nako ea selemo, a bontša ka ho hlaka tsoelo-pele ea li-terns tsa Arctic ho tloha ka selemo ho tloha bophirima ho isa bochabela ho isa Taimyr. Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, li-terns li fofa ho ea East Taimyr, e tlohang bochabela, ho tloha Chukchi le Bering Seas, li hlahella mona ka 11-15.VI mme le tsona li fofa ka bochabela ka Phato (Matyushenkov, 1979, 1983). Ho ea ka bochabela ho Taimyr, mabota a polar a hlaha libakeng tsa nesting pejana: Prikolymsk tundra ka 27.V, Alazey ka la 31.V, Yano-Indigir tundra ka la 30V- 1.VI (Vorobyov, 1963, 1967), Chaun lowland 1 .VI ( Kondratyev, 1979), ho Uelen 31.V, setsing sa Sefapano sa 1 .VI, sehlekehlekeng sa Wrangel - 12.VI (Portenko, 1973). Hoa hlokomeleha hore nako ea li-tern ho tundra ea leboea-bochabela Yakutia e batla e le pejana ho feta lebopong la Chukotka. Haeba sena ha se lebaka la tšohanyetso la libaka tse futhumetseng le tse pholohileng nakong ea ho shebella, re ka nahana ka ho falla ha terns ho theosa le naha kae kae haufi le Shelikhov Bay le Penzhinsky Bay. Le ha ho le joalo, lebopong le ka bochabela la Kamchatka seterekeng sa Tigil, li-terns li ile tsa bonoa li se li qalile halofo ea bobeli ea Mots'eanong (Ostapenko et al., 1975), le ka 1972-1973. linonyana tse fallang li ile tsa kopana 22-25.V nokeng. Omolon (Kretschmar et al., 1978).
Ka hoetla, li-polese tsa polar li nyamela libakeng tse ngata tsa lihlaha ka Phato. Ho lieha pele ho qalo kapa bohareng ba Mphalane ho ile ha hlokomeloa feela ka boroa ho Yamal (Danilov et al., 1984), Bolshezemelskaya tundra (Mineev, 1982) le Franz Josef Land (Parovshchikov, 1963, Tomkovich, 1984). Ha e le tataiso ea phallo ea hoetla ea lipalo tse fapaneng, ha ho sa na ho hlaka, re ka nahana feela hore ka hoetla linonyana lia falla, ka kakaretso, litseleng tse ts'oanang le tsa nakong ea selemo, empa ka lehlakoreng le fapaneng. Mehlape e fofang ea batho ba ka bang 100-350 sebakeng se haufi le Uelen e hlaha lilemong tse leshome tsa boraro tsa Phato (Tomkovich le Sorokin, 1983).
Likhoeling tsa lehlabula bakeng sa karolo e ka leboea ea lefatše, li-terns tse selemo li pota-pota sebaka se seholo ho tloha Antarctica ho ea libakeng tsa nesting tse Arctic. Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, tšobotsi eona eo e tšoana le ea linonyana tse lilemo li peli (Bianchi, 1967). Nakong ea ho falla ha selemo, hangata terns tsa mapolanka li fofa ka lihlopha tsa batho ba 'maloa, hangata hangata ho mehlape ea linonyana tse 100-150 (Mineev, 1982, Danilov et al., 1984). Mehlape ea linku le mehlape ea linonyana nakong ea mariha hangata e kholo (Cramp, 1985).
Ntle le se boletsoeng ka holimo, litheko tsa terns tsa polar li tlalehiloe sebakeng sa Pskov (Zarudny, 1910), Czechoslovakia, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Turkey, Algeria le Cyprus (Cramp, 1985). Leeto la Fram le ile la chesa Arctic Tern ka 27.VII 1895: ka 84 ° 32 ′ N (Dementiev, 1951).
Palo
Bakeng sa libaka tse ngata tsa USSR ha e hlalosoe. Lihlaha tsa lipara tse 10-25 Latvia (Strazds, 1981, Strazds, Strazds, 1982), e batlang e le palo e ts'oanang Lihlekehlekeng tsa Birch tsa Gulf of Finland (Brave, 1984), le li-pairs tse ka bang 10 000 Estonia (Peedosaar, Onno, 1970, Renno , 1972), ho latela mehloli e meng, lipere tse likete tse 12,5 (Thomas, 1982, e qotsitsoeng ke: Cramp, 1985). Bonyane ho na le lipalo tse likete tse 25 tse neng li lula Leoatleng le Letšo ka 1960, mme li ka ba likete tse 10 tse neng li lula lebopong la Murmansk (Bianchi, 1967). Palo ea baahi ba Leoatle le Letšo e se e fokotsehile ho tloha moo (Bianchi, Khlyap, 1970, Bianchi, Boyko, 1972), ka ho totobetseng hore ho etsahetse se tšoanang ka palo e makatsang ea Murman bophirima (Anzigitova et al., 1980). Ha se lipalo tse ngata tsa polar ho Franz Josef Land - ka 1981 ha ho na likara tse fetang 30 tse lutseng sehlekehlekeng sa Graham Bell (Tomkovich, 1984), tse fokolang ka bochabela ho Taimyr (Matyushenkov, 1983), tse fumanehang ka bochabela ho Chukotka (Tomkovich, Sorokin , 1983) mme, ka kakaretso, ke ba 'maloa ho Hloahloeng ea Chukchi le Sehlekehleke sa Wrangel (Portenko, 1973).
Tern ena e tloaelehile haholo tundra ea Yakutia (Vorobyov, 1963) le libakeng tse ling tse 'maloa: Sehlekehlekeng sa Chaun Lowland le Ayon Island (Lebedev, Filin, 1959), ho leholo la Kolyuchinskaya Bay (Krechmar et al., 1978), libakeng tse tlaase tsa . Kanchalan (Kishchinsky et al., 1983). Ho hlakile hore ho na le lipara tse makholo a 'maloa tsa polar tern sehlekehlekeng sa Karaginsky (Gerasimov, 1979a). Ka kakaretso, li-polar tern li ngata haholo bophirima, Atlantic karolo ea palearctic: ho etsa mohlala, lihloho tse fetang likete tse lekholo ho la Iceland feela, le lipara tse likete tse 21 tsa Norway (Cramp, 1985). Palo eohle ea mefuta e teng USSR, ho bonahala e le likonyana tse likete tse makholo.