E-ea ho sehlooho sa likarolo: Mefuta ea li-dinosaurs
Psittacosaurus mongoliensis psittacosaurus (Mongolia parrot lizard)
Boemo bo hlophisehileng: Li-dinosaurs tsa Ptitsetazovye, li-dinosaurs tse linaka
Nako ea lintho tse fumanoang: Mehleng ea pele ea Cretaceous (lilemo tse limilione tse 120-100 tse fetileng)
E lahlehile hape ea fumanoa: Asia (Mongolia, China, Thailand)
Herbivorous
Ka 1922, masapo a li-dinosaurs tsa limithara tse peli tse nang le sebopeho se sa tloaelehang sa hlooho le molomo joalo ka parrot, li fumanoe Mongolia mafikeng a mehleng ea Cretaceous. Fumana lebitso hore na psittacosaurus (leqhubu la parrot). Molomo o mokhuts'oane empa o le matla haholo o ne o supiloe ka sebopeho le ka metsero ea ho seha. Ka eona, liphoofolo li ka li loma le ho kukuta likarolo tse matla tsa limela. Sena se hlile se hloka matla a ikhethileng, a tiisitsoeng ke sebopeho se ikhethileng sa lehata: ho na le libaka tse ngata ho eona moo mesifa e meholo e matla e neng e kentsoe teng, haholoholo bohale bo phahameng bo tsoang mokokotlong oa hlooho.
Ka lebaka la litšobotsi tse teng bathong, bafuputsi ba ile ba khona ho qaqisa masapo a manyane a liphoofolo tse nyane ho mofuta o le mong, leha ho le thata hangata ho tseba hore motho e moholo le motho e monyane ke karolo ea mofuta o le mong. Bolelele ba li-dinosaurs tse nyane tsa mofuta ona e ne e le lisenthimithara tse 24 le 27 feela. Ho latela lilemo tsa bona, ba ne ba e-na le lihlooho le melomo e neng e se matla ho feta. Ehlile, liphoofolo tsena tse seng li le matla li ne li le liphofu tse bonolo leha e le ka li-dinosaurs tse nyane tse jang nama. Ka hona, ho amoheloa ka kakaretso hore li-cubit tsa psittacosaurus li sirelelitsoe ke 'm'a tsona nako e telele. Mohlomong o bile a ba fepa "porridge" ea makhasi a sithabetseng?
*** Sebopeho sa bokantle ba lehata se ne se tšoana le molomo oa seratsoana se seholo. Litsebi tsa limela tsa lipalesa li lumela hore mahlakore a bohale a "melomo" ea bona ea li-psittacosaurs a rema makala, makala a lifate le lihlahla, e leng seo ba se jeleng. Masala a bacha a fihlile bolelele ba 24 - 27 cm feela.
*** Psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus), mofuta oa liphoofotsoana tse sa bonahaleng tsa tlhophiso ea li-dinosaurs. O phetse mehleng ea Cretaceous. Bolelele ba 'mele 1-1,5 m. Ho tsamaisoa ka maoto a mabeli. Boemo ba tatellano bo phehisana khang, joalo ka P. e tšoauoa ka matšoao a li-dinosaurs tse linaka (sebopeho sa lehata), ankylosaurs (mofuta oa meno) le ornithopods (sebopeho sa maoto le matsoho). Ka ho fetisisa, P. emela lekala la sekepe sa stegosaurus - li-ankylosaurs, tse bolokileng bokhoni ba ho sisinyeha haholo. Meno a manyane, a nang le seriti ka thōko, ho bonahala a ne a etsa hore ho khonehe ho kuta le ho hlatsoa limela tse thata. Phalanges tse nang le likhama li bontša tloaelo ea ho tsamaea mobung o mongobo. Ho totobetse hore ba ne ba lula mekotleng mabopong a libaka tsa polokelo, moo ho neng ho le bonolo ho fumana lijo le ho ipata ho lira.
*** "Psittacosaurus" ha e bolele ho feta "lizard-parrot." Mme o ile a rehoa lebitso leo ka lebaka la sebopeho se sa tloaelehang sa mehlahare, se tšoanang le molomo oa parrot. Ka tsona, o ile a kha makhasi le makala a lifate. Mokotla o ile oa tsamaea ka maoto a mabeli, empa ha kotsi e ka hlaha e ka tsamaea ka maoto a mane. Bo-rasaense ha baa ka ba khona ho bona masalla a likhomo tsa batho ba baholo eseng feela, empa le masea. Le bona ba banyenyane ba ne ba e-na le meno, e le hore ho tloha bonyenyaneng ba ka iphumanela lijo. Joalo ka litsuonyana le matata a sejoale-joale, li-psittacosaurs li metse lipekere tse nyane e le hore lijo li ka ba fatše.
Psittacosaurus e ne e se kholo: bolelele ba eona e ne e le mithara e le 'ngoe,' me boima ba eona bo ne bo se bo fetang li-kilos tse 15.
Bo-rasaense ba bang ba re psittacosaurus e hlophisitsoe ke li-ceratops, le hoja li se na manaka le litlolo phatleng. Mme leha ho le joalo, melomo ea li-ceratopsians le li-psittacosren li tšoana hantle, 'me sebopeho sa hlooho se batla se batla se tšoana. Kamoo ho bonahalang kateng, bo-ramahlale ba nepile: li-psittacosaurs e ka ba li-ceratops tse ikhethileng pele. Ntlha ena e netefatsoa ke se fumaneng se seng naheng ea Mongolia, moo ho fumanoeng dino tse sa tsejoeng ho fihlela joale, tse neng li e-na le molala oa molala o nang le lijalo tse tšoanang hantle le li-protoceratops, mme molomo oa eona o ne o batla o le kopi e hlakileng ea molomo oa psittacosaurus.
Ka lekhetlo la pele, masala a "parrot lizard" a ile a fumanoa ke lithuto tsa Amerika tsa Henry Osborne ka 1923, nakong ea mosebetsi oa ho penta oa paleontological litepising tsa Mongolia. Ebe lehlohonolo le tsamaisana le Osborne: ho fumanoe lintho tse makatsang, tse ileng tsa qobella ponahalo e ncha ho li-dinosaurs tsa khale.
Mohlala, Henry Osborne o khothalelitse hore li-psittacosaurs li ka jella ka khotso hammoho le li-dinosaurs tse ling tsa limela, ka mohlala, li-veurosaurs. Li-psittacosaurs tse nyane li ne li foka makhasi le letlakala le lenyenyane ho tloha ka tlase, 'me barekisi ba likhama tse kholoanyane ba fumana lijo tsa bona holimo sefateng.
Ho makatsang ke hore mefuta e 'meli ea li-dinosaurs e ile ea fula hammoho e le hore e utloe ha linonyana li ja nakong. Hang ha setsomi se fihla sebakeng sa ponahalo, li-dinosaurs li ile tsa lemosa ba bang ka bongata 'me tsa hasana ka litsela tse fapaneng, tsa ferekanya beng ka bona ba bohlale.
Hape, hoa makatsa hore masala a makhoaba a joalo a fumanoa Europe. Ho feta moo, ho na le lebaka la ho lumela hore psittacosaurus e kile ea aha sebaka sa Russia ea sejoale-joale. Hona joale bo-ramahlale ba na le bonnete ba sephetho sa bona, e ntse e le ho ba tšehetsa ka liphetho tsa paleontological. (http://www.zoohall.com.ua)
Lilemo tse limilione tse 130 tse fetileng, liphoofolo tse anyesang li ja li-dinosaurs
Masalla a phoofolo e anyesang ea prehistoric, Channel One
Ho sibolloa ha maikutlo ho entsoe ke litsebi tsa limela tsa Amerika. Ho ile ha fumaneha hore lilemong tse ka bang limilione tse 130 tse fetileng, liphoofolo tse anyesang li jele li-dinosaurs, CNN e tlaleha hore e ile ea qotsa Associated Press.
Chaena, mesaletsa ea phoofolo ea khale e ile ea fumanoa, 'me ka mpeng ea eona e ne e le masapo a dinosaur tse nyenyane. Li-foss li fumanoe lilemo tse ka bang peli tse fetileng profinseng ea China ea Liaoning, li isoa laboratoring ea Beijing, moo li ileng tsa ithuteloa ke bo-rasaense ba Chaena le ba Amerika. Seo ba se fumaneng se kanna sa fetola maikutlo a bona nakong e fetileng mabapi le karolo ea liphoofolo tse anyesang nakong ea li-dinosaurs.
Psittacosaurus e monyane eo e kileng ea e-ba phofu ea phoofolo e anyesang - se bitsoang "parrot lizard". E ile ea rehoa lebitso lena ka lebaka la sebopeho se sa tloaelehang sa mehlahare, se tšoanang le molomo oa parrot eo a ileng a khaola makala a sefate. Makhopholin a ile a tsamaea ka maoto a mabeli, empa haeba kotsi e ne e ka tsamaea kapele ka maoto a mane. Boholo ba batho ba baholo ha boa ka ba feta mita le halofo, 'me boima - 15 kilos.
"Qalong, re ne re nahana hore ke mahe a phoofolo ea phoofolo e anyesang ka boeona. Ha re shebile ka hloko, re fumane hore e ka ba dinosaur feela. Ho feta moo, masapo a ne a fumaneha hantle moo phoofolo ea liphoofolo tse anyesang e tlameha ho ba le mpa," ho boletse mohiruoa oa Setsi sa Pokello ea nalane ea Amerika (American Museum of Natural History) Setsi sa nalane ea nalane ea tlhaho) Meng Jin.
Joalokaha bo-rasaense ba hlokometse, liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa mofuta oa Repenomamus robustus tse lekanang le katse e kholo li ne li thabela mokolokotoane oa parrot. Haufi le moo ho ile ha fumanoa masapo a liphoofolo tse anyesang tse haufinyane, 'me seo ha se makatse. Taba ke hore boholo ba phoofolo ena bo boholo ho feta ntja ea sejoale-joale, le hoja pele ho ne ho lumeloa hore liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa nako eo li ne li le nyane makhetlo a mashome a mabeli - tse nyane ho feta chipmunk ea sejoale-joale.
Setsebi sa Paleontologist Zhexi Luo oa Pittsburgh Carnegie Museum of Natural History o lumela hore mofuta oa liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa pejana o se o felisitsoe, le hore bopaki ke ba pele ba hore liphoofolo tse anyesang li hlasetse li-dinosaurs tse nyane nakong ea Cretaceous.
Tlhaloso
Mefuta e fapaneng ea li-psittacosaurs e ne e sa tšoane ka boholo le likarolo tsa sebopeho sa lehata le skeleton, empa sebopeho sa 'mele oa bona se ne se batla se tšoana. Mefuta e ithutoang hamolemo, Mongoli oa Psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus Mongoliensis), e fihlile bolelele ba limithara tse peli. Boima bo phahameng ba 'mele ba phoofolo e moholo mohlomong e ne e le li-kilos tse fetang 20. Mefuta e meng ea li-psittacosaurs e ne e lekana ka boholo le Mongongolia (Psittacosaurus e kholo, Psittacosaurus neimongoliensis, Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis), tse ling li ne li le nyane haholo (Psittacosaurus sinensis, Psittacosaurus meileyingensis).
Psittacosaurus e nyane haholo e tsejoang e ne e le Psittacosaurus ordosensis. E ne e le 30% ka tlase ho Psittacosaurus mongoliensis. Tse kholo ka ho fetisisa e ne e le Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis le Psittacosaurus sibiricus, empa li ne li fapana hanyane ka boholo le Mongolia psittacosaurus.
Lehata la li-psittacosaurs le ne le fapane haholo le maraba a li-dinosaurs tse ling tsa kajeno tse jang linonyana. Lehata la psittacosaurs le ne le le holimo haholo ebile le le khuts'oane, mefuta e meng e batla e le sephakeng. Karolo e ka pele ho litselana - mabili a mahlo - e ne e le karolo ea 40% feela ea bolelele ba lehata, e le tlase haholo ha e bua ka mekholutsoane e meng e tsebahalang ea likhoho. Bakeng sa mohlahare o ka tlase oa li-psittacosaurs, letoto la maqhubu a emeng pakeng tsa leino le leng le le leng ke tšobotsi. Ka mohlahare o kaholimo le o tlase li ne li khabisitsoe ka lits'ebetso tse boletsoeng esale pele tsa coracoid tse ntlafalitsoeng ho tsoa molomong le masapo a sebopeho ka ho latellana. Boholo ba molomo oa eona e ne e kanna ea koaheloa ka seretse e le hore leano le ka holimo le holimolimo a molomo bakeng sa ho kuta hantle limela. Joalokaha ho bonoa lebitsong la liphoofolo tse tloaelehileng, lehata le bokhutšoanyane le molomo oa tsona o tšoana le tsa lipapakhaee tsa sejoale-joale. Ka sebopeho sa lehata la li-psittacosaurs ho na le litšobotsi tse ikhethang tsa li-dinosaurs tsa morao-rao tse lenaka, ka mohlala, lesapo le ikhethang la molomo o qetellong ea mohlahare o holimo, masapo a zygomatic a sephara. Leha ho le joalo, li-psittacosaurs li ne li se na sebopeho sa masapo molaleng kapa linaka sefahlehong, e le tšobotsi ea li-dinosaurs tsa morao tjena tse linaka. Letlalong la li-psittacosaurus tsa Siberia ho na le mantle a nang le sebopeho sa lenaka, empa a nkuoa e le litholoana tsa nts'etsopele ea converter.
Masapo a marang-rang a li-psittacosaurs a fapane hanyane le masapo a tloaelehileng a li-dinosaurs tsa bipedal kana. Ho "psittacosaurus" ea Mongolia, joalo ka mefuta e meng, bolelele ba likhakanyo ke karolo ea 58% feela ea bolelele ba maoto, sena se bontša hore li-psittacosaurs li qetile hoo e ka bang bophelo bohle ba tsona ka maoto a mabeli. Manonong a pele (a "matsoho") a li-psittacosaurs ho ne ho e-na le menoana e mene feela, eseng e mehlano, joalo ka li-dinosaurs tse ling tse ngata (ho kenyeletsoa le li-dinosaurs tsohle tse linaka). Ka kakaretso, lesaka la maoto a mane a morao-rao e ne e le tšobotsi e kholo ea li-dinosaurs tse nyane.
Moruo
Lebitso psittacosaurus le ile la hlahisoa ka 1923 ke Henry Fairfield Osborn, paleontologist, mopresidente oa American Museum of Natural History, sengolong se phatlalalitsoeng ka la 19 Mphalane. Lebitso la generic le entsoe ka mantsoe a Greek Greek. ψψτττςς / psittakos (parrot) le Greek. σαυρος / sauros (mekholutsoane), 'me e bonts'a ho ts'oana ha bokapele ba hlooho ea phoofolo ka molomo oa seporese le mefuta ea sona ea tlhaho.
Mefuta ea li-psittacosaurs
Mefuta e fetang leshome le metso e 'meli e amahanngoa le mofuta oa li-psittacosaurs, empa kajeno ho tloha ho tse robeli ho isa ho tse leshome le motso o mong li nkuoa li tšepahala. Hajoale, ena ke palo e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea mefuta e arohaneng e ka tšeptjoang ho mofuta o mong le o mong oa li-dinosaurs (ntle le linonyana). Ho fapana le li-psittacosaurs, boholo ba mefuta e meng ea li-dinosaurs ha e monospecific, ke hore, li emeloa ke mofuta o le mong. Phapang e joalo e ka khethoa haholo ke ho se lumellane ha liphetho tsa paleontological. Psittacosaurs e tsejoa e le lipapatso tse makholo, ha li-dinosaurs tse ling tse ngata li emeloa ke seoelo, hangata se sa nyaloheng. Ka lebaka la palo e kholo ea disampole, tlhahlobo e felletseng ea li-psittacosaurs e ile ea khonahala, sena se re lumelletse ho tseba le ho khetholla palo e kholo ea mefuta ea bona. Boholo ba liphoofolo tse teng hona joale bo emeloa ke mefuta e mengata, e leng se supang boteng ba mefuta e mengata hara li-dinosaurs, leha ho sa tsotelloe taba ea hore masala a tsona ha a bolokehe. Ntle le moo, li-dinosaurs tse ngata li tsejoa feela ka masala a masapo, a a lumellang hore a lekantsoe feela ka morphology ea masapo, ha mefuta e teng, e na le marapo a masapo haholo, e fapana haholo ka litlhaku tse ling tse sa bolokiloeng ka sebopeho sa mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale. Ka lebaka leo, mefuta ea tsona ea mofuta ona le li-dinosaurs tse ling li ka ba kholo haholo ho feta kamoo ho tsejoang hona joale.
- Mefuta e thehiloeng ka mokhoa o tšepahalang psittacosaurus
- Mongolian psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus mongoliensis) - Mongolia, leboea ho China.
- Chinese psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus sinensis) - ka leboea-bochabela Chaena.
- Maylain psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus meileyingensis) - leboea-bohareng China.
- Xinjiang psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus xinjiangensis) - China leboea-bophirima.
- Inner Mongol psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus neimongoliensis) - leboea-bohareng China.
- Ordos psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus ordosensis) - China Leboea-Bohareng.
- Matsongshan psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus mazongshanensis) - China Leboea-bophirima.
- Siberan psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus sibiricus) - Siberia e ka boroa, Russia.
- Lutsijun psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus lujiatunensis) - ka leboea-bochabela Chaena.
- Great psittacosaurus (Psittacosaurus kholo) - ka leboea-bochabela Chaena.
- Mohlomong mefuta psittacosaurus
- ?Psittacosaurus Sattayaraki (Psittacosaurus sattayaraki) - Thailand.
Psitaccosaurus
Psitaccosaurus : "dinosaur ka linaka tse tharo"
Nako ea ho ba teng: pheletso ea Cretaceous - lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse 70-65 tse fetileng
Sehlopha: Likhoho
Suborder: Mekhoa ea phekolo
Litšobotsi tse tloaelehileng tsa lingaka:
- o ile a tsamaea ka maoto a mane
- o jele limela
- linaka le mabili a marapo a ne a roaloa hloohong
- setloholo se felile ka molomo joalo ka parrot
Boemo:
bolelele - 1.5 m
bophahamo - 1,4 m
boima - 40 lik'hilograma.
Phepo e nepahetseng: dinosaur ea herbivorous
E fumanoe: 1923, Mongolia
Psitaccosaurus - Cretaceous dinosaur. Psitaccosaurus ke moemeli oa sehlopha sa li-dinosaurs tse bitsoang litlhare, tse ratoang nakong ea Cretaceous.
Likhalase tse kholo tsa mofuta ona li ne li ka ba bolelele ba limithara tse 1,5, 'me li ka ba boima ba li-kilos tse 40. Bolelele ba litsoe tsa psitaccosaurus e ne e ka ba lisenthimithara tse 25.
Psitaccosaurus, moemeli oa khale oa li-ceratops, e ne e sa tšoane haholo le beng ka eona ba morao. O ile a shebahala joalo ka moemeli oa ornithopod. Litsebi tse ling li bile li ho nka e le moemeli oa li-ornithopods tse nyane.
Ho ka etsahala, psitaccosaurus e ne e le ea karolo ea phetoho lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena tse amanang. Ka ornithopods e tlisoa hammoho ke forelimbs e khutšoane ka menoana e tšesaane. Empa ka sebopeho se katiloeng sa lehata ho na le likarolo tsa li-ceratops: molomo o moholo mokotleng, manong ntle le meno ka pele. Ho na le lesapo le koahelang lesapo, 'me mesifa ea mohlahare e hokahane le eona. Moriti ona o tla fetoha molala oa lesapo le thebe li-ceratopsid tsa morao. Psittacosaurus e ne e e-na le menoana e mene. Lebitso le akaretsang la sebapali sa dinosaur le na le mantsoe a Segerike "parrot" le "lizard", a bonts'ang setšoantšo se tšoanang le sa hlooho ea li-dinosaur ka molomo oa seratsoana.
Masala a psittacosaurus a ile a fumanoa naheng ea Mongolia ka 1922-1925 ka leetong le neng le tsamaisoa ke Setsi sa nalane sa nalane ea nalane ea Amerika. Tlhaloso ea pele ea mofuta o mocha e phatlalalitsoe ke mopresidente oa setsi sena sa pokello ea nalane, Henry Fairfield Osborne, ka 1923. Nakong ea leetong, lipapatso tse ling le tsona li ile tsa etsoa ka meepo, tse ileng tsa lula li sa sebetsoa ho fihlela 1980. Hamorao ho ile ha fumanoa hore masapo a mang e ne e le a Psittacosaurus e nyane.
Tlhomamiso
Pittacosaurs ke mofuta oa mofuta oa lelapa la psittacosaurus. Hammoho le psittacosaurs, ke mofuta o le mong feela, gonshanosaurs, hajoale o abeloe lelapa lena. Psittacosaurus e thehile motheo oa hoo e batlang e le li-dinosaurs tsohle tse linonyana tse tsejoang, ntle le mofuta oa Yinlong mme, mohlomong le lelapa la Chaoyangsauridae. Leha ho le joalo ka hore li-psittacosaurs e ne e le lekala la pele la sefate sa lelapa sa dinosaur se linonyana, li-psittacosaurs ka boyona e kanna ea se be baholo-holo ba lihlopha tse ling tsa li-dinosaurs tse linaka. Li-dinosaurs tse ling kaofela tse linaka li ile tsa boloka monoana oa bohlano liphatleng tsa tsona, athe li-psittacosaurs li ile tsa ba le matsoho a mane. Ntle le moo, ts'ebetsong ea ho iphetola ha lintho, li-psittacosaurs li ile tsa lahleheloa ke liforomo tsa "preorbital" tse bolokiloeng li-dinosaur tse ngata tse linaka le hoo e ka bang lithutong tsohle tse ling. Monyetla oa ho nchafatsoa hoa monoana oa bohlano kapa foramen ea infraorbital o nkoa o sa ratehe haholo.
Leha ho na le 'nete ea hore mefuta e mengata ea li-psittacosaurs e fumanoe, likamano pakeng tsa mefuta ea lihlahisoa ha li e-so fumanoe ka botlalo,' me ha ho na kutloisiso e phethahetseng har'a bo-rasaense ka sena. Lintlha tsa tlhahlobo ea phylogenetic ea haufinyane haholo le tse felletseng li phatlalalitsoe ke Alexander Averyanov le basebetsi mmoho ka 2006:
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