Caucasus e fumaneha Eurasia, 'me e na le sebaka se seholo haholo. Ena ke sebaka se lithaba se nang le meeli ea tlhaho e boletsoeng:
- Ka bophirima e hloekisoa ke metsi a leoatle la Azov le Black.
- Ka bochabela, sebaka seo se haellana le letša le leholo le se nang metsi - Leoatle la Caspian.
- Moeli o ka leboea ke khatello ea maikutlo ea Kumo-Manych, e tlohang Leoatleng la Caspian ho ea ho la Kerch Strait le Azov.
- Ka boroa, Caucasus e na le meeli e tloaelehileng le Armenia, Georgia le Azerbaijan. Mohala oa ho arohana o tsamaea haufi le lithaba tse phahameng tsa Armenia le Nōka ea Araks.
Karolong e bohareng ea Caucasus, Range e ka sehloohong kapa e arolang le Side Ridge e hlahella. Karolong ena ea sebaka sena ho na le lithaba tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa - "tse likete tse hlano" tse tummeng. Li fapana ka litlhoro tse kang lithaba, lithota tse bohale le matsoapong a mafika.
Feie. 1. Ho arola mokelikeli.
Caucasus e na le tlhoro e phahameng ka ho fetisisa eseng feela Russia empa le Europe - Mount Elbrus (5642 m). Phiri ena e felileng ke e 'ngoe ea litlhoro tse supileng tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. Ka lilemo tse ngata, o hohetse baatlelete, ba hloang mekoallo, bahahlauli le e mong le e mong ea batlang ho natefeloa ke libaka tse sa lebaleheng tsa lithaba.
Litšobotsi tsa maemo a leholimo
Caucasus e moeling oa libaka tse peli tsa tlhaho: e futhumetseng ebile e tlas'a lefatše. Phula ea lithaba tse telele e na le tšusumetso e kholo pōpong ea boemo ba leholimo tikolohong ena. Lithaba tse likete tse hlano ka tšireletso li sireletseha matsoapong a ka boroa moeeng o matla, 'me maoto a leholimo a ka leboea a otla lifefo tse matla. Ka lebaka leo, ho ka ba le lehloa le le leng le leholo karolong ea Russia ea Caucasus ka nako e ts'oanang, athe leholimo le futhumetseng le le omileng li busa Caucasus.
Sebaka sa altudinal, se boleloang haholo-holo lithabeng tse phahameng joalo, se tšoaneloa ke tlhokomelo e khethehileng:
- Mefuta ea lipalesa tse tlokomang e hola liphuleng
- kaholimo, meru e pharalletseng le e khabileng e qala ho nka sebaka,
- Ha motho a hloella lithabeng tse phahameng, a khahloa ke meru ea lithaba.
- lateloa ke sebaka sa boriba le lichens,
- litlhoro tsa lithaba tsa Caucasus ka botsona li koahetsoe ke lehloa le lehloa selemo ho pota.
Feie. 2. Makhulo a lithaba tsa lithaba tsa Caucasus.
Sebopeho sa Caucasus
Ka lebaka la sebaka sa eona sa tikoloho le liphallelo, Caucasus e na le sebopeho se ikhethang. Haufi le e mong, ho na le meru e teteaneng e kopaneng le meru e bulehileng haholo, libaka tse lithaba le lithaba tse lithaba.
Bokaholimo ba maoto a ka leboea bo tšoaea sebaka se batang sa leholimo, 'me sebaka se sephara lithabeng tsena se tšoauoa ka phetoho e matla libakeng tsa tlhaho. Lehloa le koahela matsoapo a ka leboea a Lithaba tsa Caucasus tse seng li le bophahamong ba 2800 m.
Makhoaba a Caucasus a hloka haholo ts'ireletso ea motho. Baemeli ba bangata ba liphofu tsa lehae ba mothating oa ho felisoa, 'me liphoofolo tse ling - likokoanyana, moose, bison - li nyametse ka ho felletseng.
Batho ba Caucasus
Sebaka sena ke motsoako o makatsang oa merabe e mengata e fapaneng, eo ho eona ho nang le batho ba fetang mashome a mahlano. Batho ba North Caucasus ba hlakile haholo. Laks, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Chechens le batho ba bang ba bangata ba lutse sebakeng se fokolang ka lilemo tse ngata. Hoa hlokomeleha hore e mong le e mong oa bona o ne a khona ho boloka moetlo o arohaneng mme a sa "qhibilihe" ho cauldron e tloaelehileng ea batho ba Caucasian.
Feie. 3. Batho ba Caucasus.
Ma-Azerbaijan, ma-Armenia le MaGeorgia a lula Transcaucasia. Leha ho le joalo, sebopeho sa naha ea linaha tsena le sona ha se tšoane ka homogeneity, mme palo e kholo ea Ossetians, Maabkhazi, Ma Kurds, Bajude ba Lithaba, le Batheti ba lula mona.
Bolumeli bo ka sehloohong ba batho ba Caucasus ke Boislamo, bo emeloang ke makala a Sunni le a Shiite. Sebaka sa bobeli ke sa Bokreste ba Orthodox, bo ipolelang ke bo-Georgians, Maarmenia, Maosseti.
Liphallelo
Ke liphallelo feela tse sebelisitsoeng tlhahlobisong ena e le lebaka la ho arola sebaka se lakatsehang ka libaka tse 8. Sebopeho sa Caucasus se tla hlalosoa ho latela moelelo ona. Leha e le ho Upper Proterozoic, sefofane se sebakeng se bonts'itsoeng se ile sa feta sethaleng sa ho fetoha ha sebopeho sa lintho tsa tlhaho se fetela ho se seng. Ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea ho phahama, mabalane le thota, tse tla tšohloa, liforomo tse peli tse kholo - sethala sa Scythian le libaka tse 3 tse haufi le Asia - e ile ea e-ba moeli (pakeng tsa bona ke Great Caucasus e nang le litlhoro tse peli, tse tataisoang ke hore mokolokoto o arohaneng o arotsoe likarolo tse 3). Lehlaba le haufi la Transcaucasian e ntse e le karolo ea tsamaiso e hlalositsoeng ea naha. Searmenia (se nang le Caucasus e Nyane). Pakeng tsa mefuta e hahelletsoeng ka boroa-bophirima le leboea-bochabela ho na le Colchis Lowland (moeli oa Caucasus e Kholo le e Nyane, karolo ea Riono-Kurinsky Depression). Empa ha a etse lintho tse fetang. Ka mantsoe a mang, "boroa-bochabela" "moqomo" o feta halofo e tebileng ea khatello ea maikutlo e boletsoeng. Ho sa ntsane ho bonts'a hore pheletso e ka leboea-bophirima ea naha ea sebaka ke sebaka se fetelang moeling oa leoatle. Sebaka sena ke letsoalo la Azov-Kuban (le tšoaeang bophahamo ho tloha ho 100 ho isa ho 0 metres). Boemo ba hae ba metsi bo fetotsoe haholo ke likanale tsa maiketsetso le likhoele tsa maiketsetso. Leha ho le joalo, ho na le karolo e tebileng ea lefats'e e hlahisitsoeng sengolong. Re bua ka sekhechana sa Dagestan sa sekepe sa Caspian .. Sebopeho sa Caucasus se fetola sefahleho sa eona ho tloha leboea-bophirima ho ea ka boroa-bochabela bakeng sa lik'hilomithara tse 1,160, empa ho tloha leboea ho ea boroa tikoloho e ntle e fetela ho 600 km.
Sebopeho sa Edge
Sebaka sa sebaka sa North Caucasus se ile sa kenya letsoho ho thehoeng ha polokelo ea tlhaho e ikhethang e nang le leholimo le mocheso le mocheso. Ho na le linoka tse ngata tikolohong ena: thaba le naha e tlaase, e tebileng le e sa tebang, e moferefere ebile e khutsitse. Naha ena e tumme ka mobu o nonneng moo limela tsa litholoana le lihlahla, litholoana tsa lamunu, masimo a morara, masimo a raese le a tee hammoho le lipalesa tse ngata tse ngata, li hola hantle.
Empa tšobotsi ea mantlha ea ponahalo ea naha, ehlile, ka nepo ke lithaba tsa North Caucasus tse bolelele ba lik'hilomithara tse 1,100. Litlhōrō tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa Caucasus: Thaba ea Elbrus - limithara tse 5642 ka holimo le Kazbek - limithara tse 5032.
Ho fumanoe liliba tse ngata tse nang le liminerale naheng ena e mosa; libakeng tsena ho ile ha buloa libaka tsa phomolo tse tumileng le botumo lefatšeng ka bophara litoropong tsa North Caucasus: Kislovodsk, Mineralnye Vody, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk. Mehloli ea pholiso ea libaka tsa phomolo e fapana ka sebopeho sa tsona sa liminerale le mocheso, empa li bohlokoa haholo. Ka lebaka la sebaka sa North Caucasus, libaka tsa polokelo ea tlhaho li fumaneha mona, moo lipalesa le liphoofolo tse fumanehang ka seoelo li bolokiloeng.
Ka sebaka, North Caucasus ke mokhatlo oa lithota le lithaba, libaka tse mongobo le libaka tse ommeng. Derbent, Arkhyz, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki - mabitso ana a litoropo tsa North Caucasus ke khale a li tseba ho bahahlauli ba ananelang sebaka sena ka botle ba sona bo botle le kamohelo ea baeti ea baahi ba moo. Ntle le moo, sebaka sena se na le mokhoa oa ho lebella maoatle a mararo: e Ntšo, Azov le Caspian. Lisebelisoa tsa tlholeho tikolohong ena li emeloa ke li-oil le khase tse kholo, matla a maholo a peterole, mehloli ea tšepe, li-uranium, mefuta ea bohlokoa ea lehong, litlhapi le lijo tsa leoatleng.
Sebopeho sa morabe
Caucasus Leboea e fapane haholo ka sebopeho sa eona sa morabe. Ho na le merabe e mengata mona.
Batho ba ka sehloohong ba Caucasus Leboea:
Haeba o nka terene ho potoloha Caucasus, o ka bua le baemeli ba lichaba tse fapaneng, hobane ho na le batho ba mosa le ba maikutlo.
Liriphaboliki li kenyellelitsoe sebopeho sa morabe oa Caucasus Leboea:
- Adygea
- Dagestan
- Ingushetia
- Kabardino-Balkaria,
- Karachay-Cherkessia,
- North Ossetia,
- Chechnya
Sebakeng sa eona ho na le batho ba mashome a mane a metso e 'meli ba buang lipuo tse fetang lekholo. Batho ba ka bang limilione tse 9,7 ba lula lirephabliking tsa North Caucasus.
Mefuta ea lichaba
Maabkhazi ke naha ea bophirima ho fetisisa ea sebaka sena. Bongata ba bona ba ipolela hore ke Bokreste, empa ho tloha lekholong la bo 15 la lilemo, ka lebaka la keketseho ea sebaka seo, Mamosleme a ile a hlaha. Ho tloha mehleng ea khale, mosebetsi oa bona e 'nile ea e-ba tlhahiso ea mapolanka, mokokotlo, ho betla.
Li-circassians ke batho ba pele ba lulang bochabela. Libaka tse ka leboea tsa Caucasus, hammoho le libaka tse tlase tsa linoka tsa Terek le Sunzha, ke sebaka sa bona sa bolulo. Ena ke sebaka sa morao-rao sa Karachay-Cherkessia.
Kabardinians ba arolelana sebaka le Balkars; kaofela ke ba ma-Circassians, a tummeng nako e telele ho roala mabenyane le ho ba basoeu.
Ma-Svans - morabe o ka leboea oa batho ba Georgi, ba nang le puo ea bona le litso tsa bona. Sebaka sa bona sa bolulo ke karolo e lithaba ea Georgia ka bophahamo ba limithara tse 2500.
Ma-Ossetian - e mong oa batho ba khale ka ho fetisisa ba Caucasus Leboea, o na le motsoako oa Irani. 'Muso oa khale oa Ossetians Alania - Bokreste ka sebopeho sa bona sa pele bo se bo fetile makholo a lilemo.
Ingush le Chechens ke batho ba haufi. Boholo ba ipolela hore ke Boislamo, ntle le ba Chechens ba Georgia.
Lezgins Ba lulang sebakeng se ka bochabela, Lezgins, joalo ka litloholo tsa baahi ba khale ka ho fetisisa ba Dagestan Boroa, ba na le lefa le leholo la setso.
Ntho e ka sehloohong bophelong ba merabe ena kaofela ke sebaka seo North Caucasus e leng sona. E lutse moeling oa Ottoman, 'Muso oa Russia le Byzantium - e ne e reretsoe ntoa ea nakong e fetileng ea sesole, e leng sebopeho sa eona se neng se bonahala linthong tse ling tsa Caucasians.
Thota ea Azov-Kuban
Libaka tse tlase tsa Kuban li se li bontšitsoe ka lebitso la sebaka se atolositsoeng. Kuban ka boeona e tsoa mohloling o mong ho ea ho o mong e na le sebaka sa lik'hilomithara tse 870. Har'a likotopo tsa metsi tse a fepang, tse phallang hantle sekhechaneng sena sa Krasnodar Territory ke Old Kuban, Kirpili, Sosyka, libaka tse tlase tsa Ei, Beisug le Chelbas, le linoka tse ka boroa tsa molomo oa Don. Bongata ba metsi a behiloeng kaholimo a nosetsa mobu oa temo. Sebaka sena se boetse se na le li-bays - Yeisk, Taganrog, Taman. Karolo ea matša e etsoa ke likhohola - Vityazevsky, Kyzyltashsky, Kurchansky, Akhtanizovsky (sebakeng sa metsi a hoetla ka Phato-pele ho Hlakubele, o tlameha ho khahloa ke lotho).
Elbrus
Tlhōrō e phahameng ka ho fetisisa har'a lithaba tsa North Caucasus. Elbrus ke sejoana sa seretse se chesang se ileng sa foqoha seretse, se seng se le maemong a phomolo a itseng. Ho ea ka lipale tse iqapetsoeng, ho ne ho le joalo ka hore titanium Prometheus e tlameletsoe lefikeng bakeng sa ho iteta sefuba ho chesa batho. Ka har'a leqhoa le leholo la Elbrus, tšimoloho ea linōka tsa thaba e simolohile, eo, e kopaneng, e phallela Kuban - noka e kholo e Caucasus Leboea. Ka lipelong tsa thaba ena, matsoele a ntseng a belisa a ntse a pheha, 'me mehloli ea mocheso e tletse ka liminerale le carbon dioxide. Mocheso oa bona o fihla ho + 52 le + 60 0 С.
Ciscaucasia
Sebopeho sa Caucasus Leboea se behile linoka tse ngata sebakeng se bohareng kapa se tlase. Tsoan e tšoanang, Kubya, Eya, Beisug le Chelbas li phalla mona. Ho ea ka bochabela ho bona ba na le metsi a bona Belaya, Laba, Terek (e nang le liteishene tse ngata le mekotla) le Kuma (semelo sa bona se patiloe ka har'a lithaba tse fapaneng). Tse ngata li hokahane. Linoka tse thellang li fihla metheong, masimong le masimong a Ciscaucasia: Baksan, Bolshoi le Malyi Zelenchuk, Urup, Teberda, Malka le Podkumok. Tikoloho e nang le mabitso ha e na matša a maholo. Empa sefubeng sa hae ho tletse libaka tsa polokelo - Krasnodar, Kuban, Shapsug, Kryukov, Varnavinsky. Li boetse li thusa ts'ebetsong ea nosetso sebakeng sa "granaries" sa Russia Federation. Ka lehlakoreng le ka leboea ke Noka ea Manych e nang le Letša la Manyich-Gudilo, le ntseng le oma ka mocheso.
Caucasus ea Bophirimela
Karolo ena ea boraro ea "crest" ea Great Caucasus, eo libakeng tse ling e fetang lehlakoreng la eona le ka boroa, e tšoauoa ka mongobo o phahameng ka ho fetisisa. Maru a tlase ha a fetele ka nqane ho liphororo, li-rapid tse ngata haholo, sekoahelo se phahameng sa moru, pula e sa tebang. Ke libaka tse "hlahisang" liphororo tse eketsehileng tsa metsi. Li tsebahala ka linoka tsa Belaya, Mzymta, Urup, Bolshoy Zelenchuk, Psheha, linōka tsa Mezmay le Kurdzhips, phallo e pharalletseng ea metsi a phallo ea Great Gelendzhik, Tufall le Sochi. Hloahloeng ea Abrau ho na le letša le nang le lebitso le tummeng har'a bahahlauli ba spa le barati ba champagne. Nyane, joalo ka likotlolo tse ling tsa metsi tsa Western Caucasus. Moo ho nang le metsi a mangata, ehlile, limela tse eketsehileng. Joale mabapi le linaha tsa polokelo ea Caucasus. Sebakeng sa eona ho na le matša a lithaba. E hloekileng ka ho fetisisa ebile e bata haholo. Sehopotso se senyenyane sa Karakel se patiloe phuleng ea Noka ea Teberda. Ho Abkhazia Bophirimela, Letša la Ritsa le totobetseng, Bzyb (Pitsunda) le Kodor Rivers (ka boroa ho Sukhum) li atile har'a 'mele ea metsi. Li hloekile hape li na le menyako e phahameng.
Caucasus e Bohareng
Sebopeho sa Caucasus se ile sa hlophisa hoo e ileng ea siea boholo ba "matšoao" a eona - litlhoro tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa tsamaiso ena ea lithaba, 'me ka ho tšoanang, linōka tse thata ka ho fetisisa. Ho bonolo ho nahana hore gorges seterekeng sena e tla ba e tebileng haholo. Nka ka mohlala liphula tsa Baksan, Cherek-Kulamsky, Cherek, Chegem, Urukh, Fiagdon, Gizeldon, Genaldon. Litlhōrō tsa majoe a betliloeng ka majoe a batlang a koahetse leholimo ka botlalo. Libakeng tse ling baa e pata. Le ka letsatsi le chabileng la lehlabula le lefifi joalo ka mantsiboea 'me ka tsela e itseng e bile hampe. Puisanong e mabapi le likotlolo tsa tlhaho, re bonts'a Li-Lakes tse nyane tse supileng. Ba ho Kabarda.
Caucasus Bochabela
Libaka tse ka sehloohong tsa metsi tikolohong ena ea tlhaho ke Terek, Sunzha, Kuma, Sulak, Koisu le Samur, tse phallang ka har'a litoropo le litoropo tsa halofo e ka bochabela ea Ossetia Leboea, esita le ka Ingushetia, Chechnya le Dagestan. Ho ikhetholla ha mebele ea metsi ho eketseha ka mokhoa o makatsang (sebopeho sa geological mona se ts'oana le pampiri e halikiloeng - kaofela ha tsona li lokela ho feta, kapa ho e potoloha). Metsi a phallela Leoatleng la Caspian. Ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ke Kuma le Terek. Oa pele sebakeng se itseng ke moeli o pakeng tsa Europe le Asia, o bolelele ba lik'hilomithara tse 802. Ya bobeli "e sohlokehile" ho dikhilomitara tse 623. Kaha e na le beisine e kholo, e fepa likanale tse makholo, e le moeli oa lithaba tse fapaneng tsa Ossetia le Chechnya. Lithabeng tsa Dagestan le Chechnya ho na le matša a mangata a manyenyane a fumanehang bophahamong ba lehapu.
Colchis Lowland
Sebopeho sa Caucasus ka seatla se bulehileng se ile sa emisa sebaka seo ka linoka, tseo hang-hang li ileng tsa ea ho mebuso e 'meli ea sejoale-joale Abkhazia le Georgia. Ka bophirima, e qala ka phepelo e nonneng ea libethe tse peli tsa noka - Ingura (Abkhazia) le Rioni (Georgia). Linōka tsohle tsa Colchis ke tsa beisine ea morao-rao. Ho feta moo, e se e ntse e khethehile Georgia, maqhubu a Ingur (mona a bitsoa Inguri) le Rioni a arola libaka tse ka boroa tsa Great Caucasus ho tloha maralleng a leboea a Maly. Ho feta moo, bolelele ba seteishene sa Rioni ke lik'hilomithara tse 327. Mohloli oa eona o se o fumaneha ho Mount Pasismt. Molatsoana ona oa metsi o fepa literekeng tse kang Tskheniskali, Tikhuri le Kvirila. Ho na le ba bang ba bangata. Ka lebaka leo, sekotlolo sa tsamaiso ea metsi ke lisekoere tse 13,400. km "Rioni" e fetolela e le "noka e kholo." Hydronym e thehiloe ho tsoa ho mantsoe "ri" le "en", a nkiloeng puong ea maSvans. Letamong ke litoropo tsa Georgia tsa Poti le Kutaisi. Litorotsoaneng tsa pele u tla kopana le letša le ikhethang la Poliostomi (le lebopo la emerald). Lowland e nkoa e le kholo ka ho fetisisa Caucasus. Ka boroa-bochabela ho sebaka se hlalositsoeng ho feta feela "borokho" bo nyane ba thaba, bo arohanya Colchis le "furls" e 'ngoe ea sebaka - "phula ea Noka ea Kura. Lebopong la Leoatle le Letšo, Colchis ke ea setereke se ka boroa ho Kobuleti.
Kura Noka ea Phula
"Artery" ea metsi ke eona e telele ka ho fetisisa Caucasus (1364 km). Lichaba tse lulang mabopong a eona (Kurdish Turks, Georgians le Azerbaijan) li na le mefuta ea tsona ea hydronym. Kura, Mktvari le Kur. Ka Segeorgia, sena se bolela "metsi a matle." Ka lipuo tsa merabe tse ling tse thathamisitsoeng - "polokelo" kapa "polokelo" feela. Mohloli oa polokelo e patiloe sebakeng se phahameng sa Armenia (Karolo ea Turkey, sebaka sa Kurdish). Noka e phallela Leoatleng la Caspian, sebakeng sa Azen Yenikand. Molapo oa metsi o na le makala a 'maloa a bohlokoa (Bolshaya Liakhvi, Alazani, Ksani, Araks, Veri le Aragvi), a etsa beisine e kholo (188,000 sq. Km.). Mabopong a Noka ea Kura ho na le lirafshoa tsa khale tse nang le liemahale tsa meralo. Tbilisi, Mtskheta, Borjomi, Gori, Rustavi, Mengechevir, Sabirabad le Shirvan. Bakeng sa litsebi tsa sebopeho sa naha, beisine ea Kura ke sebaka se ikhethileng sa boemo ba leholimo. Hobaneng? Fumana karolong ea Flora le Fauna.
Libaka tse Nyane tsa Caucasus le Li-Highlands tsa Armenia
Sebaka se bohareng ba bophahamo bo fanoeng ka sehlooho se haelloa ke linōka tsa Rioni, Kura, Likhvsky, Asia Minor Plateau, le ka boroa le bochabela - ke lithaba tsa lehoatata le leholo la Iranian le Lankaran Lowland ea Azerbaijan. Ka hare ho sebaka se le seng (hang hang ke sa Turkey, Georgia, Armenia le Azerbaijan), Araks (feela libaka tse tlase) le phallo ea Vorotan. Ho boetse ho na le likotlolo tsa metsi - Letša la Sevan (le leholo), sebaka se ka boroa sa metsi a Mingachevir, le seliba sa Noka ea Terter. Ka tsela, ka Armenia, lebitso la ntho ea hydrological le utloahala joalo ka Tartarus (na ona ha se moeli o ka boroa oa 'muso oa khale oa baholo-holo ba rona ba Indo-European Tartaria?). Lithaba tse bohareng le tse ka tlase ke setsi sa noka e phallang ka ho fetisisa moo litoropo tsa Meghri (Armenia) le Saatli (Azerbaijan) li emang teng. Vorotan ke noka ea bobeli e telele ka ho fetisisa (kamora Araks) ho Armenia. Bolelele ba eona ke lik'hilomithara tse 178, 'me letamo ke lisekoere-mithara tse 5650. km E phalla litempeleng tsa khale, 'me e haola le Blue Canyon, hape e haola le linaha tseo ho nang le lintoa tsa seo ho thoeng ke Nagorno-Karabakh.
Mabopo a lehlabathe a setereke sa toropo ea Anapa (Russia)
Sebopeho sa lebopo la Caucasus se tsoaletse libaka tse ngata tsa leholimo tsa leholimo, tsa balneological le tsa seretse. Tse ling li ikemiselitse ho ithorisa ka haufi le mehala ea lehlabathe la khauta e bolelele ba 0,3 - 1 cm. Lehlabathe le ne le lula le thabisa batsoali ba bana! Hobane lebopong le joalo ho na le sebaka se bataletseng le se sa tebang. Ka lebaka lena, Anapa (joalo ka Cropican ea Crimea) e nkuoa e le sebaka sa bolulo sa bana. Ka mokhoa o pharaletseng, re bua ka lebopo le tsoelang pele, ho tloha moeling le Taman Peninsula ho ea ntlong ea "kampo" ea Anapa. E kenyelletsa li-braids tse arohantseng leoatle ho li-estuaries tsa Kiziltash le Vityazevsky. 'Me ba ratoa ke baphethi ba moea.
Caucasus State Reserve (Russia)
Haholo-holo, likarolo tsa sebopeho sa Caucasus li iponahalitse boithabisong ba libaka tsa naha. Serapa se nehetsoe lebanta le tummeng ka ho fetesisa (lithabeng tsena). GZ "Caucasian" e fumaneha libakeng tsa Krasnodar Territory, Rephabliki ea Adygea mme e hapa hanyane sebaka sa KCR. E pota-potiloe ke litlhōrō tse kang Achishkho, Aishkha, Pseashkho, Fisht, Oshten, Psheho-Su le ba bang ba bangata. Ka leboea haufi le bona ke setsi se tummeng sa Adyghe Lagonaki, "bethe e kholo ea lipalesa ea July ea Adygea". Ka linako tse ling, ena ke ... tundra. Bophahamo ba thaba bo bonts'itsoeng bo bonoa hantle ho tloha ka litselana tsa Azish Range. 'Me monyako oa eona o tla buleloa ba sebelisang tsela e kholo ea A-159, e leng moetapele ea etellang pele motseng. Guzeripl ("portal" karolong e sirelelitsoeng ea sebaka sena sa tlhaho). Mehala e 8 e lumelloa ho meadows ea lithaba. Sebaka sa tsamaiso ea pokello e kenyelletsa Sochi Nature Park e tummeng.
Sebaka sa Elbrus le Kabardino-Balkarian sebaka se phahameng sa lithaba (Russia)
Ho ba bangata, mofuta oa Caucasus Leboea o amahanngoa hantle le ntlha ena - "marulelo a Caucasus." Moqoqo o ka ba limithara tse 5642 kaholimo ho leoatle. Ho hloela ka hloko ho hola le ho latela Elbrus kamora nako ho etsoa ho tsoa sebakeng sa Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Sebakeng sa Elbrus, o tla romelloa ka tsela ea A-158, ho qala ka boroa ho tloha tseleng e kholo ea R-217 (seterekeng sa toropo ea Kabardian ea Baksan). Motseng "Likoloi tsa cable" tsa Elbrus le Terskol Phirima e ratoa hobane e bonahala ho tsoa ho CBD, KCR, Georgia, Abkhazia, Stavropol.
Dombay (Russia)
Ba bangata ba rona re thabetse hore tlhaho ea Caucasus le eona e qalile sebaka sena. Ntle le tlhoro ea Dombay-Ulgen (4046 m.), E eteloang ke Maustria le li-funcular tse 'maloa tsa lapeng, sebaka sa phomolo sa lithaba se u lumella ho etela lehloa, phororo ea metsi le ... saucer e fofang. Tshebeletso (joalo ka Teberd) ha e sana. Leha hotele li le ntle.
Barkhan Sary-Kum (Russia)
Kamora nako, motho a ke ke a hloleha ho bua ka tikoloho eo tlhaho ea Caucasus e batlang e ts'oana le ea Asia Bohareng esita le North North. Moqomo o moholohali oa lehlabathe lefatšeng ha o fumanehe Sahara kapa Karakum. E lik'hilomithara tse 37 feela ka leboea-bophirima ho Makhachkala, "motse-moholo" oa Dagestan. Bo-rasaense ba pheha khang ka tšimoloho ea bona. Mona re etsa moralo. Lehoatata teng repaboliking ena le moeling le Kalmykia.
Shirvan National Park (Azerbaijan)
Phapang ea sebopeho sa Caucasus e boetse e senoloa ke mohlala oa sebaka se lithaba sa Caspian, karolong e batlang e le lehoatata ea Azaria, e haufi le toropo ea Shirvan e bohareng. Ho na le lithaba tse kholo tsa seretse se chesang, matša a boroetsana Shor-gel le Chala-gel, e leng sechaba se seholo ka ho fetisisa sa likatse, "ho qala" ha tsela e lebisang ho oli e tukang. Mofuta o ka sehloohong oa sebaka se sirelelitsoeng, batho ba bitsa li-tulips tse likete.
Cross Pass (Georgia)
"Boloi" bo bong bo fapaneng ka sebopeho sa Caucasus bo ile ba beha sebaka sa "bohlokoa" ho feta har'a Great Caucasus. "Sebaka se phahameng ka ho fetisisa lipakeng tsa Caucasus e Bohareng le Bochabela", "perela ea Tsela ea Sesole ea Georgia", "sebaka se seholo sa Georgia" - sebaka sena se fumane mabitso a mangata a mabitso le "litlotla". Lehloa le eme selemo ho pota. E bonoa ka ho hlaka moo linoka tse 'maloa li phallang teng mme ha e le hantle li nkuoa se le setšoantšong se ka morao ho lehloa Ntho e bontšoa ke lintlha, stele, ho emisa. Joale a re ke re bolele bolelele ba sebaka sena se tšelang thaba. E lekana le 2379 m .. Hlooho ea hlohlona!
Lake Sevan (Armenia)
'Mapeng oa naha o bontšitsoeng ke mohala o kaholimo, letangoana lena ke ntho ea pele eu khahlang. Ka hona, e ba khahla ea mantlha. Re nka taba hore 'nete ke hore' muso ha o na likotlolo tse ling tsa metsi ... Sevan ke letsha le leholo ka ho fetisisa Caucasus, 'me basele ba hopola phantasmagoria e tsoang lihlahleng tsa lipalesa tsa leoatle le lipalesa tse tšoanang tse khanyang (tsa selemo). Lebopo lohle la Sevan, ha e le hantle, le na le sebaka sa bolulo se nang le baeti, se pota-potiloe ke 'mila o motle. Haufi le moo ho na le likampo tsa bahahlauli le libaka tsa baeti. Ho na le libaka tsa polokelo. Joalo ka eona kapa che, khahleho ea tlhaho e fetohile mecca ea hotele le boithabiso ba libaka tsa bohahlauli. Autobahn e tobileng e tsoang Yerevan e tla “tla” mona.
Litlhahiso ho mohahlauli
Kahoo, mona re hlahisitse 'mali likarolo tsa sebopeho sa Caucasus. Mme ntlheng ena ke rata ho fana ka likeletso tse ling hape. Ho bonolo haholo ho ithuta likarolo tsa libaka tsa polokelo ea tlhaho, libaka tsa tlhaho tsa polokelo ea tlhaho le libaka tsa polokelo ea tlhaho, kaha u ikopantseng le karolo ea baeti ba lefelletsoeng. Ha ho tsejoe hore na ho hloa lithaba kapa ho ikemela ha matsatsi a mangata ntle le tataiso ho tla u lebisa hokae. Empa metsero e metlehali le e sephara, e tletse ka lipokano tsa batho ba bangata, lipalangoang le lits'ebeletso tse ling, e bonolo haholoanyane bakeng sa bohahlauli ba "hlaha". Ha re otleng tseleng! Khethollo e tla ba feela lithuto tse joalo tsa Setereke sa Leboea sa Caucasus Leboea joalo ka Chechnya, Ingushetia le Dagestan. Ho potlakile ho fumana tataiso ea mokhanni oa tekesi ea lapeng ho feta lefapha le tsamaeang hantle la maeto.
E loketse liphuputso tse ikemetseng tsa litoropo le metsana (hammoho le lipampitšana tse haufi) tse lutseng litseleng tsena. M-4 ("Don") e tla u lebisa Leoatleng le Letšo ka kotloloho ho tsoa Zlatoglavoy. M-217 "Caucasus" e ts'oara matsoapo a sebaka sa rona sa lefats'e ho tloha leboea, ebe e tloha bochabela. A-147 e latela leoatle, ho tloha Dzhubga, ho feta Greater Sochi, le ka leihlo la eona la Abkhazia. A-149 (Adler - Rosa Khutor) o tloha ho eona, o haola le Mzymta ho ea lithabeng tsa Krasnaya Polyana. A-159 e senola botle ba Adygea Boroa kaofela. A-161 ("Sesole sa Georgia") e tloha Vladikavkaz e leba Tbilisi. A-155 ("Sesole Sukhumskaya") e tloha Stavropol e ka boroa ho pholletsa le KCR e leba sebakeng sa Dombay. Mona ho hlokahala hape hore o bue ka A-156 (o ea Psebay ho tloha phuleng ea Teberda). A-164 ("Sesole Ossetian") e tlaleha Ossetia Leboea ho tsoa Boroa. A-165 e hokahanya baahi ba Cherkessk kapele le li-sanatoriums le mehloli ea Pyatigorsk. Tsela e kholo e tlohang sebakeng sa tlhahlobo sa Samur ho ea Baku e amoheloa e le tsela e kholo ea leoatle ea Azerbaijan. Tsela ea AN-81 - AN-82 ke eona tsela e ka sehloohong ea Armenia (Yerevan, Lake Sevan). Mmila oa Poti-Tbilisi, o tletse ka litsu, o bohlokoa hape (o hokahanya Colchis le karolo ea Georgia ea Phula ea Kura). Ka kopo elelloa hore ke litsing tsena tsa asphalt feela moo ho nang le li-hitchhikers le tsela ea bosiu e bolokehileng.
Qetellong, litemoso tse 'maloa li loketse. Monate oo tlhaho ea Caucasus e re lebisang ho ona ha oa lokela ho baka maemo a kotsi. Qoba "ba iqapetsoeng" (eseng karolo ea leeto le hlometseng le barupeli) ho ea libakeng tse phahameng tsa lebanta le hlalositsoeng la thaba. Mohlala, karohano ea karohano (haholo lebota la Bezengi), Bambaki masifata (karolo ea leholimo e sa lebelloang ea Caucasian GZ) ha e tšoarele liphoso, hape le lithaba tseo ho leng thata ho feta ho tsona. Tsena tse mocheng oa Russia Chechnya le Dagestan le naha ea Georgia.
Karolo ea ho qetela ea likarolo tse thathamisitsoeng mona e boetse e tšosa ka ho ba teng ha likhutlo moo likhukhuni li ipatang. Hape, haeba re se re fihlile mothating oa lipolotiki, leka ho lula hole le Nagorno-Karabakh - bongata ba libaka tse tsekisano pakeng tsa Azerbaijan le Armenia. Mme, ehlile, ha oa lokela ho ya Georgia ka Abkhazia kapa Ossetia Boroa. Kapa khabisa ka litempe tsa moeli oa linaha tsena phasepoto pele u kena ka "'muso" oa li-toasts o sa tsoa boleloa, veine e ntle, barbecue, khachapuri le chisi.
Ka makholo a lilemo, sebopeho sa Caucasus se hohetse merabe le batho ba khale, hammoho le basesele ba tsamaeang ba le bang - bangoli le liroki, litsebi tsa filosofi le bo-rafilosofi ba lithutong tsa bolumeli. Ke bona ba qapileng litšōmo tsa pele mabapi le linaha tse ntle tseo lengolo le ngoletsoeng ho tsona. Likhohlano tsa lik'honthinente tsa khale, biocenoses, mabotho a batho li etsahetse. Ho se etele boroa ho Don, Manych le Kuma ho bolela ho hloloheloa haholo bophelong ba hau.
Sebopeho sa North Caucasus
Karolong ea North Caucasus ho na le libaka tsa Krasnodar le Stavropol, Setereke sa Rostov le Kabardino-Balkaria, Ossetia Leboea le Dagestan, Chechnya le Ingushetia. Lithaba tse kh, ol, o, li-steppes tse sa feleng, lehoatata, meru e teteaneng e etsa hore sebaka sena e be se khahlang haholo bakeng sa bohahlauli.
Ts'ebetso eohle ea lithaba ke North Caucasus. Sebopeho sa eona sea fapana ka bophahamo. Sebaka sa tikoloho se arotsoe likarolo tse 3:
Meeli e ka leboea ea sebaka seo e atoloha pakeng tsa linoka tsa Kuban le Terek. Ho na le sebaka sa steppe. Ho ea ka boroa ho qala sebaka sa maoto, se qetellang ka maratsoana a mangata.
Boemo ba leholimo bo angoa ke lithaba tse ngata le ho ba haufi ha maoatle - Bosootho, Azov le Caspian. Metsi a futhumetseng a ka fumanoang North Caucasus a na le bromine, radium, iodine le potasiamo.
Lithaba tsa North Caucasus
Ho tloha libakeng tse futhumetseng tse ka leboea ho ea libakeng tse chesang tse ka boroa, mofuta oa Russia oa atoloha. Caucasus ke thaba e phahameng ka ho fetisisa naheng. Ba ile ba theha nakong ea ha a lora e ntse e peta.
Ts'ebetso ea Lithaba tsa Caucasus e nkuoa e le moaho o monyane oa lithaba, joalo ka li-Apennines, Carpathians, Alps, Pyrenees, Himalaya. Alpine folding ke nako ea ho qetela ea tectogeneis. E lebisitse meahong e mengata ea lithaba. E rehiloe lebitso la Alps, moo ts'ebetso e nkile ponahatso e tloaelehileng haholo.
Sebaka sa North Caucasus se emeloa ke lithaba tsa Elbrus, Kazbek, Rocky and Pasture Range, Cross Pass. Mme ke ona feela karolo e nyane, e tummeng haholo ea matsoapo le maralla.
Litlhōrō tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa Caucasus Leboea ke Kazbek, sebaka se phahameng ka ho fetisisa seo e leng bolelele ba limilimithara tse 503. Mme seretse se chesang sa Elcus - 5642 limithara.
Ka lebaka la nts'etsopele e thata ea jioloji, sebaka le tlhaho ea lithaba tsa Caucasus li na le masimo a khase le oli haholo. Ho na le monyaolo oa liminerale - mercury, koporo, tungsten, li-ores tsa polymetallic.
Litšobotsi tsa mofuta oa Caucasus Leboea
Ho bokellana ha liliba tsa liminerale, tse fapaneng le sebopeho sa tsona sa lik'hemik'hale le mocheso, li ka fumanoa sebakeng sena. Ts'ebeliso e ntle ea metsi e lebisitse ho potso ea ho theha libaka tsa boikhathollo. Essentuki, Mineralnye Vody, Zheleznovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk ba tsebahala haholo ka mehloli ea bona le li-sanatoriums.
Mofuta oa Caucasus Leboea o arotsoe libakeng tse mongobo le tse omeletseng. Mohloli o ka sehloohong oa pula ke Leoatle la Atlantic. Ke ka lebaka leo libaka tsa maoto tse karolong e ka bophirima li nang le mongobo. Ha karolo e ka bochabela e hlaseloa ke sefefo se matla (seretse), moea o omileng, komello.
Litšobotsi tsa sebopeho sa Caucasus Leboea li maemong a fapaneng a moea. Ka linako tsohle tsa selemo, molapo o batang oa Arctic, o kolobileng - oa Atlantic, o chesang le lehloa - oa Mediterranean o ka kenella hare ho sebaka. Maqhubu a moea, a a nkelang sebaka ka seng, a na le maemo a leholimo a fapaneng.
Karolong ea North Caucasus ho boetse ho na le moea oa lehae - foehn. Moea o batang oa thaba, o oa, 'me butle-butle oa tepella. Molapo o chesang o fihla lefatšeng. Sena se etsa seomisa moea.
Khafetsa, moea o batang o kenella phuleng ea Caucasus ebe o e potoloha ho tloha bochabela le bophirima. Ebe sekhohola sea busa sebakeng, se senya limela tse ratang mocheso.
Boemo ba leholimo
North Caucasus e moeling oa libaka tse futhumetseng le tse ka tlas'a lefatše. Sena se etsa hore maemo a leholimo a be bonolo le mofuthu. Mariha a makgutshwane, a nka likhoeli tse ka bang peli, lehlabula le lelelele - ho fihlela likhoeli tse 5,5. Khanya ea khanya ea letsatsi sebakeng sena e bakiloe ke sebaka se ts'oanang le sa equator le palo. Ka hona, mofuta oa Caucasus o morusu o fapaneng le khanya ea mebala e fapaneng.
Pula e na haholo. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore maqhubu a moea, a liehang ho theosa le ho nyolohela holimo, a khoebeha, a fana ka mongobo. Ka hona, boemo ba leholimo ba libaka tse lithaba bo fapana le lithaba le lithota. Mariha ho na le lehloa le bokellanang ho fihla ho cm 5. Lithabeng tse ka leboea, moeli oa lehloa le sa feleng oa qala.
Bophahamong ba 4000 m, esita le lehlabula le chesang ka ho fetisisa, ha ho na lithemparetjha tse ntle. Mariha, li-avatar li ka hlaha ka lebaka la molumo o mong o bohale kapa motsamao o sa atleheng.
Linōka tsa thaba, tse moferefere ebile lia bata, li simoloha nakong ea ho qhibiliha ha linoha le lipula tsa lehloa. Ka hona, likhohola li matla haholo nakong ea selemo ebile li batla li omme hoetla, ha thempereichara e le tlase. Lehloa le khaotsa mariha, 'me melatsoana ea lifefo tsa thaba ea fetoha.
Linōka tse peli tse kholo ka ho fetisisa North Caucasus - Terek le Kuban - li fa masimo a mangata. Ka lebaka la bona, mobu o nonneng o moputsoa o na le lijalo tse ngata.
Lijarete, lirapa tsa morara, masimong a tee, limela tsa melee li feta hantle sebakeng se ommeng. Tsena ke likarolo tsa sebopeho sa Caucasus. Ho bata ha lithaba ho etsa hore mofuthu oa lithota le likhohlo, li-chernozem li feta mobung oa chestnut.
Metsi a nang le liminerale
U lokela ho hlokomela hore likarolo tsa North Caucasus ke lintlha tse ngata tse rarahaneng. Tsena li kenyelletsa sebaka sa ho tloha leoatleng, maoatle. Sebopeho sa sebaka. Sebaka se hole le equator le palo. Tsela ea moea, le pula e ngata.
Hoa etsahala hore mofuta oa Caucasus o fapane. Ho na le libaka tse nonneng le libaka tse omeletseng. Makhulo a lithaba le meru ea phaene. Litepisi tse omileng le linoka tse felletseng. Moruo oa lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho, ho ba teng ha metsi a liminerale ho etsa hore sebaka sena se khahle bakeng sa indasteri le bohahlauli.
Tlhaloso ea mofuta oa Caucasus e ea makatsa hobane mehloli e fetang 70 ea pholiso e ka fumanoa sebakeng sa eona. Tsena ke metsi a batang, a futhumetseng, a chesang a nang le liminerale. Li fapana ka sebopeho, se thusang ho thibela le ho alafa mafu:
- gastrointestinal,
- letlalo
- tsamaiso ea potoloho
- tsamaiso ea methapo.
Metsi a tummeng a hydrogen sulfide a teng toropong ea Sochi. Mehloli ea tšepe - ho Zheleznovodsk. Hydrogen sulfide, radon - ho Pyatigorsk. Carbon dioxide - ho Kislovodsk, Essentuki.
Flora
Meroallo ea limela sebakeng sena e fapane le ea naha ea Russia.Caucasus e arotsoe libaka tse lithaba, tse bohahlauli, le mabalane. Ho latela sena, sekoaelo sa limela tsa sebaka sena le sona sea fetoha. E bakoa ke maemo a leholimo, mobu, pula.
Makhulo a lithaba - lithaba tse tlokomang, lithota. Linoko tsa Rhododendron li fana ka mebala ea litlama litlama. Moo u ka fumana juniper, sehlahla se hahabang, se tloaeloang mokhoa oa bophelo ba lehloa. Meru e nang le mapheo a marang-rang, moo oak, beech, chestnut le Hornbeam e ntseng e hola, e potlakela ho e nkela sebaka.
Limela tse nang le limela tsa Meadow-bog li fetoha le libaka tse omeletseng tse se nang sebaka. Li tletse ka masimong a maiketsetso - poppies, irises, tulips, li-groove tsa acacia tšoeu le oak.
Aronia e emeloa ke masimo a lamunu a mangata haholo, lirapa tsa morara. Sebopeho sa Caucasus se loketse lifate tsa litholoana, lihlahla - li-pears, plum ea cilix, hawthorn, meutloa, patsi ea mohloa.
Fauna
Mehato ea bohato e lula ke liphoofolo tse kang gopher, jerboa, hare e sootho, steppe ferret, fox, wolf. Ba ruile ka sebopeho sa naha ea Russia. Caucasus, libaka tseo e leng lefeella la lehoatata, e loketse sebaka sa hedgehog, mofuta oa gerbil le motšehare, bunny ea letsopa le fox-corsacus. Saigas (steppe antelopes) lia fumanoa. Roe deer, bere e sootho le bison li lula merung.
Sebopeho sa Caucasus se tšoauoa ka palo e kholo ea tse nyehelang. Tlelaemete e futhumetseng le e futhumetseng ke boemo bo botle haholo ba ho pholoha, ho tsoaloa hape. Sena ke noha ea 'mampoli le bo-motsoana ba bo-nyoka, noha le makhopho.
Ka har'a mekotla ea lehlaka u ka fumana boar e hlaha, katse ea lehlaka, liphokojoe. Ho na le linonyana tsa metsi, hammoho le ntsu, kite, kestrel, nonyana ea pele, bustard, harbor le crane.
Liminerale
Ka tlhaho ea Caucasus e na le oli le khase tse ngata. Metsoako ea mashala le mashala a sootho, li-ores tsa koporo le manganese, asbestos, letsoai la rock ke tsa bohlokoa indastering.
Boithuto ba mobu bo bontšitse hore tšepe tsohle tse hlokahalang moruong oa naha li ka fumaneha North Caucasus. Tsena ke li-depositi:
Haufinyane, nts'etsopele ea lejoe la moaho e tsebahala haholo. Ho ratoa haholo ke seretse se matla le lesela le marulelo. Bakeng sa kaho ea meaho e sebelisitsoeng limestone tsa lehae. Caucasus Leboea e tsebahala ka li-granite, 'mabole le basalt. Ho fumanoe li-depositi tsa khauta le tsa silevera.
Qeto
Litšobotsi tse ka sehloohong tsa sebopeho sa Caucasus Leboea ke mefuta ea tsona e fapaneng. Ho kopantsoe ha lithaba tse loebehlanang le libaka tse tlaase tse nang le litholoana tse ntšo, makhulo a lithaba tse nang le lithota tse telele. Pula e matla naheng e ka bophirimela e feta moeeng o omileng oa libaka tse ka bochabela.
Leholiotsoana, likonopo tsa moea tse futhumetseng le tse batang li hlahisa karolo ea North Caucasus. Meroallo e tsoang Leoatleng la Atlantic le Leoatle la Mediterranean e na le mongobo. Maqhubu a moea a omileng a tsoang Asia Bohareng le Iran a lika-likelitsoe ke moea o chesang.
Moea o hloekileng, o hlakileng o koahetsoeng ke khanya ea ultraviolet o fana ka bophelo bo bolelele ho baahi ba oona ba machaba. Mariha a futhumetseng, a bokhutšoanyane, e leng karolo e phahameng ea lekala la temo e hohelang baeti. Liphororo tsa pholiso, li-amana tsa lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho li etsa hore sebaka sena se khahle molemong oa tsamaiso ea bophelo bo botle le indasteri.
Sebaka sa Multilevel, linōka tse ngata - botle ba tlhaho ba sebaka sena bo botle bo botle ba sona. Libaka tsa nalane ea nalane le setso li fana ka tšusumetso ea matla sebakeng sena se nonneng.
Sebopeho sa Caucasus Leboea
North Caucasus e na le lihlahisoa tse ikhethang tsa tlhaho, tse se nang papiso ea letho kae kapa kae lefatšeng. Ho na le lithaba tse phahameng tse nang le leqhoa lithabeng le merung e nang le lifate tse bataletseng, tse nang le lifate tse ngata tse nang le mapheoana a letsoapong le matsoapong a lithaba hammoho le linōka tse phallang ka matla. Libakeng tse bulehileng ho na le litulo tse nang le masiba a joang 'me a na le mafura a ikhethang sebakeng se ka tlas'a lefatše. Ho na le libaka tse leholimo tse fapaneng tikolohong ena. Ho latela libaka tse fapaneng joalo, ho boetse ho na le sebopeho se ikhethang.
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Limela
Lefatše la lijalo sebakeng sena ke mefuta e ka bang likete tse 6. Limela tse ngata li hola mona feela, ke hore, ke li-koluoa. Tsena ke lihloa tsa lehloa tsa Bortkevich le bract poppy, li-blueberries tsa Caucasian. Har'a lifate le lihlahla ho na le patsi ea sehlahla, meutloa, li-cherry tse hlaha, plum ea mohloa, sea buckthorn, Hornbeam le phaene e nang le joala. Ho boetse ho na le masimo a raspberry beech, daisies tse pinki, elecampane ea thaba. Hape, mefuta ea bohlokoa ea limela tsa litlama e mela tikolohong ea North Caucasus: lehlaka la dae le seboko sa Taurida.
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Ka lebaka la palo e kholo ea mefuta ea limela le mefuta-futa ea lihloliloeng, libaka tsa polokelo ea tlhaho le libaka tsa tlhaho tsa tlhaho, libaka tsa polokelo le libaka tsa tikoloho li entsoe.
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Moea o tloaelehileng
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Vodokras
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Lehe le mosehla
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White lily metsi
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Mabenkele a Broadleaf
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Hornwort
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Urut
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Altai officinalis
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Asphodelin Crimea
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Asphodelin
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E tloaelehileng pheleu (pheleu)
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Hoetla ha Colchicum
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Belladonna (belladonna tloaelehileng)
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Lehlabathe la Immortelle
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Tebello ea makhasi a mararo
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Chelete ea tšepe e loosestrife
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Verbena officinalis
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Veronica melissolist
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Veronica e arotsoe
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Veronica filiform
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Veronica Cock Ridge
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Buttercup Anemone
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Clove joang
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Meadow geranium
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Tloaelo ea tlhaho
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Adonis ea selemo adonis
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Grushanka ho tloha ka letsoho
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Elecampane o molelele
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Dioscorea Caucasian
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Dryad Caucasian
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Tšimoloho e tloaelehileng
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St. wort ea St.
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Centaury tloaelehileng
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Iris kapa kasatik
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Katran Steven
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Kermek Tatar
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Circason Tau-e bopehileng
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Meadow clover
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Feela joang
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Broadleaf tšepe
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Saffron
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Mohlomong khahla ea phula
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Cinquefoil e nepahetse
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Bothata ba kalafo
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Folaxe e meholo e meholo
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Ho jala folaxe
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Acid buttercup
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Bract poppy
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Lungwort
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Sempervivum marulelong
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Makhasi a lekhasi
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Lehloa lehloa la lehloa
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Sepela sa Siberia
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Repeshka e tloaelehileng
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Spiny Tatarnik
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Timothy joang
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Thyme
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Felipea e khubelu
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Li-Horse
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Chicory
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Hellebore
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Motsoako o motšo oa metso
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Selemo sa chistyak
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Sage Mehend
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Orchis
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Orchis magenta
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Orchis o bonoe
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Liphoofolo
Ho latela lefats'e la limela, lefats'e la liphoofolo le tsona li thehile, empa ntho ea anthropogenic e lula e e lematsa. Leha hona joale ho na le ngongoreho ka ho nyamela ha mefuta e meng ea liphoofolo. Batho ba bang ha ba qete nako le matla a ho khutlisa baahi. Mohlala, mokolokotoane o moputsoa le phooko ea Hungary ba ne ba le haufi le ho timela.
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Li-Chamois le liphooko tse hlaha, lynx le likhama, likhama tse tšehali le libere li lula tikolohong ea North Caucasus. Ho steppe ho na le li-jerboas le hare-hare, hedgehogs le hamsters. Ho tse jang tse ling mona, phiri, weasel, fox ,retret li tsoma mona. Likatse tsa naha le marten, li-badger le likolobe tse hlaha li lula merung ea Caucasus. Libakeng tsa boikhathollo u ka fumana likatse tse sa tšabeng batho 'me li nka matsoalo matsohong a bona.
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Sebebe se tloaelehileng
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Hare hare (jerboa e kholo)
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Rosa lere
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Boar
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Mokopa oa lehlaka
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Golf ea Caucasian
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Caucasian bezoar poli
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Likhama tse khubelu tsa Caucasian
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Bison ea Caucasian
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Leeto la Caucasian
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Korsak (steppe fox)
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Leopard
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Pine marten
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Kamore e morung
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Gopher e nyane
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Leopard ea Asia Bohareng
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Metsoana e metsero
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Tsebiso e ntle
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Lynx
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Saiga (saiga)
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Chamois
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Lehloa le lehloa
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Crested porcupine
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Leqheka
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Liphororo tsa metsi
Bahahlauli ba na le pono e makatsang: sehlekehleke se bataletseng sea senyeha hang-hang, 'me noka e theoha ka holim'a sehloela e nang le lerata le tšabehang, e fofa pela mafika a mebala-bala. Molatsoana ona o marang-rang oa letsatsi o bapala ka mebala eohle ea mookoli.
Lithoteng tsa lithaba tsa North Ossetia-Alania, ho na le Phula ea Midagrabinsky Waterfalls. Bahahlauli ba na le pono e tsotehang - liphororo tse 14 tse theohelang mafikeng, li phallela feela leholimong. Har'a likarolo tsa North Caucasus, Greater Zaigelan e tsejoa ke bahahlauli, ho bolelang "ho theoha ha" ka puo ea lehae. Ena ke phororo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea Europe. E tsamaisa metsi a eona ho tloha tlasa mohloa o koahelang ho tloha bophahamong ba limithara tse 650-700, mme ka tlase feela e bula khase e 'ngoe ea phororo ea metsi - Little Zeigelan. Ka lebaka la phapang e matla ea bophahamo, Big Zeigelan e tsebahala ka liphororo tse leshome tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa lefatšeng. Nakong ea mariha, ha ho qhibiliha hoa leqhoa la Midagrabin le emisa, phororo ea metsi e fetoha lipilara tsa leqhoa tse hohelang batho ba feteletseng - ba hloang leqhoa.
Linonyana
Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea linonyana sebakeng sena: ntsu le makhooa a khoeli, li-kites le mocheso, likoekoe le mabala. Haufi le linoka ho lula matata, li-pheasant, likariki. Ho na le linonyana tse fallang, 'me ho na le tse lulang mona selemo ho pota.
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Alpine swirl
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Tlhapi ea Griffon
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Mofuta oa ntsu
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Mofuta o motšo kapa o motšo
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Woodcock
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Nyeoe e ntšo
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Koloi ea thaba
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Bustard kapa Dudak
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Woodpecker e tala
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European Tuvik (Hawk-legged Hawk)
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E tshehla
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Zaryanka
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E jang linotsi tse tala
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E ja joka
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Couse e ntšo ea Caucasian
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Ularase oa Ular
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Caucasian pheasant
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Partridge
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Ulpian Ular
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Klest-elovik
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Linnet
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Korostel (dergach)
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Reel e khubelu
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Kurgannik
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Megatte
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Muscovite kapa baki e ntšo
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Tloaelehileng Redstart
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Greenfinch e tloaelehileng
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Tloaelo e tloaelehileng
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Tloaelo e tloaelehileng
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Kingfisher
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Foo
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Dipper
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Steppe ntsu
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Tloaelehileng Pischa
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Khoeli ea tšimo
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Partridge
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Jay
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Stenolaz (red-winged stenolaz)
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Owl
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Flamingo
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Ntsu e ntšo
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Bbb
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Khauta ea Khauta
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Lefatše la tlhaho Caucasus Leboea le ikhethile ebile le ka khoneha. E khahla ka mefuta-futa le boholo. Ke boleng bona feela bo lokelang ho bolokoa, haholo-holo ho batho ba seng ba entse hampe haholo ho mofuta oa lefats'e.
Litlou tsa tlou
Ho ile ha fumanoa para e ikhethang ea litlou tsa khale tsa boroa ho Stavropol. Letlalo lohle la tlou e sa pheleng, e leng ea mofuta oa liphoofolo tse anyesang, ke ntho e fumanehang ka seoelo e fumanehang ka mokhoa oa tlhaho. Ho na le lipontšo tse hlano tse tšoanang lefatšeng, limusiamong tsa Paris, Tbilisi, le St. Petersburg. Empa ke feela ho Stavropol joala ba lintho tsa khale tsa khale bo fumanoeng. Litlou tsena tse ka boroa li phetse lilemo tse limilione tse 1-1,8 tse fetileng, tlou e ile ea epuoa lilemo tse 40 hamorao ho feta tlou: e fumanoe ka 2007, mme tlou eo e bile pontšo ho Stavropol Museum-Reserve ka lilemo tse fetang 12.
Flora ea North Caucasus
Letlotlo la limela tsa North Caucasus li bakoa ke likarolo tsa liphallelo, tseo le tsona li ileng tsa etsa hore ho be le libaka tse fapaneng tsa maemo a leholimo karolong ea sebaka seo. Ha se karolo e nyane haholo ea ho theha limela tsa mefuta-futa ea ponahalo le ponahalo e ile ea bapaloa ke sebapali sa "lipale tse ngata": sebakeng se fokolang haholo (1.5% ea sebaka sa Russian Federation) mefuta e fetang likete tse tšeletseng ea limela e hola.
Ho ikhetholla ha limela tsa North Caucasus ho teng ka taba ea hore tikoloho e boletsoeng e tlotsoa mona: mabota le matsoapo a koahetsoe ke sehlahla le lihlahla tse sentsoeng, 'me ka lebaka la tlolo ea melao, maemong a leholimo a ikemetseng "maemo" a leholimo a fetoha haholo. ho hola sebakeng sena sa bophahamo ho tlameha ho "hloa" sebakeng se phahameng, se sa tloaelehang ho bona ka kakaretso.
Lefatše la lijalo la Caucasus Leboea le tšoauoa ka lefu la seoa, ke hore, mefuta e meng ea limela e teng sebakeng sena feela. Ka nako e ts'oanang, palo e kholo ea limela tse tsoang kantle ho libaka tse ling li hola sebakeng seo, 'me ka potlako li kopantsoe le ho hokahanngoa ka limela tsa naha: lifate tsa litholoana le lihlahla, lifate tsa bohlokoa, limela tsa litlhare le mekhabiso.
Ka likarolo tsa eona tsa tlhaho, Caucasus Leboea leha ho le joalo e haufi le Asia, ka hona, baemeli ba limela tse tlokomang ba ntse ba mela hantle mona.
Liphoofolo tse hlaha tsa North Caucasus
Libopeho tsa sebaka le maemo a leholimo a ileng a susumetsa sebopeho sa limela tsa North Caucasian, ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, li amme sechaba sa sebaka seo ka bongata ba liphoofolo le linonyana. Motho le eena o kentse letsoho, ho tlameha ho thoe, ho fapana le tse ntle. Ka lebaka la bophelo ba hae, mefuta e mengata ea liphoofolo e se e le haufi le ho timela, e leng palo ea eona e ntseng e khutlisetsoa ka thata le ka litšenyehelo tse ngata. Pōli ea Hungary le mokoko o sootho li thathamisitsoe ho Buka e Khubelu.
Liphoofolo tse hlaha tse lulang ho Caucasus Leboea ke likolobe tse hlaha, lipōli tsa thaba, chamois hammoho le li-invertebrates tse fetang sekete. Ho tse jang tse ling, ho fumanoa lynx, e fepang, e hlasela makhoaba a likhama le likhama tse hlaha, tse nyane ho feta tse sootho, tse lulang libakeng tse bohareng ba Russia, le tsona lia fumanoa. Ba itshwara ka khotso ka botlalo mme ba ja litholoana tse butsoitseng tsa perela e hlaha, sefuba.
Li-olter, hangata li-mink li lula haufi le linoka moo li ts'oasang litlhapi teng. Lelapa la linonyana le emeloa ke mefuta e ka bang 200: turkey ea thaba, grouse e ntšo ea Caucasian, lark, alpine black grouse.
Dune e ikhethileng
Sunekum e kholo ka ho fetisisa e leng Dagestan, ho feta moo, ke eona e kholo ka ho fetisisa Europe. E nyolohela bophahamong ba limithara tse 250 'me e na le bophara ba limithara tse 3000,' me sebaka sa morusu kaofela se ka ba lihekthere tse 600. Sarykum ke dune e ikhethang, hobane ha e na lehoatateng, empa haufi le setšoantšo se setle sa Kapchugai Gorge, 'me Noka ea Shura-Ozen e khaoloa halofo. Еще одна специфичность Сарыкума в том, что он недвижим и устойчив.
Сердце Чечни
Мечеть "Сердце Чечни", построенную в Грозном в рекордный срок – в течение двух лет, по праву называют архитектурным чудом 21-ого века. Располагается она на площади, превышающей 5000 квадратных метров, и может принять одновременно до 20 тысяч прихожан. В мечети применена техника росписи из 16-ого века, а сама она сооружена в османском стиле. Белоснежный мрамор, оригинальный купол, высокие минареты, восхитительная золотая роспись, 36 шикарных люстр с чеченским узором. Архитектура святого места, шикарный парк, разноцветные фонтаны – все это вызывает восторг у ее посетителей независимо от вероисповедания или национальности. Храм потрясает своим величием. "Сердце Чечни" непременно нужно посмотреть в темноте, когда подсвечивается вся мечеть.
Голубые озера
Природа Северного Кавказа не перестает удивлять туристов. Пятерка восхитительных карстовых озер притаилась среди ущелья в Кабардино-Балкарии. В них хранятся тайны природы, на которые ученые до сих пор ищут ответы. Например, Нижнее озеро не снабжается речными водами, хотя каждый день оно тратит до 70 миллионов литров воды, а его объем и глубина при таком расходе совсем не уменьшаются. Lebitso la eona le leng - Tserik-Kel - ke e 'ngoe ea matša a tebileng ka ho fetisisa Europe. Motšehare, e khona ho fetola 'mala ho fihlela makhetlo a 16 - ho tloha azure ho emerald, empa e na le mocheso o tsitsitseng oa metsi: o sa phahamang ho feta + 9 0 С selemo ho pota.
Litsela
North Caucasus ke se seng sa libaka tse 'maloa Russia moo litebele li bolokiloeng litebele - mohlala o motle oa setso sa mantlha sa batho ba phahameng. Li ne li le libakeng tse joalo tsa Caucasus Leboea joalo ka Ossetia, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Chechnya le Kabardino-Balkaria. Lifofane tsena li ne li e-na le mosebetsi oa bolulo le ts'ireletso, ke ka hona li neng li bitsoa ho lebela le ho sireletsa. Ka lebaka la tlhaselo ea lira, bongata ba kaho bo ne bo sa pholoha. Bongata ba litora e ne e le tsa lelapa, lelapa le leng le le leng le hlomphang metso ea lona le ne le nka e le tlotla ho theha tora ea bona. Ho latela moetlo oa mehleng ea khale, tora ea meloko e ne e tlameha ho hahuoa ka nako e ka tlase ho selemo, ho seng joalo leloko leo le ne le nkoa le sa sebetse. Tora e joalo e hahiloe, joalo ka molao, eseng hole le motsana, libakeng tse nang le ponahalo e ntle. Litlhoko tsa litebele li kenyelletsa tlhompho ea lelapa, bonngoe le ho hloka tšabo ha batho ba lulang setsing se phahameng North Caucasus.