Lelapa Balaenopteridae: Minke whales Nalane ea ho iphetola ha lintho
Mysticeti e ile ea arohana ho tloha ho Odontoceti (maratsoana a maqhubu) ho tloha ho limilione tse 26 ho isa ho tse 17 tse fetileng nakong ea Eocene. Kamano ea bona ea ho iphetola ha lintho le li-cetaceans tsa mehleng ea khale (maruarua a khale) e ile ea lula e sa tsejoe ho fihlela e felile. Janjucetus makholo E fumanoe mathoasong a 1990s Victoria, Australia. Joalo ka maruoa a sejoale-joale a sentsoeng Janjucetus e ne e tlameha ho sebetsa ka mehlae ka mehlae 'me e ne e e-na le matla a fokolang haholo a biosonar. Leha ho le joalo, mohlahare oa hae o boetse o na le meno, o nang le litšepe le mashala a etselitsoeng ho hlaba le molora le matlo a hahiloeng bakeng sa ho rusolla. Li-baleen tsena tsa pele li ne li le nyane haholo ha li bapisoa le maruarua a minke whale, a nang le mefuta e joalo Mammalodon ha ho na litekanyo tse fetang limithara tse 3. Ho lumeloa hore boholo ba bona bo eketseha ka ho itšetleha ha bona ka litleloubu. Leha ho le joalo, ho buloa ha lehata la meno Llanocetus , fanticete ea bobeli ea khale, e fane ka bolelele ba limithara tse 8 (limilimithara tse 26), e leng se bontšang hore filimi ea ho fepa e ne e se tšobotsi ea ho khanna hoa kholo ea mohopolo. Ho bula Janjucetus le ba bang, joalo ka ha sena se bontša hore khopolo ea kholo ea moustacheoed e fetile maemong a fapaneng a phetoho. Mefuta e joalo Mammalodon colliveri ho hang e ne e se litelu, ha mefuta ea morao tjena e le joalo Aetiocetus weltoni li ne li tšoana le mustachioed le meno, li fana ka maikutlo a hore li na le bokhoni ba ho fepa filthara e lekanyelitsoeng, ho tsamaisoa ka mora nako, joalo ka cetoterium ho ne ho se na meno ka hanong, ke hore, ba ne ba its'epahalla litelu tse holimolimo 'me ba khona ho fepa feela. Leha ho le joalo, ho sibolloa ha 2018 ho Toothless Maiabalaena e bonts'a maqhubu a mang a bile teng pele ho toothlessness ea moustache.
Mystacodon selenensis ke sephiri sa pele-pele, ho qala lilemong tse limilione tse 37 ho isa ho tse 33 tse fetileng (lilemong tse limilione tse fetileng) ho Late Eocene, hape, joalo ka li-mustachios tse ling tsa meno, kapa "archaeomysticetes", M. selenensis ho ne ho e-na le dentition heterodontism e sebelisetsoang ho fana ka nyehelo ea mali. Li-archaeomysticetes tse tsoang Oligocene ke Mammalodontidae ( Mammalodon le Janjucetus ) ho tsoa Australia. Li ne li le nyane ka li-rosters tse khutsufalitsoeng le foromo ea meno ea khale (3.1.4.3 3.1.4.3). Metsing a maru-a-minke whales, ho lumeloa hore molomo o holisitsoeng o hlophisitsoeng bakeng sa ho fepa o hlahisitsoe ka ho khetheha bakeng sa filthara ea phepo e nepahetseng. Toootot Oligocidae mammalodontid Janjucetus , ebe symphysis e khuts'oane ebile e le molomo o holisitsoeng, lilulo li sephara, 'me metlae ea mohlahare o kaholimo e nyane, e supa sesebelisoa sa ho tsamaisa ho nyeka. Aetiocetid Chonecetus e ne e ntse e na le meno, empa boteng ba groove kahare ho mohlahla o mong le o mong o bontša hore nasymphysis e ne e phahame, e neng e ka lumella ho potoloha ha mohlaqa o mong le o mong, phetoho ea mantlha bakeng sa phepelo ea volumetric joalo ka mehleng ea mehleng ea mustachioed.
Litloholo tsa pele tsa mabotho a baleen li hlahile pele ho radiation ea pele qetellong ea Oligocene. Eomysticetus mme ba bang ba ts'oanang le eena ha ba na matšoao letlalong la bokhoni ba ho bua ka likhakanyo, ba fana ka maikutlo a hore ba itšetleha haholo ka mahlo a bona bakeng sa ho bona. Li-eomysticetes li ne li e-na le rostra e telele, e bataletseng e neng e sena meno ebile e e-na le likhetla tse bohareng ba mokokotlo. Le ha tatso e sa bolokiloe hantle mehlaleng ena, ho lumeloa hore e entsoe le hore e entsoe. Miocene baleen whales e tsoma liphoofolo tse jang tse kholo joalo ka maru a bolaeang a sperm megalodone .
Mefuta e meng ea maruarua a marang-rang le maruarua a arohantsoe lilemong tse ka bang limilione tse 20 tse fetileng. Ha ho tsejoe hore na sena se etsahetse hokae, empa ho lumeloa ka kakaretso hore bona, joalo ka litloholo tsa bona, ebe ba falla plankton. Lirifi tsena tsa pele-pele li lahlile li-heterodontism ea dentodilism molemong oa litelu, 'me ho lumeloa hore li ne li lula ho benthos e khethehileng, plankton, kapa jaepepod, joalo ka litelu tsa sejoale-joale. Baleen o ile a leka radiation ea hae ea pele bohareng ba Miocene. Ho lumeloa hore radiation ena e bakiloe ke phetoho ea maemo a leholimo le ts'ebetso e kholo ea tectonic, ha Antarctica le Australia li arohana, li theha setsi sa hona joale sa Antarctic circumpolar. Ka nako ena, Balaenopterids e ile ea hola, ka mefuta e joalo Balaenoptera sibbaldina mohlomong tlholisano ea marang-rang e leng tlholisano ea 'mala o moputsoa ho latela boholo, leha lithuto tse ling li hanana hore baleen e fetile, e kholo ho Miocene.
Keketseho ea boholo e kanna ea bakoa ke liphetoho tsa maemo a leholimo tse fetohileng nako e telele ea plankton libakeng tse fapaneng tsa lefats'e, e hlokang ts'ebetso e kholoanyane ea ho tsamaea maeto a malelele pakeng tsa mehloli ea tlhahiso e atolositsoeng, e leng se lebisitseng le ho fokotseha ha tekanyo ea metabolic le ho fepa lieta. . 2017 Tlhahlobo ea boholo ba 'mele e thehiloeng ho data e tsoang ho mesaletsa ea khale le baleen ea mehleng ena e bonts'a hore kholo ea phetoho e kholo ho minke whales ke ketsahalo ea morao-rao, ho hakanngoa hore ho bile le limilione tse 3.1 nakong e fetileng ho fihlela lilemong tse limilione tse 4,5 tse fetileng, baleen e fetang limithara tse 10 (33 ft) bolelele, mefuta e meholo ea Miocene e ne e le tlase ho 13 m ka bolelele. Phetoho ea mantlha ea moustache le setsi sa phepelo li bile teng pele ho kholo ea kholo e kholo ea 'mele, e bonts'ang khopolo ea ho iphetola ha mekhoa e mecha ea ho fepa ha e bake phetoho ea gigantism. Ho thehoa ha AET le phello ea eona tikolohong ea lefats'e ha e qheleloe ka thoko ka lebaka le le leng. Gigantism e ile ea boela ea etelloa pele ke ho kheloha hoa mela e fapaneng ea sephiri, ka mantsoe a mang, lihlopha tse ngata tsa mehala li ile tsa fihla ka boholo bo fapaneng ntle le e mong. Ho ka etsahala hore Plio-Pleistocene e eketsehe ka matlafatso e matlafatsang ea nako le nako ea libaka tse bakang khatello e phahameng ea tlhahiso e lebisang ho gigantism.
Sephethephethe
Maruarua a ho sesa, a loebehlanang a itšetleha ka mapheoana a ona bakeng sa ho tsamaea ka har'a pterygoid, e tšoanang le li-penguin le likolopata tsa leoatle. Mokhatlo oa Flipper o ntse o tsoela pele. Ka nako e ts'oanang, maruarua a baleen a sebelisa mohatla oa 'ona hore o itsamaele pele ka motsamao o otlolohileng, o sebelisa makhoaba a ona bakeng sa ho tsamaisa, joalo ka otter. Mefuta e meng e tlola ka metsing, e leng se ka e lumellang hore e khanne ka lebelo. Ka lebaka la boholo ba tsona bo boholo, maruarua ha a fetohe habonolo ebile a fetoha joaloka liphokojoe, 'me ha ho motho ea ka li tsamaisang molaleng ho tloha vertebrae e sa sebetseng; e nyehela ka potlako bakeng sa botsitso metsing. Maoto a ka morao a koalehile ka hare ho 'mele,' me ho lumeloa hore ke litho tse sa bateng. Leha ho le joalo, phuputso ea 2014 e bonts'a hore lesapo la pelvic le ts'ehetsa maru a botsona.
Rorquals, e hlokang lebelo la ho haha ho fepa, ho na le lipapatso tse 'maloa ho fokotsa ho hanyetsa, ho kenyelletsa le' mele o ferekantsoeng, chelete e nyane ea dorsal, e lekanang le boholo ba eona, le ho se be le litsebe tsa kantle kapa moriri o molelele. Finwal, whale e lebelo ho feta tsohle, e ka tsamaea ho 23 mph (37 km / h). Ha o fepa, mohlahare oa minke o atoloha ho fihlela bophahamo bo ka ba kholo ho feta leruarua ka bolona, ho etsa sena, molomo oa ruruha. Ho tšela molomo ho baka cavum ventrale, 'metso e kobeha ka lehlakoreng le ka tlase la lesoba ho ea lehola, e eketsa metsi ao molomo o ka a bolokang. Mohlahare o ka tlase o hokahana le lehata o sebelisa likhoele tse mesesane le lefufuru (cartrage cartilage), e lumellang mohlahare hore o bule kapele hoo e ka bang ka 90 °. The mandibular symphysis e boetse e amana le lefufuru la mokokotlo, le lumellang mohlahare hore o khumame, e leng se lumellang metsi a mangata. E le ho thibela ho otlolla molomo haholo, li-wkeles tsa minke li na le setho se tebileng se bohareng ba mohlahare ho laola mesebetsi ena.
Anatomy ea kantle
Maruarua a Baleen a na le mapheo a mabeli sefataneng se ka pele, haufi le hlooho. Joalo ka liphoofolo tsohle tse anyesang, maruarua a baleen a hema moea 'me nako le nako o tlameha ho etsa joalo. Linko tsa tsona, kapa likhetla li karolong e ka holimo ea lehata. Maruarua a Baleen a na le likhetla tse peli, ho fapana le maruarua a nang le meno. Tsena ke likhetla tse telele tse rarahaneng tse arohanang ka ntle le ho hola ka morao, tse bakang tšusumetso ea V. Li pota-potiloe ke mokoti o nang le nama o ts'oereng metsi ho ea lehlakoreng, oa phefumoloha. Septum e arolang khetla e na le lipolanete tse peli tse khomaretsoeng ho eona, e leng se etsang hore khetla e se ke ea kenella nakong ea ho qoela ha whale.
Joalo ka liphoofolo tse ling tse anyesang, letlalo la whale la wke le na le lefu la dermis le ka har'a hypodermis le tishu e kenang. Lefu lena le na le botenya bo boholo ba limilimithara tse 5, hammoho le lisele tse ling. Epistermis ka boeona ke limilimithara tse 0,44 feela. Sekhahla sa dermis tlasa epidermis le sona se tšesaane. Hypodermis e nang le blubber ke karolo e thata ea letlalo mme e sebetsa e le mokhoa oa ho boloka mocheso. Maruarua a matona a na le "hypoderm" e 'ngoe ea li-cetaceans tse bohareng, tse bolelele ba lisenthimithara tse 51, leha e le hore, joalo ka maruarua ohle, e boreleli ho pota masoba (ka mohlala, sekoti) le maoto. Ho lla ho ka sebelisoa ho boloka matla nakong ea ho itima lijo. Lithane tse sebetsang pakeng tsa hypodermis le mesifa li lumella ho sisinyeha ho fokolang feela ho etsahala pakeng tsa tsona. Ho fapana le maruarua a nang le marikhoe, maruarua a baleen ke moriri o karolong e ka holimo ea hlooho, ho tloha ntlheng ea lekhetho ho fihlela lebenkeleng. Joalo ka liphoofolo tse ling tsa metsing, ha li na litšoelesa tsa sebaceous le sweat.
Makhooa a tsoang lipareng tsa baleen whales keratin. Li entsoe ka likhalase tse thata tsa alpha-keratin, sebopeho se matlafatsang se entsoeng ka fiber se tsoang lipakeng tsa liprotheine tse mahareng (liprotheine). Tekanyo ea khalori e fapana ka mefuta e fapaneng, e nang le seyval e na le 14,5% hydroxyapatite, le liminerale, e koahelang meno le masapo, ha maruarua a minke a na le 4%% hydroxyapatite. Ho liphoofotsoana tse ngata, meetso ea keratin, joalo ka boea, ha e omelle moeeng, empa maruarua a metsing a itšetleha ka letsoai la khalsiamo ho theha lipoleiti ho li tiisa. Lithapo tsa moustara li hokahane le mohlahare o ka holimo, 'me ha li eo bohareng ba mohlahare, li etsa litelu tse peli tse arohaneng. Matlapa a fokotseha ka boholo ha a ntse a khutlela morao ka mohlahareng, a maholo ka ho fetisisa a bitsoa "lipolanete tsa whisker tse kholo" mme tse nyane li bitsoa "lipoleiti tse thusang". Lirosa tse thusang li kuta moriri o motšo.
Ho fapana le maruarua a mang (le tse ngata tse anyesang), tse tšehali li kholo ho feta tse tona. Litorphism tsa botona le botšehali li lula li khutlisetsoa, ha tse tona li le kholo, empa basali ba maruarua 'ohle a basali baen, joaloka molao, ke liperesente tse hlano ho feta tsa ba batona. Litorphism tsa botona le botšehali li boetse li bontšoa ka lipina tsa whale, haholo-holo ka maruarua a humpback, moo banna ba mofuta ona ba bina lipina tse thata. Maruarua a le letona a banna a na le poone e kholo ho feta maruarua a basali. Hangata banna ba bohlasoa ho feta basali bao ho nahanoang hore ba ka lebaka la mabifi nakong ea ho emola.
Litsamaiso tse ka hare
Maruarua a lebone a ikhethang a hahiloe hore a oele tlas'a khatello, eseng khatello ea khatello, e ka lematsang matšoafo, e lumellang ba bang, joalo ka ho qetela, hore ba qoele botebo ba limithara tse 1,540. Matšoafo a Whale a sebetsa haholo ho hula oksijene moeeng, hangata 80%, athe batho ba hula oksijene ea mashome a mabeli feela moeeng o chesang. Bophahamo ba modumo bo tlase haholo ha bo bapisoa le liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa lefatše ka lebaka la ho se khonehe ha meea ea moea ho boloka khase nakong ea ho qoelisoa. Sena se ka baka mathata a maholo, a joaloka embolism. Ho fapana le liphoofotsoana tse ling, mapheo a maru a baleen ha a na letho 'me a na le letsoai le lengata. Joalo ka batho, lepera le lets'ehali le lenyane ho feta tokelo ea ho etsetsa pelo pelo. Bakeng sa ho boloka oksijene, mali a khutlisetsoa lithong tse kahare tse mamellang khatello ea mali, 'me li na le myoglobin e ngata, e li lumellang hore li heme ka nako e telele.
Pelo ea baleen whale e sebetsa joaloka liphoofolo tse ling, mme phapang e kholo ke boholo. Pelo e ka fihla ho lik'hilograma tse 454, empa e ntse e lekana le boholo ba leruarua. Lerako la mesifa ea "ventricle" le ikarabellang bakeng sa ho pompa mali ho tsoa pelong, le ka ba bophara ba lisenthimithara tse tharo ho isa ho 12,7. Aorta, e leng mothapo oa methapo, e ka ba lisenthimithara tse 1,9. Boemo ba bona ba pelo ba ho phomola bo tloha ho isa ho tse mashome a tšeletseng ho isa ho tse 90 motsotso (beats), ho fapana le ho shapuoa ka 60 ho isa ho 100 motsotso ho batho. Nakong ea qoela, pelo ea bona e fokotsoa ho makhetlo a mane ho isa ho a 15 ka motsotso ho boloka oksijene. Joalo ka maru a soeufalitsoeng, li na le marang-rang a teteaneng a methapo ea mali (plexus Mirabile), e thibelang tahlehelo ea mocheso. Joalo ka liphoofolo tse ngata tse anyesang, mocheso o lahlehile maotong a bona, kahoo maruong a baleen, mali a futhumetseng ka har'a methapo a lika-likelitsoe ke methapo ho thibela tahlehelo ea mocheso nakong ea lipalangoang. Hammoho le sena, mocheso o sirelelitsoeng ka ho sa feleng ke methapo e futhumatsang mali methapong e potileng ha e khutlela mokokotlong. Sena se tsejoa e le phapanyetsano ea palo. Ho mamella ho futhumala le metsi a futhumetseng, balese whales e khutlisetsa mali letlalong ho potlakisa tahlehelo ea mocheso. Li na le li-corpuscle tse kholo ka ho fetisisa tsa mali (lisele tse khubelu le tse tšoeu) tsa limilimithara tse ling le tse ling tse bophara ba lisenthimithara tse 8,4 (10 μm), ho fapana le batho ba 2.8 ho × 10 -4-inch (7.1 microns) li-corpuscle tsa mali.
Ha e thibelloa ho tsoa metsing, lijo lia metsoa 'me li feta ka emonggus, moo e kenang ka mpeng ea likamore tse tharo. Kamore ea pele e tsejoa e le mpa ea nko, ke moo lijo li kenang ka har'a mokelikeli oa acid, ebe o tšeloa ka mpeng ea mantlha. Joalo ka batho, lijo li tsoakana le hydrochloric acid le li-enzyme tse bolokang protheine. Ebe lijo tse silitsoeng ka kotloloho li fetisetsoa ka mpeng ea boraro, moo li kopanang le mafura a enzyme, ebe li tsoakoa le metsi a alkaline ho khelosa acid e tsoang ka mpeng hore e se ke ea senyeha. Mokhoa oa bona oa ho silila o tloaetse ho monya limatlafatsi tse tsoang lijong, mabota a phuthoa 'me a na le methapo e mengata ea mali, e lumellang sebaka se seholo se ka nkeloang lijo le metsi a a kenelletseng. Maruarua a Baleen a fumana metsi, a hloka lijo tsa 'ona, leha ho le joalo, se letsoai se fumanehang boholo ba liphofu tsa sona (invertebrates) se ts'oana le sa metsi a leoatle, ha litaba tsa letsoai le maling a whale li le tlase haholo (makhetlo a mararo) ho feta metsing a leoatle . Liphio la leruarua le tloaeloa ho tlosa letsoai le lengata, leha ho le joalo, ha tlhahiso ea moroto e tsepamisitsoe haholo ho feta metsi a leoatle, e sebelisa metsi a mangata, a hlokang ho nkeloa sebaka.
Maruarua a Baleen a na le kelello e nyane ha a bapisoa le boima ba 'mele. Joalo ka tse anyesang tse ling, boko ba bona bo na le boko bo boholo bo lohiloeng, e leng karolo ea boko e ikarabellang bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea ho hopola le ho laola maikutlo. Boko ba bona bo etsa karolo e ka bang mashome a robeli lekholong ea boima ba boroko ba bona, ho fapana le 83% ea motho. Cerebellum, e leng karolo ea boko e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho leka-lekana le ho hokahana, e nka karolo ea 18% ea boima ba kelello ea eona, ha e bapisoa le 10% ho batho, eo mohlomong e leng ka lebaka la tekanyo e kholo ea taolo e hlokahalang ho lula ho sesa. Tekanyetso ea bokong ba maruarua a bohlooho e bonts'itse likaroloana tsa iron oxide, tse neng li ka ba lumella ho fumana boloi ba leboea joalo ka sesupa-tsela.
Ho fapana le liphoofolo tse ngata, maruarua a phefumoloha. Liphoofolo tsohle tse anyesang li robetse, empa maruoa ha a khone ho qeta nako e telele a phela hobane a ka khangoa ke metsi. Ho lumeloa hore ba na le boroko bo ikhethang ba moea o ikhethang oo ba robalang ho oona le halofo ea boko, ha halofo e 'ngoe e ntse e sebetsa. Boitšoaro bona bo ne bo sa tlaleheloa feela maruong a matenya ho fihlela setšoantšo sa leruarua la humpback sleep whale (lathe) se hlotsoe ka 2014.
Ha ho tsejoe hantle hore na maruarua a baleen a etsa molumo joang ka lebaka la khaello ea melon le likhoele tsa lentsoe. Phuputsong ea 2007, ho ile ha fumaneha hore larynx e ne e na le meqathatso e tšoanang le U eo ho lumeloang hore e tšoana le likhoele tsa lentsoe. Li fumaneha ka tsela e tšoanang le phallo ea moea, ho fapana le likhoele tsa tlhaho tsa liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa lefatše. Li khona ho laola phallo ea moea 'me li baka ho sisinyeha. Mabota a larynx a khona ho nyenyefatsa, a ka hlahisang molumo ka tšehetso ea lefufuru la arytenoid. Mesifa e potileng larynx e ka tlosa moea kapele kapa ea boloka molumo o mongata nakong ea thipa.
Maikutlo
Mahlo a maru a baleen a manyane ka boholo mme a haufi haufi le pheletso ea molomo. Mohlomong ke hobane ba iphepa ka nama e liehang kapa e tsitsitseng, e kopantsoeng le taba ea hore khanya ea letsatsi ha e fete limithara tse 9,1, ka hona ha ba hloke pono e matla. Leihlo la whale le tloaelane le ho bonoa tikolohong ka bobeli euphotic le aphotic ka ho eketsa kapa ho fokotsa boholo ba morutwana ho thibela tšenyo ea leihlo. Ho fapana le liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa lefatše, tse nang le lilense tse boreleli, maruarua a na le lense ea bokahare. Retina e pota-potiloe ke lisele tse bonojoana (tse bonoang), tse etsang hore khanya e khutlele ho retina, e leng pono e ntseng e eketseha libakeng tse lefifi. Leha ho le joalo, leseli le koba haufi le leihlo ha le le moeeng, ka hona, ho fapana le metsi, a khona ho bona hantle moeeng ha a le ka metsing. Likharetene tsena tsa mahlo li sirelelitsoe ke karolo e ka ntle e ka ntle ea mohloa ho thibela mokokotlo le mokelikeli o nang le oli (ho e-na le meokho) bokong ba leihlo. Maruarua a Baleen a hlaha ka pono e fokolang ea mebala kaha ha a na S-cone.
Tsebe ea tsebe e etselitsoe kutlo bakeng sa ho utloa ka tlasa metsi, moo e ka utloang molumo o tlaase joalo ka 7 Hz le bophahamo ba 22 kHz. Ha ho tsejoe hantle hore na molumo o amoheloang ke marang-rang a baleen. Ho fapana le maruarua a marulelo, molumo ha o fete mohlahareng o tlase. Canal ea tsebe e koetsoe ke lithane tse sebetsanang le sebui sa tsebe se ikopanyang. Masapo a tsebe e ka hare a na le meropa ea hae, e leng lesapo la lesapo. Leha ho le joalo, sena se latela lehata, se fana ka maikutlo a hore ho sisinyeha ho fetang ka lesapo ho bohlokoa. Mokhoa oa sinus o ka bonts'a ho thothomela ho ea cochlea. Hoa tsebahala hore ha mokelikeli o kahare ho cochlea o khathatsoa ka lebaka la ho sisinyeha, ho baka moriri o hlasimollang o romellang motlakase bokong, moo ho sisinyang mantsoe.
Maruarua a Baleen a na le setho se senyenyane empa se sebetsang, se hlatsang. Sena se lumella maru a baleen ho bona lik'hemik'hale le li-pheromone tse tsoang ka liphofu tsa bona. Ho lumeloa hore "ho latsoa" metsi ho bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho fumana liphofu le ho lelekisa maruarua a mang. Ho lumeloa hore ba na le monko o bobebe ka lebaka la ho haella ha bulb ea olcer, empa ba na le pampitšana ea ho hloka litlolo. Maruarua a Baleen a na le lipalesa tse fokolang, haeba li le teng, tse fanang ka maikutlo a hore ba lahlile tatso. Ba boloka monko o monate oa letsoana, ba fana ka maikutlo a hore ba ka latsoa letsoai.
Ho tsamaea ka maoto - Leqephe la 1
Passage le ho boloka bakeng sa mofuta oa Russia oa papali
Taolo papali e etsoa ka panya. Bakeng sa ho tseba haholoanyane ka likarolo tsa papali, ke khothaletsa ba qalang ho ikoetlisa ka ho tobetsa "Thusa". Khetha maemo a boima ba hau ebe u qala papali e ncha. Papali e ne e tšoaretsoe maemong a "lefokisi la" junior detector. " Ha ho na mahe le lihlooho tsa Paseka papaling, empa ho na le liphiri tse peli tse qabolang. Papali e mola, empa ka sebaka sa mahala sa libaka tse ling. Re tla potoloha sehlekehleke ka 'mapa.
Boloka papaling ena li fumaneha ho C: Files ea Lenaneo Ntoa e Ncha Nancy Drew. Matšoao a Sehlekehleke sa Leshano Boloka
Tlhokomeliso: Ha o jarolla limpho, hopola hore tsoelo-pele ea hau e ka fapana ho latela tatellano ea liketso tse boletsoeng ke mongoli. Maemong ana, lintho tseo u li finyeletseng li tla lahleha.
Kamora ho shebella video ea kenyelletso, re iphumana re le ka ntlong ea sekarete, e neng e le ea Kate Firestone. Re a sokoloha ebe re tobetsa sutu. Re bula mokotla ebe re sheba bukana e mabapi le ho nchafatsa lipitsa. Re koala sutuk'heise mme re sokoloha hape. Ha re sheba kahara jareteng e ka ho le letona, re bona sekhechana sa leqhoa.Se ka tlasa leqhoa lena ha le tsejoe. Re nka mehato e 'meli ho ea pele, ra tjekela ka ho le letšehali,' me re leka ho hlatsoa matsoho tlasa pompo. Ebe re sheba tlase ebe re bula lemati ka tlas'a siling.
Re bokella lipeipi ho lokisa phepelo ea metsi tlasa teba. Ha ho hlokahale ho potoloha liphaephe tse khaoang, pheletso e le 'ngoe feela ea bomba e lokela ho sebelisoa hantle ho e' ngoe. Ha liphaephe li bokane, re fumana ka tlase karete ea khoebo Andy Jason. Re tima konopo e ka holim'a siling ho etsa bonnete ba hore phepelo ea metsi e ea khutlisoa. Re atamela sehatsetsi se senyane ka ho le letona ebe re etsa sandwich e jeoang ka jeme le botoro ea peanut. Lijo tse sehatsetsing li senngoe, ka hona re ke ke ra li sebelisa. Empa ho etsa sandwich efe kapa efe ho tsoa ho lihlahisoa tse tafoleng le sehatsetsing - u ka khona, u ke ke ua ba chefo ka sandwich e joalo. Nka sandwich le uenamme re atamela tafoleng ka ho le letona, moo laptop e emeng ho eona. Re nka likarete tsa khoebo ka letsohong le letšehali la laptop, re bala tsebiso leboteng ebe re ithuta almanaka ea lebota ka letsohong le letona la lebota. Re tobetsa ka har'a laptop mme re ithuta tlhaiso-leseling eohle eo re ka e fumanang. Buka ea ho ngolla e na le lintlha tseo u ka tloaelanang le tsona mesebetsing e tlang. Mesebetsi e phethiloeng e tšoailoe ka boeona. Re tjeka 'me re ea tafoleng e' ngoe, ka lehlakoreng le letšehali la siling. Rea ithuta 'mapae robetse tafoleng. Ha re se re qetile tlhahlobo, re hloella litepising ho ea mokatong o kaholimo.
Re bua le Kate ka lihlooho tsohle ebe u ea ka nepo. Re hloella lere, 'me re ea ho eona. Re bala molaetsa o tšosang le ho hlahloba sesebelisoa se robehileng sa ho sesa. Re theoha mme re tlalehe Kate. Ngoanana ea sithabetseng o re eletsa ho ea hoteleng ea Hot Kettle ebe o kopa Holt Scotto sesebelisoa se secha sa ho tsamaisa. Re khutlela khabong ebe re hloella litepising tsa lehong ka ho le letšehali. Re hlahloba microscope mme re nka lethathamo la li-slide ka ho le letona. E bula, nka slide efe kapa efe, ebe o tobetsa microscope. Ha u qetile ho ithabisa, tlanya libuka tse ka tlase. Bula sekotlolo se ka tlase ebe u hlophisa libuka. Ke etsa tlhahiso e 'ngoe ea likhetho tsa ho hlophisa libuka sebakeng.
Re theohela mokatong ebe re fetela lere ho ea pier. Ka letsohong le letšehali la lebota re fumana baesekele eo re tla tsamaea ho potoloha sehlekehleke ka eona. Nako le nako ha u palama baesekele netefatsa hore o roala helmete ea baesekele. Re ile ra ea sebakeng se chesang sa Kettle cafe.
Cafe "Hot kettle"
Re kena ka sehatsetsing 'me re qala moqoqo le ngoanana ea haufi le eena. Holt Scotto o amohela mohato oa moqoqo oo re buang le eena ka lihlooho tsohle. Kamora ho fumana lipotso tsa lipotso ho Holt le basket bakeng sa ho tšoasa Crab, re qala tlhahlobo ea cafe. Re sheba ka ho le letšehali, re ithuta ka leboteng poster e nang le lifolakha tsa lets'oao la maritime. Re nka ho tsoa morekisi oa papatso bukana 'me u hopole hore na phapang e teng lipakeng tsa' mampoli oa monna le mosali ke eng. Ka bukaneng ea libuka rea fumana buka "Liphoofolo tsa Leoatle la Amerika Leboea" 'me u li shebe. Re ntse re tsoela pele ho hlahloba le ho ela hloko liphanelelo tse thellang leboteng. Ha re se re qetile tlhahlobo, re bua ka lihlooho tsohle le Jenna Deblin. Re leka sopho ea hae e monate ebile e ithuta menu kamora mong'a cafe. Re hopola theko eo Jenny a e lefisang bakeng sa ho pheha sopho ea oyster. Re tsoela kantle, re roetse helmete mme re ea "Whale World".
Boithabiso le bohahlauli "Lefatše la Whale"
Re kena ka hare, re tloaelana le Andy Jason mme re buisana le eena ka lihlooho tsohle. Ela hloko poster leboteng. Re nka lipotso ho tsoa lethathamong ebe re kenya 138.43 ho tloha keyboard ea rona ho ea moleng oa bobeli. Re bona sekepe se setle ka botlolong, se emeng ka sehatsetsing. Re feta holong, re bala tlhahisoleseling eohle e teng, hobane e tla re thusa hore re arabe lipotso tse botsitsoeng ka nepo. Re mamela melumo ea liphoofolo tse anyesang mme re atamela rack eo libapali tsa papali e emeng ho tsona. Bakeng sa ho qala papali, o hloka ho kenya karete e ikhethang ho 'mali. Re retelehela ho Andy bakeng sa thuso. Kaha re fumane karete ho eena, re khutlela holong ho ea bapala lipapali tsa mini. Papali ea pele ea mini e bitsoa "Ho ea Tokolohong." Thupelong ena u hloka ho araba lipotso ka nepo. Lipotso li hlahisoa ka mokhoa o sa reroang, likarabo tsa tse ling tsa tsona ke tsena:
- Liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa metsing tse kang li-dolphin le maruarua a 'ona li ile tsa koetlisetsoa sesole hobane o bohlale haholo
- Killer whales e bitsoa "whale whale" hobane li bolaea le ho ja maruarua a mang
- Maruarua a nang le meno ha a etse tsohle tse ka holimo
- Li-Orcas hangata li khetholloa ke mebala: makhopho a sefahleho
- Maruarua a ka qoelisoa ke tse 'maloa mashome a limithara
- Killer whale: e teng ka holim'a mokotla oa lijo
- Makhopho a matlalo a li-minke whale a tšoana le sebopeho sekele
- Ke ba bakae ba Baleen Whales ba ileng ba phefumoloha? Tse peli
- Lentsoe le monate ka ho fetisisa ka humpback whale
- Ho fepa maruarua a nang le meno lihlapi le liphoofolo tse anyesang tsa metsing
- Whale ea whisky ke: tsohle tse ka holimo.
Papali e latelang ea mini e bitsoang "Sebelisa motsotsoana" e fumaneha ka letsohong le letšehali la e fetileng. Re kenya karete ho sebali sa karete ebe o qala. Melao ea papali e hlalositsoe qalong. Ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e bonolo haholo: o hloka ho fepa dolphin ka nako le lihlapi le ho qoba likotsi ka mokhoa oa maruarua a maholo le maraba.
Re fetela pheletsong e 'ngoe ea holo ebe re bapala melumo ea whale mini-. Taba ea pele, re tobetsa likonopo tse hlano hore re mamele melumo kaofela. Ebe re tobetsa konopo ea pele ebe re tobetsa setšoantšong ka lebitso la mamina eo molumo ona e leng oa eona.
- W-i-yi - whale ea bolaea
- Brr-brr0brr - whale e putsoa
- Yui-Yui-Yui - Humpback
- Prr-prr - prpoises
- Grr-grr-grr - minke whale
Re reteleha 'me re atamela mochini ka papali ea ho qetela ea mini. Ona ke papali ea papali e bonolo "Fepa maruarang", eo sebapali leha e le sefe se ka a sebelisang. Haeba u lahleheloa ke lipapali tse hlano ka tatellano, joale u ntse u lebelletse katleho ea karete. Ba ratang ba ka jarolla boloka papali "Metsotso-papali e fetisitsoeng". Kamora ho kenya papali ena ea polokelo, lipapali tsohle tse nne tsa mini li tla phetheloa.
Kamora ho qeta papali, re ea bohareng ba holo ho lebili la moputso. Re kenya karete ebe re tobetsa lebili. Ehlile, re hlola leeto. Re tsebisa Andy ka sena mme re shebelle video e khuts'oanyane. Re tloha bohareng ebe re khutlela yacht.
Re hloella setulong ho ea tsebisa Kate ka sephetho sa leeto la rona. Ebe re theohela ka kamoreng ebe re ea tafoleng ka komporo. Letsetsa metsoalle ea hau. Ho etsa sena, fumana ea hau lekolulo, tobetsa ea "lenane". Re sebelisa konopo e tlase e ka tlase ka motsu, re sheba linomoro tsa mohala tse lakatsehang, tse hlahang ponong. Kaha re fumane nomoro eo re e batlang, re tobetsa konopo ka mohala oa letsoho oa Svyaz. Ha re qetile moqoqo, re tlosa mohala ebe re tobetsa tlhaiso ea laptop. Re tlanya mohala o kaholimo "Batla", ho tsoa ho "menu" e tlohang tlase re khetha lihlooho bakeng sa ho e shebella. Re fumana tlhaiso-leseling e hlokahalang mme re tlatsa foromo ea tlhahlobo eo re e fumaneng ho Holt.
Taba ea mantlha, kenya likarabo tse leqepheng la pele, ebe u ngola leqephe la bobeli. Re kenya data ho tsoa ho keyboard ea rona. Ho phethela tlhahlobo ea lipotso, u hloka ho tlisa Crab ea monna ho Holt. Ho tšoasa Crab, re ea ka baesekele ntlong ea lebone.
Ha re fihla sebakeng seo, re tsoela pele ho ea batla. Re ea pele, re ela hloko lihlapi tse shoeleng'me u fetohele tseleng e lebisang ntlong ea lebone. Nka majoe a mararo ho tsoa qubung ea majoe. Re hlahloba lehlabathe, moo ba bang Li-recessess tse makatsang. Re feta tseleng ho ea holimo, re shebile tlasa majoe. Ha re fumane Crab, re e fetisetsa ho bona hore na motho ea ts'oeroeng ke batho ba bong bofe. Re hopola hore mpa ea makhoaba a banna e mosesane ho feta ea mosali.
Qetellong, ka tlasa lejoe le leng re fumana 'makhoaba a banna' me re a beha ka basketeng. Haeba ka phoso u kenya e tšehali ka basketeng, joale tlosa baskete eo ho tsoa lethathamong ebe u tobetsa Crab. Nancy ka boeena o tla lokolla crab ea tokoloho. Nka mehato e 'maloa ho ea pele' me u tsoe litlhapi ka metsing sekoto sa patsi ka litlhaku. Re e nka le rona. Re sheba leoatle le har'a majoe ao re a hlokometseng botlolo e phaphametseng.
Re khetha lejoe le bataletseng lethathamong la lintho tseo re li bonang. Re beha sekheo se sekameng boemong ba boraro, ebe re beha matla a ho lahlela holimo. Tlanya konopo ea "Lahlela". Ho tšoasa botlolo ea pele tobetsa habeli ho eona ebe o tsoa moo molaetsa. Tloaelana le tokomane eo. Re khutlela morao 'me re hloella litepising ho ea ntlong ea lebone. Re tsamaea ka morao ho terata ebe re tobetsa konopo ea khoutu. Kamora hore Holt a re leleke moo, re khutlela baesekeleng. Re lula koloing ea rona ebe re leba hoteleng ea Kettle e chesang.
Cafe "Hot kettle"
Re ea cafe, re bua le Holt. Re mo fa baskete e nang le Crab le lakane e nang le lipotso. Haeba u entse tsohle ka nepo, u tla fumana GPS e lakatsehang ho tsoa ho motšoasi oa litlhapi oa khale. Re ea k'haontareng 'me re buisana ka lihlooho tsohle le Jenna. Re itlhatsoa ho ja sopho le ho siea cafe. Re khutlela yacht.
Re hloella lere ho ea sejelong ebe re bua le Kate ka lihlooho tsohle. Re sebelisa likeletso tsa motsoalle oa rona. Re theohela ka kamoreng, re ntša selefouno ebe re letsetsa Casey Potterfield. Re mo botsa lipotso tsohle tse re khahlang. U ka letsetsa metsoalle ea hau hanghang ho ba arolelana le bona litaba tsa morao-rao.
Re hloella lere ho ea mokatong ka microscope. Re atamela tafoleng eo microscope e emeng ho eona. Nancy o tla beha sekhechana sa patsi tafoleng.
Re nka thipa e ikhethang ho tloha tafoleng ho ea ka lehlakoreng le letona la microscope, 'me Nancy o tla rema sefate ka bohona. Re nka khalase e le hore Nancy a behe sampole ho eona. Re tobetsa khalase, 'me e iponahatsa ka tlasa sebone sa microscope. Re tobetsa microscope ebe re ithuta patsi tlasa microscope. Empa re ka tseba joang mefuta ea patsi e fumanoang? Re tloha tafoleng 'me re bula shelefo e ka tlase ka libuka tseo re li behileng. Re nka teng buka e buang ka morphology ebe re bala tlhahisoleseling ho eona. Buka ena e na le linomoro tsa mohala tsa Irina Senkevich, motsamaisi oa motlatsi oa National Woody Plant Laborator. Irina o eletsa mabapi le tlhaiso ea patsi. Re etsa qeto ea ho kōpa thuso ho eena. Ka fono ea Nancy, nomoro ea moeletsi oa baeloji e tla fumaneha ka bohona. Re ntša selefouno ho tsoa lethathamong leo 'me re letsetsa Dr. Irina Senkevich. Re fa moeletsi likarabo tse latelang tsa lipotso tsa hae:
- sootho
- 'mala o mofubelu
- tse ngata tsa
- kaofela li boholo bo lekanang
- che, li kholo haholo
- ee ho na le mela e otlolohileng
Irina o re bolella hore, ho ahlola ka lipontšo tse boletsoeng, sekotoana sena sa patsi se tsoang sefateng se chesang se bitsoang luan. Ebe re khutlisa Casey Porterfield 'me re mo joetsa lebitso la sefate. Casey o hloka hora hore a arabe, kahoo a re theoheleng litabeng tse ngata tsa khatello.
Phallo
Mefuta e mengata ea maruarua a baleen e tsamaea sebaka se selelele ho tloha libakeng tse phahameng nakong ea selemo le ea lehlabula ho ea metsing a futhumetseng haholoanyane likhoeling tsa mariha. Potoloho ena ea phetohelo e phetoa selemo le selemo. Leruarua le leputsoa le na le phoofolo e telele ho feta e fe kapa e fe e tsamaeang ka nako e telele, e bolelele ba lik'hilomithara tse 23,000 ho tloha Leoatleng la Okhotsk ho ea Hloahloeng ea Baja.
Ho lumeloa hore Plankton e laola moo maruarua a fallang teng. Mefuta e mengata ea mapheoana a baleen e ja lipalesa tse kholo tsa lipalesa tsa plankton tse fumanehang metsing a batang a nang le phepo e ngata libakeng tse fumanehang nakong ea selemo nakong ea selemo le likhoeling tsa lehlabula. Hangata, maruarua a Baleen a ea hoteleng metsing a chesang a chesang nakong ea mariha nakong ea ha mariha a le tlase. Ho falla ke melemo ea kelello ea manamane ka litsela tse ngata. Bana ba sa tsoa tsoaloa ba nang le mafura a sa tsoakoang ba na le monyetla oa ho bolaoa ka tsela e batang ke lithemparetjha tsa polar. Ho fallela metsing a futhumetseng ho ka fokotsa kotsi ea likonyana tse etelletsoeng pele ke maruarua a bolaeang.
Mekha ea phalliso e ka bonts'a mekhahlelo ea nako ea tlhahiso. California maruarua a maputsoa a tšohanyetso a tloha libakeng tse hlaselitsoeng tse jang nama, a tloha California bohareng lehlabula ebe oa oa, Koung ea California mariha, bohareng ba Baja California lebopong la Pacific nakong ea selemo.
Ho senya
Tsohle tsa sejoale-joale tse khabisitsoeng ke sesebelisoa sa ho sefa, se sebelisa lintho tse nyane tse sa tsoakoang (ho kenyeletsa lihlapi tse nyane, krill, crustaceans le zooplankton) tse tsoang metsing a leoatle. Leha ho na le mokhoa oa ho ja oa carnivore, ka selemo sa 2015 patlisiso e bonts'itse hore ntlo ea limela ea mala e tšoana le herbivores ea lefats'e. Mefuta e fapaneng ea liphokojoe e fumaneha kahare ho fapana ho latela sebaka, mme mofuta o mong le o mong oa whale o tloaelane le mokhoa o ikhethileng oa ho fumana lijo.
Hona le mefuta e 'meli ea boitsoaro ba ho fepa: ho fepa mafura a tlase le ho lapa, empa mefuta e meng ea sena e boetse e its'etleha ka mofuta le lijo. Lifepa tsa Lunge li fepa haholo ka li-crustaceans (krill), leha li-feed tsa nyane tse nyane (mohlala minke whales) le tsona li ja likolo tsa litlhapi. Mefuta e se nang mafura, joalo ka maruarua a phatla, e ja haholo ka polankton e nyane, joalo ka li-crustaceans. Ba ja ba le bang kapa ka lihlopha tse nyane. Maruarua a Baleen a kha metsi, a hloka lijo tsa 'ona,' me menoana ea ona e le letsoai le feteletseng.
Li-feed tsa lunge ke maruarua a minke. Ho fepa, li-feed tsa Lunge li atolosa bophahamo ba mohlahare oa tsona ho ba bophahamo bo boholo ho feta bophahamo ba pele ba leruarua ka boeona, ho etsa sena, molomo o fafatsa ho holisa molomo. Ho phahamisa molomo ho etsa hore makhopo a 'metso a hoke, ho eketsa metsi ao molomo o ka a bolokang. Nakoana pele ba ts'oara baitball, mohlahare o buleha hoo e ka bang 90 ° le bends, e leng ho lumellang metsi a mangata. E le ho thibela ho otlolla molomo haholo, li-wkeles tsa minke li na le setho se tebileng se bohareng ba mohlahare ho laola mesebetsi ena. Ebe ba lokela ho lieha. Ts'ebetso ena e nka mosebetsi o mongata oa maiketsetso, 'me e sebetsa hantle feela ha e sebelisoa khahlanong le baitball e kholo. ho fepa Lunge matla a matla haholo ho feta ho fepa ka skim ka lebaka la ho potlakisa le ho nyopisa ho hlokahalang.
Maruarua a senang mafura, maruarua a bohlooho, maruarua a manyenyane le poloko (eo hape e leng likhoele tsa mafura). Bafepisi, ba sa fepehang ntle le mafura ba sesa ka molomo, 'me ba a tlatsa ka metsi le liphofu. Phofu e lokela ho hlaha ka bongata bo lekaneng ho tsosa thahasello ea whale, e be ka har'a mofuta o itseng oa boholo, e le hore poleiti ea mouoane e ka hloekisoa, 'me ea lieha ho fihlela e se ke ea qojoa. Ho "skimming" ho ka etsahala holim'a metsi, ka tlase ho metsi kapa esita le leoatleng, ho bontšitsoeng ke litšila ka linako tse ling ho bonoa setopo ke maruarua. Li-whales tse bosehla li iphepa ka tlase ho leoatle, li iphepa ka libopuoa tse tlase.
Ho bebofatsa katleho bakeng sa ho fepa lunge ka bobeli le ho fepa ka filimi e tsoelang pele ho fepa ho itšetleha haholo ka boholo ba tlhahiso. Ts'ebetso ea motlakase oa leruarua le leputsoa e phahame ka makhetlo a 30 ka boholo ba 4,5 kg / m 3 ho feta tekong e tlase ea 0,15 kg / m 3. Maruarua a Baleen a ile a bonoa a batla libaka tse ikhethang tikolohong ea lehae e le hore a iphepe ka bongata ba batho ba tlotsitsoeng haholo.
Predation le parasitism
Baleen maruarua, haholo-holo ba banyenyane le manamane, ba tšoasa maruarua a bolaeang. Ho lumeloa hore ho falla ha leruo la selemo le selemo ho hlaha ho sireletsa manamane ho liphofu tse bolaeang. Ho ne ho boetse ho na le litlaleho tsa tlhaselo ea orca e hlaselang le polao ea leruarua le leholo la hlooho ea letsoho, e tšoereng mapheoana a eona, e koahelang phefumoloho ea eona, le pheleu 'me ha ea ka ea loma ho shoa. Ka tloaelo, banyalani ba bo-mme le namane ha ba tobane le ts'okelo ea whale ea pod e bolaeang, e ka ba ea loana kapa ea matha. Ho pholoha ho etsahala feela mefuteng ea tlhaho e ka tsubang kapele, minke whales. Marang-rang a thellang a lokela ho loants'oa liphokojoe a le mong kapa le sehlotšoana sa malapa. Ho ne ho e-na le tlaleho e le 'ngoe e hlaselang ea shark le polao ea namane ea namane. Sena se etsahetse ka 2014 nakong ea pono ea sardine, ha shark ea shark e lefifi e hlasela leruarua la namane la humpback. Ka tloaelo, shaka e le 'ngoe feela e hlasang maruarua ke shaka e pherese e sieang letšoao le lenyenyane le senang kotsi.
Likokoana-hloko tse ngata li khomarela maruarua, haholo maruarua le mollusk. Hoo e batlang e le mefuta eohle ea maruarua a linta a ikhethile ka mefuta e meng ea maruarua, 'me ho ka ba le mefuta e fetang e le' ngoe ea maruarua. Linta tsa Whale li ja letlalo le shoeleng, le baka maqeba a manyane letlalong.Ho mela ha li-whale tsa whale ho totobala haholo maruarua a tloaelehileng, moo kolone e ntseng e namela maholimong a eona. Le ha e se likokoana-hloko, balanus ea leruarua e kenella letlalong la leruarua nakong ea ha le se le holile. Le ha ho le joalo, le ha e etsa joalo, ha e utloe bohloko kapa hona ho thusa mohale, ka hona kamano ea bona e lula e bitsoa mohlala oa commensalism. Ba bangle maruarua ka morero oa itlotsa ka kutu e ka tlase hore e hohele leroba. Mefuta e meng ea mollusk, joalo ka Conchoderma auritum le maruarua ka lollusk, khomarela poleiti ea whalebone, leha sena e le seoelo. Mefuta e fapaneng ea crustacean, Balaenophilus unisetus , ba lulang liphoofolong tsa baleen whale metsing a libakeng tse chesang tse mongobo. Mofuta oa Antarctic diatom, Cocconeis ceticola e etsa filimi letlalong, e nkang khoeli ho e hlahisa, filimi ena e baka tšenyo e mpe ea letlalo. Ho feta moo, ba na le likokoana-hloko tse ka hare, joalo ka liboko tsa ka mpeng, li-cestode, nematode, li-trematode tsa sebete le li-acanthocephals.
Ho hlahisa le ho holisa
Pele e ba motho e moholo, maruarua a baleen a hola ka lebelo le ikhethang. Ka leruarua le leputsoa, e leng mofuta o moholo ka ho fetisisa, litholoana li hola ka lik'hilograma tse ka bang lekholo ka letsatsi pele feela ho pepisoa, le li-lik'hilograma tse 80 ka letsatsi nakong ea matsoele. Pele e qeta ho khoesoa, namane e eketsa boima ba 'mele oa eona ka lithane tse 17 (lithane tse 17 tse telele, lithane tse 19) mme e hola ho tloha ho mithara ho isa ho 8 ho meta ka bolelele ba limithara tse 13 ho isa ho tse 16 . Ha e fihla lilemong tsa bocha ka lilemo tse 5-10, e tla ba bolelele ba limithara tse 20 ho isa ho tse mashome a mabeli, 'me mohlomong e ka phela lilemo tse 80 ho isa ho tse 90. Manamane ke malinyane a tsoaloang, a hlokang ho khona ho sesa ka nako ea pele a hlaha.
Boholo ba li-minke whales mate metsing a futhumetseng mariha ho tsoala hoo e ka bang selemo hamorao. 7 ho isa ho 11 - nako ea khoeli ea khoeli ea pelehi e emisang, e le molao, e latela kamora selemo sa ho phomola pele ho ho nyana hape ho qala. Hangata batho ba baholo ba qala ho ba le bana ha ba le lilemo li 5-10 'me ba ba bolelele bo felletseng ka lilemo tse 20-30. Ho whale e nyane ea minke whale, ebe makhoba a nyane a minke, a bolelele ba limithara tse tharo kamora likhoeli tse 10 tsa ho emara mme a khoesoa ho fihlela a fihlela limilimithara tse 5 ho isa ho tse 5.5 ho 6,7. likhoeli. Ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang bakeng sa maruoa a baleen, minkes ea basali (le li-humps) e ka ima hang kamora ho hlaha, mefuta e mengata e ba le nako ea ho tsoala lilemo tse peli ho isa ho tse tharo. Ka marang-rang a nepahetseng, nako ea calving hangata e nka lilemo tse tharo. Li hola ka sekhahla selemong sa pele, 'me ka mor'a moo li hola hanyane ka hanyane ka lilemo tse' maloa. Li fihla lilemong tsa bocha ha li ba bolelele ba limithara tse 13 ho isa ho tse 14. Linonyana tsa baleen K-Strategist, ke hore, li phahamisa namane e le 'ngoe ka nako, li na le tebello e telele ea bophelo le lebelo le tlase la lefu la ngoana ea tlaase. Likharebe tse ling tsa lekholo la bo19 la lilemo tse fumanoeng mehaleng e kotutsoeng e hulang li bontša hore mofuta ona o ka phela lilemo tse fetang 100. Maruarua a marang-rang aa utloahala, 'me ha ho na motho ea bonts'ang marang-rang. Li-polygynous, ka hore e tona e ka nyala le basali ba fetang bonngoe. Mabao a marang-rang a banna a fana ka maikutlo a hore a loanela tokelo ea ho nyala le basali nakong ea nako ea pelehi, e batlang e tšoana le ho tlolelana le liphoofolo.
Baleen whales ba na le fibrous - elastic (connective tis) penis e tšoanang le artiodactyls. Ntlha ea botoneng, e tlohang qetellong, e bitsoa Likoloi intrapraeputialis kapa khokahano ea lipolao . Leruarua le leputsoa le na le setho se seholo ka ho fetisisa sa sebopuoa leha e le sefe lefatšeng, ka tloaelo se boholo ba limithara tse 2,4-3.0. Ho thata ho nka tekanyo e nepahetseng ea leruarua le leputsoa hobane bolelele ba leruarua le lelelele le ka bonoa nakong ea ho hola. Bolo ba penisara ka lehong bo ka ba bolelele ba 2,7 m (8.9 ft) - litekeng, ka lebelo ho fihla ho 2 m (6.6 ft) bolelele, 78 cm (2,56 ft) bophara, le boima ho fihlela ho liponto tse 525 (238 kg), hape e kholo ka ho fetisisa phoofolo efe kapa efe Lefatšeng.
Tlhaloso e khutšoanyane ea lefu lena
Boloetse "kyphosis" ke mokokotlo oa lesapo la mokokotlo sefofaneng sa sagittal. Ho isa boholeng bo bong, khokahano e joalo e teng ho motho ofe kapa ofe, leha ho le joalo, ha ho fihla phapusing ea bohlokoa ho tsoa ho tloaelehileng, mokuli o fumanoa a kyphosis ea lesapo la mokokotlo. Lerama le na le sebopeho sa lengolo "C" le nang le tšekamelo ea morao-rao ka ntle.
Mehato e latelang ea kyphosis e khetholloa:
- I degree (bonolo kyphosis) - boholo ba phokotso ea li-degrees tse fetang 30,
- II degree (kyphosis e lekaneng) - ho tloha ho likhato tse 30 ho isa ho tse 60,
- Degree ea III (kyphosis e matla) - kotulo e fetang ea 60 degrees.
Lisosa tsa Kyphosis
Ho na le mabaka a 'maloa a ho theha lesapo la mokokotlo le kobehileng. Pele ho tsohle, psychology e ka bakoa ke tlolo ea ntlafatso ea intrauterine. Maemong ana, re bua ka lefu le joalo ka kyphosis ea kalafo, kalafo eo e lokelang ho qala hang hang kamora ho hlaha ha lesea. Maemong a mang, sesosa sa kyphosis ke ho buuoa kapa ho sithabetsoa ke maikutlo, haholo-holo likhathatso tsa 'mele ea methapo ea methapo eo batho ba baholo ba nang le eona. Tsena ke lisosa tsa mantlha tsa mokokotlo oa mokokotlo, empa ho na le mabaka a mang a kantle a ka amang ntlafatso ea litsamaiso tse mpe. Lintho tse joalo li kenyelletsa, mohlala, mafu a tšoaetsanoang kapa kalafo ea radiation, e fuoeng ngoana ha ho e-na le neoplasms e mpe.
Kyphosis - kalafo ea lefu lena
Matsatsing ana, mekhoa e 'maloa e atile. Maemong a mangata, bakuli ba fuoa kalafo e hlokofalitsoeng, e kenyeletsang physiotherapy, boikoetliso ba 'mele, ho silila, ho sebelisa meriana le ho roala li-corsets tse ikhethang. Hlokomela hore haeba ho fumanoa hore u na le kyphosis, ho ikoetlisa ka ho sebelisa mekhoa e ikhethang ho fetoha tlhoko e potlakileng. Sena se bakoa ke taba ea hore boikoetliso ba 'mele bo thusa ho sebetsana le bohloko, bo thibela nts'etsopele ea ts'ebetso ea matšoafo le pelo, hangata ha ho na mekhoa e lekaneng ea bongaka.
Phekolo ea masapo a kopaneng, a atisang ho hlaha ha mokokotlo, le ona o thusa ho emisa nts'etsopele ea liphetoho tse mpe. Ka khetho ena, kyphosis ea sebaka sa thoracic e phekoloa ka calcium, livithamini, boikoetliso ba 'mele le phekolo ea phetisetso ea li-hormone.
Re tla lula re bua ka makolopetso a boletsoeng ka holimo. Ho li roala ho ka fokotsa bohloko haholo, empa ho se khone ho ama ho ema ha boemo ba mokokotlo haeba kyphosis ea lesapo la thoracic e se e baketse liphetoho tse matla. Hape ho lokela ho hopoloa hore ts'ebeliso e sa laoleheng ea li-corsets e senya bophelo bo botle ba mokuli, kaha e lebisa ho fokoliseng mesifa ea morao le keketseho ea boemo ba deformation.
Haeba kalafo ea lithethefatsi e sa lebise liphellong tse lebelletsoeng mme kyphosis ea mokokotlo e ntse e tsoela pele, joale lingaka li etsa phetoho ea ho buoa. Phekolo ea kalafo ea kyphosis e nka karolo e itseng ea kotsi, ka hona, pele ho ts'ebetso ho hlokahala hore ho sekasekoe melemo le mathata, ka ho re, phello e ntle e ka bang teng e lokela ho feta kotsi e ka bang teng. Hajoale, matšoao a ho buuoa ke maemo a moo ho fufuleloang kyphosis ho tsamaeang le:
- bohloko bo boholo ke sesosa se atileng haholo sa ts'ebetso ea ho buuoa, hobane bohloko hangata ha bo khonehe kalafo
- kyphotic deformation - ts'ebetso ena e tsamaea le khatello ea methapo ea methapo, ts'ebetso ea matšoafo le ts'ebetso ea pelo, ka hona, mokuli a ka khothaletsoa ho buuoa
- liphoso tse boletsoeng esale pele - haeba kyphosis ea lesapo la mokokotlo la thoracic e fokotsa haholo bophelo ba mokuli kapa e ama ho tšoaneleha ha hae ha litsebi, joale lingaka li nka qeto ea ho amohela ts'ebetso ea bongaka.
Ha e le ts'ebetso ka boeona, e na le mekhahlelo e 'meli - e tlosa deformation le ho tiisa boemo ba lesapo la mokokotlo. Bakeng sa sethala sa ho qetela ho sebelisoa mekhoa e bitsoang li-transperdicular stabilization, e nang le sekoti le lithupa tse hokahanyang. Li entsoe ka thepa e sa jeleng paate ebile ha e hanoe ke 'mele, e thibelang tšebetso e' maloa ho tlosa sistimi.
Video e tsoang ho YouTube ka sehlooho sa sengoloa:
Bowhead whale
Whale whale, eo hape e tsejoang e le whale ea polar (Balaena fanticetus), ke sehahabi ho tsoa ho cetacean order, baleen whale suborder, ke moemeli oa lelapa le boreleli la whale le mofuta o le mong feela oa mofuta oa whale whale.
Bowhead whale.
Maruarua a polar ke ona feela maruarua 'ohle a sebelisang bophelo ba' ona maoatleng a Leoatle la Arctic mme a kile a ba mangata hoo batsamaisi ba likepe ba ileng ba tlameha ho feta mehlapeng ea bona ka mehlape ea liphoofolo tse kholo tse tsamaeang ka sekepeng. Empa ka lebaka la ho ts'oasa lihlapi tse kholo tse sa laoloeng, kajeno maruarua a polar ke a mefuta e kotsing ea ho phela, mme palo ea baahi ba lefats'e, ho latela likhakanyo tse kholo ka ho fetisisa, ba ka bang likete tse 10.
Whale whale e shebahala joang?
Joalo ka litho tsohle tsa lelapa, leruarua la polar ke phoofolo e kholo, e boreleli e nang le mmele o moholo o chitja le hlooho e kholo. Tse tona tse holileng li hola ho fihla ho 2022 m ka bolelele, bolelele bo boholo ba banna hangata ha bo fete limithara tse 18. Polar whales e lula libakeng tse nang le phepelo e ngata ea lijo, ka hona, ha ho bapisoa le baemeli ba bang ba taelo, ba mafura haholo mme ba boima ho tloha ho lithane tse 100 ho isa ho tse 150. Botebo ba subcutaneous mafura mokokotlong oa liphoofolo a ka fihla ho 36 cm.
Greenland whale ha e bapisoa le tlou le diver. Leruarua le lenyane la moqomo le bere ea polar.
E ne e le ka lebaka la mafura a 'mele a eona a khahlehang hore maruarua a polar a ile a batla a felisoa ka botlalo le pele ho qaptjoa ha sethunya sa harpoon le mokhoa oa ho letsa molumo. Litopo tsa liphoofolo tse shoeleng ha li khangoe ke metsi, ka hona, li-Pomor li ne li sa tlameha ho phahamisa liphofu tsa tsona ka sekepeng, maruarua a shoeleng a ne a manehiloe lebopong.
Likarolo tsa sebopeho
Moqhaka oa marang-rang ha o na dorsal fin, empa haeba u sheba phoofolo ho tloha lehlakoreng, linonyana tse peli tse nyane li ka bonahala mokokotlong. Masiba a mokhuts'oane a pectoral a pharalletse botlaaseng mme a pota-potiloe lipheletsong, 'me a tšoana le masoba a sebopeho sa ona. Chelete ea caudal e pharaletse haholo, e na le liphetho tse bohale le bohare bo bohareng.
Hlooho ea lehata la whale e kholo haholo mme e 1/3 ea bolelele ba 'mele. Sebopeho sena se bakoa ke ho ikhetholla ha ho fepa: molomong o moholo oa lereho ke sise e kholo - lisebelisoa tse khethehileng tsa ho taka tse thehiloeng ke lipolanete tsa whalebone. Greenland maruarua ha a na meno, a busetsoa sethaleng sa embong.
Phefumoloho ea "whale" e fumanehang moqhaka oa hlooho, 'me e thehoa ka linko tse peli joalo ka tsepe. Nakong ea ho hema, seliba sa metsi sea phatloha ka sephefumolohi, se patehile ka sebopeho sa lengolo V, mme bophahamo ba sona bo ka fihla ho 6 m.
Moqhaka oa seqha o ile oa tsoa ka metsing. Bowhead whale le diver.
Whalebone
Lerotholi la leruarua la Greenland le tšesaane ebile le supile, 'me menoana ea bona e kaholimo e kobehile haholo, kahoo, lekhalo la molomo ke mofuta oa kh'abeche, o ka holim'a moeli oa mahlo. Ka lebaka la khoele e phahameng haholo ea molomo, molomo o sephakeng oa lehata la hlooho e hulang ho tloha lipapaling tse 325 ho isa ho tse 360 tse nang le linaka tse tharo tsa "whalebone" ka lehlakoreng le leng, 'me e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tsona e ka fihla bolelele ba 4,3 m.
Whale whale ha e na le whisker e telele haholo, empa hape e bobebe ebile e boreleli haholo, e leng tšobotsi ea mofuta oa mofuta ona mme e lumella ho fafatsa haholo-holo zooplankton e nyane. Mefuta e mosesane joalo ka moriri ka sebopeho e fumaneha haufi le lehlakore la mapolanka. Ho batho ba baholo, moustache e leketlile ka mahlakoreng a molomo 'me e khetholloa ke ba batsho, ho ba banyenyane, lipolanete li moriri o moputsoa ebile ha li bonahale habonolo. Mohlahare o ka tlase o koahetsoe ka mashome a 'maloa a vibrissae e tšesaane e etsang mosebetsi oa tactile.
Letlalo le 'mala
Letlalo la whale ea moqhaka le boreleli ka ho phethahetseng ebile le boreleli, ha le na methapo, likhoele, li-cone le ho hola ho hoholo. Ha ho mohla maruarua a polar ha a na le linta tsa whale, crustaceans ea barnacle le likokoana-hloko tse ling. Letlalo la batho ba baholo le penta ka 'mala o moputsoa o lefifi haholo, maruoa a manyane a bobebe.
Ho latela lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tsa likarolo tsa sebopeho sa batho ba fapaneng (sebopeho sa skeleton, 'mala, bolelele ba litelu), bo-rasaense ba khothalelitse hore mefuta e' meli e fapaneng, e hlalosoang e le "whale ea polar" e phela ka bongata ba liphoofolo tsena. Empa hajoale mofuta ona ha o so fumane netefatso ea ona.
Bowhead whale. Bowhead whale le diver.
Sebaka
Khale-khale, maruarua a phatleng a ne a atile hohle Arctic Circle, 'me mohlape kaofela o ne o na le batho ba bararo ba ka sehloohong.
Baemeli ba sechaba sa pele ba ne ba falla selemo le selemo lebopong la Greenland, ka mose ho Atlantic e ka Leboea ho feta Iceland le Jan Mayen ho ea Leoatleng la Arctic ho ea sehlekehlekeng sa Spitsbergen. Tse ling tsa maruarua li fetelletse sehlekehlekeng sa Kara se feteletseng le sehlekehlekeng sa Novaya Zemlya.
Baahi ba bobeli ba tloha Davis Strait ba leba Leoatleng la Baffin. Baahi ba boraro ba ile ba tloha pheletsong ea Leoatle la Chukchi le Leoatle la Beaufort hammoho le Bering Strait ho ea Leoatleng la Bering.
Metsi a futhumetseng ka ho fetisisa a kileng a bonoa ke maruarua a sefahleho a ne a le haufi le Newfoundland le lebopo la Kamchatka, 'me Osaka Bay e ne e le sebaka se ka boroa ka ho fetisisa sa ho kena. Ho fihla joale, liphoofotsoana tse peli tsa pele li se li felisitsoe, 'me mabopong ohle a Leoatle la Arctic, leruarua la whale ke seoelo. Ka mohlala, ho latela bafuputsi ba Marussia, ha ho na le maruarua a fetang 400 a lulang Leoatleng la Okhotsk.
Moqhaka oa mookotaba ha o na chelete e ngata. Moqhaka oa seqha o qhomela ka metsing.
Mokhoa oa bophelo
Maemo a bophelo a feteletseng a mookotaba a thatafatsa mosebetsi oa lipatlisiso, leha ho le joalo, ho fumanoe hore ka ho hlaha ha liphoofolo tsa selemo li ea libakeng tse ka leboea, 'me ka hoetla li tloha leqhoeng le ntseng le tsoela pele le boroa. Khafetsa, maruarua a tlameha ho tsamaea ka ho thula leqhoa, ebe liphoofolo li etsa mokoloko oa mofuta oa jamb ho tsamaisa tsela ea tsona ho feta leqhoeng le aparetsoeng ke leqhoa.
Linakong tse tloaelehileng, maruarua a hlooho ea khomo a aroloa 'me a qeta boholo ba nako a le ka tlase ho metsi. Literebe ha li tebise, eseng ho feta 200 m, ebe li tsoa metsotso e 2 ho isa ho e 3, ebe li tsoa ho 12, ebe li nyamela hape ka tlasa metsi ka metsotso e 5 ho isa ho e 10. Haeba leruarua le lemetse, le ka lula tlasa metsi nako e ka etsang hora.
Litšobotsi tsa Matla
Polar whales ke li-planktonoids tse tloaelehileng, mme ho fapana le maruarua a minke, a hulang krill hammoho le silt ho tloha tlase, sebopeho se tšesaane sa mapolanka a whale bowhead whale se etselitsoe ho fepa lijo tse nyane haholo. Ka hona, lijo tsa bona li entsoe ka li-crustaceans tse nyane - likhalase, boholo ba tsona bo sa feteng 3-4 mm le li-mollusks tse nyane tse nang le mapheoana.
Mokhoa oa ho fepa leruarua le polar o ts'oana le oa maruarua kaofela: phoofolo e sesa butle kholomo ea metsi ka molomo oa eona o bulehileng, le plankton e lutseng holim 'a moholi o hloekisang ka leleme la eona le nama ebile e metsa. Leruarua le leholo le ka jang lithane tse ka bang 1,8 ka letsatsi.
Bowhead whale. Mohatla oa whale ea seqha.
Video
Minke whale metsing a leoatleng
Minke whale ke mofuta oa whale o nang le boholo bo nyane haholo hara litho tsa lelapa.
Mofuta ona o arotsoe ka mefuta e meraro: subsarf, leboea le boroa (Antarctic) minke whales. Empa ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore karohano ena e na le maemo, mme bo-ramahlale ha ba na maikutlo a le mong ka taba ena. Taba ke hore ha ho na tlhaiso-leseling e ngata mabapi le marang-rang a marang-rang, mme linate tse nyane tse lulang metsing a futhumetseng a equatorial ha li e-so ithutoe ho hang.
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